MINIMIZING OPERATING COSTS BY SPECIFYING TRUCKS BASED ON OPERATIONAL STATISTICS Johan Wängdahl, Scania, Sweden Mikael Curbo, Scania, Sweden Erik Dahlberg, Scania, Sweden
Background
• Enhanced fuel economy through specifica6on op6miza6on possible
• Specifica6on based on es6mated opera6on and guidelines
• Opera6onal sta6s6cs from control units
• Case study
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Specification optimisation
Axle gears
Suspension Engine Frame
Cab Driven
axle
Cab length
Steered axle Roof
height
Specification optimisation
Specification optimisation Operational factors
Specification recommendations
Performance steps
Gross train weight
Topography
Stop frequency
Road rolling resistance
LOAD AXLE GEAR
2
1
3
4
5
Max GTW European haulage
(tonnes)
GTW (80-percentile per truck)
Europe, 4x2 tractors, 400-440 hp, Euro IV/V
5.131 read outs, 2008 (+10.000 km)
(tonnes)
Engine power European haulage 2008, Europe, 4x2 tractors
Max GTW and Engine power
Engine Power
GTW (80 perc)
440 hp 34 tonnes
440 hp 40 tonnes 34 tonnes
(tonnes)
GTW and speed European haulage Europe, 4x2 tractors, 400-440 hp, Euro IV/V
5.131 read outs, 2008 (+10.000 km)
Un-balanced specifications
• Under-‐balanced truck specifica6ons on emerging markets
• Over-‐balanced truck specifica6ons on mature markets
Un-balanced specifications
I have a truck on the yard that suits your needs perfectly…
Standardiza)on
I will have to give him the larger and
heavier cab without extra cost
Un-balanced specifications
These air deflectors are of no interest unless the
pay-back time due to better fuel economy is
below 12 months
No acceptance for long payback period for op)ons
Un-balanced specifications
I cannot afford coming late to the ferry, therefore I must not
lose speed in the hills
Misconcep)on of the )me loss in economical driving, thereby specifying for power
Un-balanced specifications
Topography varies between flat and very hilly, cruising
speed between 60 and 100 km/h, summertime is hot
while winter is cold
Difficul)es in defining the opera)onal factors
Un-balanced specifications
I need to be number one on top of the hill
Wish for higher performance than necessary
Un-balanced specifications
Where I operate, we have the steepest hill on earth
Whish for flexible opera)on: specify for worst case
Un-balanced specifications
I offer what I know and feel confident with
Not enough knowledge on components and specifica)on possibili)es among sales force
Un-balanced specifications
I want the powertrain optimized for the legal
maximum speed 80 km/h
Overconfidence in own law-‐abidingness I cannot hinder
my drivers using the speed limiter
at 89 km/h
Un-balanced specifications
We better specify with the larger engine otherwise
it will be difficult to sell it the second time
Over-‐es)ma)on of second-‐hand value compared to increased life cycle costs
Un-balanced specifications
I never use the bed in this sleeper cab, but the second-hand value is better with it
Over-‐es)ma)on of second-‐hand value compared to increased life cycle costs
Un-balanced specifications
I make better and more economical gear changes
than a machine
Unwillingness to let the machine manage the driving
Specification optimisation
Different truck specifica6on techniques
• Market (applica)on/segment) standard • A copy of the old vehicle • Customer demanded
• Compe6tor specifica6on • Specifica2on based on opera2onal factors • Specifica2on based on opera2onal sta2s2cs
Case study
Case study – Transport mission GTW 40 tonnes
Topography Flat
Stop frequency Highway
Roll resistance Low
Cruising speed 80 km/h
(tonnes)
Case study – Method
A. Specifica6on based on the market standard vehicle
B. Specifica6on based on an analysis of the transport mission completed with factory guidelines
C. Specifica6on based on an analysis of opera2onal sta2s2cs and an op6miza6on program
(tonnes)
Case study – Engine power 2008, Europe, 4x2 tractors
(tonnes)
Case study – Specifications Market standard (A)
Suggested by experience (B)
Engine 13 litre EGR 440 hp
12 litre SCR 420 hp
Gearbox 12 speeds 2 crawlers Retarder
12 speeds Retarder
Central gear Capacity 3 Capacity 3
Central gear ra)o 2,71 2,71
Tyre dimension Rolling radius
295/60R22.5 0,447 m
295/60R22.5 0,447 m
Weight difference 0 -‐20kg
(tonnes)
Case study – GTW and speed
Case study – Specifications Market standard (A)
Suggested by experience (B)
Based on opera2onal sta2s2cs (C)
Engine 13 litre EGR 440 hp
12 litre SCR 420 hp
13 litre EGR 400 hp
Gearbox 12 speeds 2 crawlers Retarder
12 speeds Retarder
12 speeds 2 crawlers Overdrive
Central gear Capacity 3 Capacity 3 Capacity 2
Central gear ra)o 2,71 2,71 2,92
Tyre dimension Rolling radius
295/60R22.5 0,447 m
295/60R22.5 0,447 m
295/60R22.5 0,447 m
Weight difference 0 -‐20kg -‐145kg
(tonnes)
Case study - Results
Market standard (A)
Suggested by experience (B)
Based on opera2onal sta2s2cs (C)
Average speed 82,8 km/h 82,6 km/h 81,5 km/h
Gradeability at 85 km/h
2,3 % 2,2 % 2,0 %
Diesel consump)on
35,0 l/100 km 33,8 l/100 km 33,8 l/100 km
Urea consump)on N/A 1,4 l/100 km N/A
(tonnes)
Case study - Results
• Specifica6on B indicates fuel savings corresponding to 1 700 – 2 800 € savings per year and truck compared to specifica6on A -‐ 1,2 litres diesel per 100 m3 and 100 km + 1,4 litres urea per 100 m3 and 100 km
• Specifica6on C indicates fuel savings corresponding to 3 100 – 3 800 € savings per year and truck compared to specifica6on A -‐ 1,2 litres per 100 m3 and 100 km
Conclusions
• Specifica6ons can be further op6mised, when specializa6on is possible
• A large amount of fuel, thereby CO2, can be saved by op6mizing trucks using opera6onal sta6s6cs from the vehicle’s control units Example (Europe annually) 130 000 m3 fuel 340 000 tonnes CO2
Thank you!