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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Multi-fuel reactor introduction
May 5, 2009, Trondheim
by
Øyvind Skreiberg
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Content
System overview Areas of use History The construction The instrumentation The analysis possibilities Fuels Experiments Data treatment Experiments to be run in the biofuelsGS course Data treatment of biofuelsGS experiments
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
System overview
Impactor
Heated filter
Monica II Monica I
Platform
Scale
Gas bottles, pressurised air, and
steam generator
Fuel Fuel
Flue gas suction system
Gas analysis
FTIR, GC,
Horiba
2 preheaters
2 preheaters
Preheater
2 preheaters
Preheater
FC panel
FC panel
Control
Logging
Control
Logging
Gas analysis
FTIR, GC,
Horiba
Ash Ash
Heated reactor
Heated reactor
Rotating grateRotating grate
Key data:up to 1100 °CID: 195 mm, H: 2 m35 + 8 + 2*4.5 = 52 kW up to 1.2 kg fuel/hup to 260 Nl air/min
Key data:up to 1300 °CID: 100 mm, H: 2 m16 + 4 + 4*3 = 32 kWup to 0.5 kg fuel/hup to 120 Nl air/min
View glass View glass
feeding feeding
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
The multi-fuel reactor system
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Areas of use
Multi-fuel reactor Macro-TGA
Combustion Air staging possible
Gasification Pyrolysis
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
History, and the construction
Batch & macro-TGA Continous screw feeding & macro-TGA Continuous fuel feeding with rotating battery & macro-TGA Continuous fuel feeding with rotating battery in 2 new reactors
macro-TGA reactor, ID: 19.5 cm, 2 gas inlet stages high temperature reactor, ID: 10 cm, 3 gas inlet stages
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Original, first and second revision
New fuel feeding system and modified grate
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
First revision
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Second revision
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Fuel feeding
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Grate
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Ash bin
Gear wheel
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Fuel feeding
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Scale
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
New reactors! Monica I, 1300 °C
Monica II, with macro-TGA
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
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Reactor specificationsMonica I
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Reactor specificationsMonica II
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Reactor specificationsCeramic tube
EK Security Data Sheet Security Data Sheet according to Guidelines Nr. 91/155 of the European Union.
1. Chemical or manufacture: 1.1, Name of the chemical: HEAT-RESISTANT CERAMIC POWDER: 7032 1.2, Field of use: Fireproof materials 1.3, Manufacturer: Fazékkő Kft H-1147 Budapest, Telepes u. 12. Phone: 36-1-417-38-59 2., Composition: Chemical composition: Natural clay minerals with min. 40% Al2O3 content Illite CAS: 106958-53-6 > 30% Kaoline CAS: 1318-47-7 > 30% Al2O3 CAS: 90669-62-8 > 10% Talc AS: 14807-96-6 > 10% 3., Danger classification:
Danger classification according to aspects of labour hygiene and environmental protection. EC/R: Non-dangerous material.
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Reactor heating
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Primary air preheater design
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Control Monica IMonica II
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Logging
Data logging cabinet for each reactor
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I Reference view Insulated reactor top (not heated)
Insulated flue gas outlet tubeFlue gas sampling tube
(insulated)1 logging and 1 control (reverse side) TC
Insulated shell with heating elements
All gas inlets are heated and insulated
= thermocouples (TC)
Tertiary gas inlet tube Tertiary gas inlet tube
1 logging and 1 control (reverse side) TC
Secondary gas inlet tube Secondary gas inlet tube
1 logging and 1 control (reverse side) TC
Water cooled fuel inlet tube Insulated view glass tube
1 logging TC above the grate, in the centre of the tubeGrate
1 logging TC below the grate
1 logging and 1 control (reverse side) TC
Primary gas inlet tube
Ash bin
Insulated reactor bottom (not heated)
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
For combustion conditions: Fuel feeding rate: up to 0.5 kg/h Max inlet gas flow (using air) demand: 120 Nl/min Max gas flow (using air) in reactor after fuel conversion: 130 Nl/min Max residence time in reactor (section above grate, 1.6 m high): 10 s Minimum residence time in reactor (section above grate, 1.6 m high): 1 s Max gas flow speed: 1.6 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number of about 800 Minimum gas flow speed: 0.16 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number of about 150 Max net inlet gas flow preheating effect in external preheater (using air, 1300°C): 3.5 kW Max energy release, from fuel, due to reactions: 2.5 kW
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I Reference view Ø100
80130 Ø50
Ø14
500665
535
Ø35 Ø35
500
465 465
2000
Ø35 Ø35
500250
Ø5035°
350
800 500440
Ø50
100
Ø30
Reference view rotated Ø10090 degrees to the right
80130 Ø50
250 Ø14
665 TC
500
Ø35
TC465
2000 500
Ø35
250 TC
Ø50 TC500
TC350
TCØ50 350
250 470100
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
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Monica II
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica II
