Download - Metabolisme Sel (Bah 3)
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METABOLISME SEL (Bah 3)
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PROTEIN
• Unit asas: Asid Amino• Kump bfungsi: COOH• Kump alkil: polar & non
polar• Asid amino (NH2) (bes)-
peptide bond: Polypeptide
• Bsifat amfoterik: Bes & Acid
• 2-10 asid amino: peptida
• >10-100 < asid amino: polypeptida
• ≥ 100 asid amino: Protein
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JENIS PROTEIN
• STRUKTUR PRIMER• Konformasi: Linear• Eg:Lysosome
• STRUKTUR SEKUNDER• Konformasi: Blipat &
blingkar (hydrogen bone)
• Jenis1. Alpha helix: Blingkar
eg: Keratin
2. Pleated sheet: ParallelEg: sutera
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Primary Structure Secondary Structure
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JENIS PROTEINSTRUKTUR TERTIER
• Konformasi : keriutan tak sekata
• Sbb byk ikatan kimia:• Hydrophobic• Disulfide bridges• Hydrogen bones• Ionic bones• Eg: Protein plasma,
antibodi
STRUKTUR QUARTENER• Konformasi : 2 @ >
rantai polipeptida bgumpal mjd makromolekul
• Eg: Kolagen, hemoglobin
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FUNGSI PROTEIN
• Mbentuk• Hormon• Enzim• Reseptor• Antibodi• Membran sel• ATP• etc
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ASID AMINO
PERLU (ESSENTIAL)• Tdk boleh disintesis oleh
tubuh.• Sumber: Diet• Eg: Valine, Leucine,
Isolecine,phenylalanine, tryptophan,methionine, lysine
TIDAK PERLU (NON ESSENTIAL)• Boleh isintesis oleh tubuh
(derived drpd glucosa)• Eg: Glycine,serine,tyrosine,
cysteine,alanine,aspartate, glutamate,proline, hydroxyproline
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ASID AMINO
STRUKTURNH2
R-CH-COOH
CIRI-CIRI• Tdk bwarna• Kristal• Larut air,asid & alkali• Sifat amfoterik:
Zwitterion asid & alkali
NH3+
R-CH-COOH
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METABOLISME ASID AMINO : TRANSAMINATION
• Def: Reversible tranfer of a. amino to α–keto acid to form a new a. amino & new α–keto acid.
• Lokasi: hati• Enzim: Transaminase (aminotransferase)
– Glutamate Transaminase– Alanine Transaminase
• Coenzyme: pyridoxal phoshate (PLP)• A.Amino1+ α–keto acid2 A.Amino2+ α–keto acid1
• Cth: α-Amino Acid + α-ketoglutarate α-keto acid+Glutamate• Cth: α-Amino Acid + pyruvate α-keto acid + alanine
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PEMBENTUKAN GLUTAMATE
• Glutamate blh tbentuk drpd tb transaminasi• Eg: α-Amino Acid + α-ketoglutarate α-keto acid+Glutamate
• Alanine yg tbentuk dlm tb transaminasi blh mmindahkan amino group kpd α-ketoglutarate utk mbentuk glutamate.
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Katabolisme glutamate:oxidative deamination
• Def: pyingkiran kump amino drpd glutamate utk bebaskan ammonia & hasilkan α-keto
• Lokasi : hati & ginjal• Enzim: glutamate
dehydrogenase• Slps mkn mknn tinggi
protein,paras glutamate mningkat dlm darah
• Glutamate+H2Oα-ketoglutarat + NH3 +NH3+amonia
• Proses ini mhasilkan byk NADH
• NADH MSK etc –atp• DPENGARUHI OLEH
KPEKATAN GLUTAMAT, α-ketoglutarat, ammonia & NAD+ : KNADPH
Regulasi:• Direncat oleh GTP (Guanosine
Triphospate) & ATP• Dirangsang oleh GDP & ADP
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ANABOLISME GLUTAMINE
PEMBENTUKAN GLUTAMINE• Lokasi: mitok
(hati,ginjal&otak)• Enzim: Glutamine synthetase• Glutamate +NH3 Glutamine
• Tjd lah detoksifikasi ammonium mlalui tb ini.
• Kpentingan: asid-base balance
KETOKSIDAN GLUTAMINE• Nausea• Muntah• Lethargy• Ataxia• Convulsion• Koma & Kmatian
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PEMBENTUKAN GLUTAMATE DRPD GLUTAMINE
• Lokasi: Hati• Enzim: Glutaminase• GLUTAMINE+H2O GLUTAMate+NH4
+
• NH4+ akn masuk dlm urin excretion
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KITARAN UREALokasi: dihasilkan di hati,dibawa oleh
darah, disingkirkan oleh ginjalLangkah:Lokasi: sitoplasma1. Kondensasi ammonia + co2
carbomyl phosphateEnzim: carbomyl phosphate synthaseLokasi mitok2. Ornithine+ carbomyl phosphate
citrulline+phosphateEnzime: Ornithine
transcarbomoylase3. Citrulline diangkut keluar ke
sitoplasma
4. Citrulline + aspartate arginosuccinate
Enzim: Orginosuccinate synthase5. Arginosuccinate fumarate &
arginine enzime: orginosuccinate lyase
6. Fumarate Gluconeogenesis or Kitar Kreb
7. Arginine Urea + OrnithineEnzime: Arginase7. Ornithine diangkut ke dlm
mitok (re-cycle)8. Urea Ginjal
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PENYINGKIRAN PROTEIN
• Urea masuk dlm salur darah
• Dihantar ke ginjal• Urea dirembeskan
masuk ke dlm distal convoluted tubule, bercampur dgn glomeruler filtrate urine
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PROTEIN METABOLISMPROTEIN
+H20
Proteolytic EnzymesHydrolysis
AMINO ACIDS
DeaminationNH3
DEAMINATEDMOLECULES
GLYCOLYSIS/FERMENTATION/KREB’S CYCLE
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INTEGRASI METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT, LIPID & PROTEINKonsep Integrasi
• 3 sebatian yg perlu integrasi:
• Glucose-6-phosphate• Pyruvate: drpd
glukosa,alanin & lactate• AcetylCoA: sumber
pyruvate & asid lemak.
• Diaplikas dlm keadaan berikut:
A) Kenyang• Pybb:• Lepas mkn• Rangsang proses:• Glikogenesis• Lipogenesis• Rencat proses • Glukogenesis
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B) KelaparanPybb:• Lambat mkn• BpuasaRangsang proses:• GlikogenolisisRencat proses• Glikogenesis
C) Kebuluran• Pybb:• Tdk cukup mkn• Gangguan metabolik yg mganggu
pyerapan zat• Gangguan metabolik yg menurunkan
selera mknRangsang proses• Glukoneogenesis• Liposis• Glikogenolisis• KetogenesisRencat Proses:• Lipogenesis• Glikogenesis• Kesan: ketoasidosis,anemia,edema,
gangguan laktasi & sis. Pbiakan.
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