2
Hardware
• Four Categories– CPU (Central Processing Unit)– Primary Storage (RAM)– Input/Output Devices
• Keyboard• Mouse• Monitor• Printer
– Secondary Storage (Drives)
3
SOFTWARE
• Two Categories– System Software
• Operating Systems– DOS, Win3.x, Win9x, WinNT, Win2000, WinXp,
Win2003, Unix, Linux, MAC, OS2, Longhorn
• Utility Support Programs– Norton, Macafe, etc.
4
SOFTWARE (cont)
– Application Software• Eight Categories
– Word Processing– Spreadsheet– Database Management– Communications– Mathematical Molding– Graphics– Games– Software Development Tools
5
Drive Layout
• Fragmentation
• Master Boot Record (MBR)
• File Allocation Table (FAT)
• Root Directory
• Directory
• Sub-Directory
7
DOS
• File Naming ConventionD:\Test\filename.ext
[drive] [path] [filename] [extension]
Filename → Max of 8 characters
Extension → Max of 3 characters
Example:
A:\test\dos\project.doc
8
Extensions• Executable files
– BAT – batch file– COM – program file <64KB– EXE – program file >64KB
• Text files– BAK – Backup text file– BAS – BASIC file– DAT – Data File– DBF – dBase file– DOC – Documentation file– HLP – Help file– INI – Initialization file– PRN – Printer file– SYS – System ASCII file– TXT – Text file
• Other files– DEF – Program setup file– FON – Font file– GIF – Graphics image file– OVL – Overlay file– PIF – Program information file– SYS – System binary file– TIF – TIFF graphic image file– WKI – Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet
file– WPG – WordPerfect graphic
file– XLS – Excel file
9
Wildcards
• Two types– Asterisk (*)
• Representing a group of one or more characters
– Question Mark (?)• Representing only a single character
• Used a lot with the DIR command for narrower searching
10
DOS Commands
• Internal– Frequently used and/or relatively small DOS
commands loaded into RAM when the system is booted
• External– Reside on the DOS disk– Must be copied into RAM each time they are
executed
11
Some DOS Commands
• DATE• TIME• HELP
– Help DATE– Date /?
• Format– Switches:
• /S – make bootable• /V – add a volume label• /Q – quick format• /F – floppy disk size• /U - unconditional
12
Internal DOS Commands
• Frequently used and/or relatively small DOS commands loaded into RAM when the system is booted
14
DOS Commands (cont)
• COPY– copy filename.ext a:filename.ext– Can use wildcards
• Copy *.* a:*.*
• DEL– del filename.ext– Can use wildcards
• del *.*
15
DOS Commands (cont)
• TYPE– Allows you to view the contains inside of a file
without having to open another program
16
External DOS Commands
• Reside on the DOS disk
• Must be copied into RAM each time they are executed
17
DOS Commands
• LABEL
• CHKDSK (after DOS6.2 SCANDISK)
• DISKCOPY– Must be the same size
• UNDELETE
18
DOS Commands (cont)
• ATTRIB– attrib ±A ±H ±R ±S a:filename.ext– attrib a:*.*
• XCOPY– Similar to COPY but allows you to include
subdirectories– /s must be used to copy subdirectories
21
DOS Disk Commands (cont)
• MOVE
• PROMPT– $t – system time– $d – system date– $n – default drive– $g – the > character– $_ - “new line” command (to skip a line)– $p – default disk and current directory