For combustion conditions: Fuel feeding rate: up to 1.2 kg/h Max inlet gas flow (using air) demand: 260 Nl/min Max gas flow (using air) in reactor after fuel conversion: 275 Nl/min Max residence time in reactor (section above grate, 1.6 m high): 11 s Minimum residence time in reactor (section above grate, 1.6 m high): 2 s Max gas flow speed: 0.8 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number of about 1000 Minimum gas flow speed: 0.15 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number of about 220 Max net inlet gas flow preheating effect in external preheater (using air, 1100°C): 6.7 kW Max energy release, from fuel, due to reactions: 5.8 kW
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Monica II
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica II
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica II
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Monica II heaters
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Monica II reactor tube
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Monica II bottom and top plugs
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Monica II fuel inlet
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Monica II flue gas outlet
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Monica II flue gas sampling outlet
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Monica II view glass
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Platform
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Monica II FC panel
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Monica I FC panel
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
![Page 47: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I
![Page 48: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I heaters
![Page 49: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I fuel inlet
![Page 50: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Monica I flue gas tube
![Page 51: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
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Monica I flue gas sampling outlet
![Page 52: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
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Monica I view glass
![Page 53: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
The instrumentation
Fuel feeding speed Grate rotating blades speed Flow controllers Temperatures Pressure
![Page 54: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
The analysis possibilities
FTIR GC Multi-species gas analyzer Conventional gas analyzers ELPI Heated filter
![Page 55: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
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Impactor
![Page 56: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
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Heated filter
![Page 57: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
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Fuels
![Page 58: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Fuels
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SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Experiments
Emissions, e.g. NOx Particle size distribution and composition Additives effects, e.g. gypsum Fuel particle size effects, e.g. pellets versus shredded/milled Fuel composition effects Temperature effects Excess air ratio effects Staging effects Oxidant composition effects
Pyrolysis Gasification
Macro-TGA
![Page 60: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Brensel-N (vekt%)
Mid
lere
NO
x/B
rens
el-N T=700°C
T=750°CT=800°C
T=850°C
Pow er (T=700°C)Pow er (T=750°C)
Pow er (T=800°C)Pow er (T=850°C)
Figur 1 Brenselnitrogen konvertering til NOx
Mixtures of wood pellets and coffee waste as pellets
Examples of results
![Page 61: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2,5 5 7,5
% gips i brensel
HC
l (pp
m 1
1% O
2, tø
rr)
Trepellets
Rivningstrevirkepellets
Kaffeavfallpellets
Figur 1 HCl-utslipp i forhold til gipsmengde i brenslene
CaSO4·2H2O
Examples of results
Elementsammensetning (vekt%, tørr askefri basis) for brenslene Brensel C H O N S Cl Trepellets 50,33 6,21 pd 0,11 <0,02 0,020 Rivningsvirke 49,29 6,08 pd 0,38 0,089 0,033 Kaffeavfall 51,33 6,79 pd 3,02 0,21 0,055 pd: per differanse
![Page 62: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Wood pellets
Wood pellets milled
Fuel preparation effects – wood pellets versus wood pellets milled (FTIR).
Examples of results
![Page 63: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Data treatment
From input data and logged signals to useful and quality controlled results – seldom straightforward
Input data and logged signals
Useful and quality controlled results
Data treatment and error checking
Calculations
Evaluations and error checking
Data presentation
Input data and logged signals uncertainties
Calculation/model uncertainties
Methodological and operator uncertainties
Overall uncertainties
Measurement uncertainties
![Page 64: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Experiments to be run in the biofuelsGS course
Combustion with air Wood pellets & straw pellets as fuels Two temperature levels A range of excess air ratios Gas analysis with portable FTIR and multi-species conventional
analyzer
Wood stove
Multi-fuel reactor
Heated particle filter
ImpactorFuel 1&2 Fuel 3&4
![Page 65: Multi-fuel reactor introduction May 5, 2009, Trondheim by ...web.abo.fi/instut/biofuelsGS-2/kursen/Norge/Part 8.pdf · May 5, 2009, Trondheim by Øyvind Skreiberg. SINTEF Energiforskning](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050121/5f5194c2c4c015413d5b7ef4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
SINTEF Energiforskning AS
Data treatment of biofuelsGS experiments Convert the raw data into useful and quality controlled results using pre-prepared
Excel worksheet (explanation/theory and demonstration on Thursday)
Extract the following key data for each fuel Burning rate Excess air ratio Emissions levels of NOx, N2O, SO2 and HCl Conversion factors for fuel N, S and Cl Emission levels of NOx as a function of excess air ratio Axial temperature profile in the reactor at each experimental condition
Compare the above data for the two fuels
Suggest explanations for differences in the results
Discuss within your group: How would you design an experimental setup for improved constant operating conditions?