Nationalism as a DividerNationalism as a DividerThree examples of how nationalism divided nations.
The RussiansThe RussiansThe Russians were a multi-ethnic
society.They needed autocratic rule to
keep things together.Forced industrialization in the
later Tsarist eras.They promoted Pan-Slavism
Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!
Begins the process of serf emancipation.
Nicolas (Cont.)Nicolas (Cont.)Fought Persian War in 1826 and
Russo-Turkish War in 1828Gains Armenia and Balkan
territory respectively.
Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].
Russification begins
Alexander IIAlexander II
Oppressive to dissidents
Sold Alaska to US.
Russo-Turkey War v. 2.0 - 1877
Assassinated by explosives March 13, 1881
Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]
Reactionary.
Slavophile.
“Russification” program continued
Jews forced migration to the Pale
The Crimean WarThe Crimean WarFought originally over who controlled
Christians in Holy Land – Russia or France.
Really a check on Russia’s continued expansion
Mostly fought in Black Sea / Baltic Sea areas
First “Modern War” ◦Rifled Barrells, Miniball Bullets, War
Correspondents, Pictures, Nurses, Telegraphs, Railroads.
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…
Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)(1904-1905)Battle over Port Arthur – Warm
water port in Asia.Russians lost two major fleets to the
Japanes single fleet.Japanese captured Port Arthur by
1905 and decimated the Russians.Peace treaty – Treaty of Portsmouth
– Negotiated by T.R.◦Russia lost territory and influence in
Asia.
Key ResultKey ResultRussia loses tons of money and
military power.Helps cause the Revolution of
1905 in Russia.Japan becomes emboldened and
begins taking over areas left and right.
Japanese and Washington Naval Conference (1905)
Hapsburg Empire – Shifting Hapsburg Empire – Shifting AllegienceAllegienceHapsburgs facing multi-ethnic
society now enraged with Nationalism – 1848.
Lost Austro-Prussian war in 1866 – humiliating.
Weak Hapsburg ruler ship
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-
Hungary
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-
Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireIn 1500’s - 1600’s, under
Suleiman and Sultan Osman, the Ottomans were a feared organization
By 1800’s, they were a weak power trying to hang on.
Tried to reform under Mahmud II with the Tanzimat – reform◦Modernized factories, modern
conscripted army, banking reforms,
Loss of Territories and Wars Loss of Territories and Wars in Late 1800’sin Late 1800’s1821 – Greek Independence1856 – Crimean War Ends1875 – Serbia, Montenegro, Wallachia,
Moldova declare independence1877-78 – Lose the Russo-Turkish War1878 – Bulgaria gains independence1878 – Cyprus / Egypt to the British1904-1916 – Armenian Genocide in
Turkery – 500,000 to 1.5 million dead
Ottoman NationalismOttoman Nationalism The loss of colonies, Crimean War,
constant fights with British and Russians led to destabilization.
Young Turks - 1908 Kemal Attaturk WWI – sided with Germany over
Berlin to Baghdad RR Arab Revolt, Crimean Revolt, loss
in WWI sealed fate of empire. Changed by 1920 under Treaty of
Sevres
MUSTAFA KEMAL MUSTAFA KEMAL “ATATURK”“ATATURK”Created a secular government called the Turkish
Republic