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Needed Communications for DA Applications:
a panel discussion
Tom Ernst– GE Grid Solutions
Mark Adamiak – GE Grid Automatin
Dan Lysaker – Xcel Energy
2017 Minnesota Power Systems Conference
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Distribution Network Protection: What Can We Learn from Transmission Protection
Tom Ernst– GE Grid Solutions
2017 Minnesota Power Systems Conference
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• Fundamental differences between transmission and distribution networks
• Characteristics of traditional T & D protection
• Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution• Challenges• Communication channel requirements
• Conclusions
Agenda
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Fundamental differences between T & D networks
• Transmission network characteristics• 2 or 3 terminals• Homogeneous conductor sizing• Minimal reconfiguration• Tapped loads are known (and limited)• End-of-Line is known
• Distribution network characteristics• Numerous terminals• Varying conductor sizes and methods• Reconfigurable at will (minimal remote intelligence)• Many laterals and hundreds of tapped loads• End-of-Line unknown
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Characteristics of traditional T & D protection
• Transmission network protection FDIR• High speed• Highly selective• Non-adaptive to network changes• Intelligent reclosing
• Distribution network traditional protection FDIR• Variable speed• Poor selectivity• Forgiving of network changes (non-adaptive)• Uses reclosing for selectivity
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
Can transmission network protection techniques be ported to distribution
networks?
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
• Over-current protection challenges• Reconfiguration changes fault current availability• DR cause direction changes in fault current distribution
• California’s goal of 100% renewable by 2050• Negative and zero sequence voltage profiles vary greatly
• Challenging for directional element polarizing• Over-current protection communication needs
• Narrow bandwidth, high speed• Directional comparison schemes• Zone selective interlocking
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
• Distance protection challenges• Varying conductor sizes creates non-homogeneous
impedance • Reconfiguration changes impedance to end-of-line• Laterals create parallel impedance paths to multiple end-
of-lines• Tapped loads and DR create apparent impedance
• Distance protection communication needs• Narrow bandwidth, high speed
• Directional comparison schemes
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
• Line differential challenges• Reconfiguration requires dynamic terminal reassignment• Tapped loads and DR create sensitivity challenges• Is there a practical limit to the number of terminals?
• Line differential communication needs• Wide bandwidth, high speed
• Are the speed requirements the same for T & D?• Standardized data formats to allow plug-and-play with
DR devices• Could we use type “P” synchro-phasors rather than
sampled values to reduce bandwidth requirement?
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
What about transfer trip?
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Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution
Could we use public cloud based Ethernet solutions?
Security?
Reliability?
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Conclusions
• Transmission protection concepts can be applied• Significant challenges• Best for static networks• Might not be flexible enough for large DR penetration
• Unique communication system requirements• Speed requirements are not the same for T & D• Standardized formats useful for DR• Cloud based Ethernet might work
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Thank You
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Communication Requirements for Distribution Automation
November 8, 2017
Mark AdamiakGE Grid Automation
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Central GeneratingStation
Step-Up Transformer
DistributionSubstation
ReceivingStation
DistributionSubstation
DistributionSubstation
Commercial
Industrial Commercial
Gas Turbine
RecipEngine
Cogeneration
RecipEngine
Fuel cell
Micro-turbine
Flywheel
Residential
Photovoltaics
Batteries
Residential Data Concentrator
Control Center
Data network Users
2. Distributed Computing Infrastructure
1.Power Infrastructure
Two Infrastructures must be managed in the future
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Two Aspects of Architecture development• Descriptions of Existing and
Future Functions related to Power System Operations
• Reference Architecture for Power System Operations with Distributed Information
Narratives and Use Cases of Power System OperationsFunctional Requirements
Stakeholder &Domain Experts
Domain Experts provide expert descriptions of functional requirements
Potential TechnicalSolutions and Best Practices
High LevelArchitecturalConcepts
Architecture Experts establish high level architectural conceptsStakeholder &
Architecture Experts
Architecture Experts describe potential solutions, based on high level concepts, their capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages, (including certain legacy technologies)
Use Case Analysis:Performance, size, security, etc.
Match: Requirements to Solutions
Architecture
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Distribution Use Cases
November 8, 2017DA Communication Requirements 4
• Fault Location, Isolation, and Restoration- Off line (after line has tripped)
- Low performance- On-line (before the feeder breaker has tripped)
- Recloser Operation- High performance
• Feeder re-deployment• Power Ramping
- Generation / DER / Battery based- Load Based (very fast ramp rate possible – 3kw to 6kw per home)
• DER Monitoring & Control- Almost 1,000,000 unmonitored/un-controlled solar inverters in California
alone
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California Duck Curve…..Realized
November 8, 2017DA Communication Requirements 5
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California Solar Energy Output: Day before and Day of Solar Eclipse - 6GW Loss
November 8, 2017DA Communication Requirements 6
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Distribution Use Cases - Synchrophasors
November 8, 2017Presentation Title 7
• Distribution State Estimation- Actually, State Measurement- No redundancy in the measurement values
• Distribution Protection- Current differential
• Downed Conductor Detection- Send only when a change detected- Paradigm shift
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A word from the wise….
November 8, 2017DA Communication Requirements 8
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1-Column (No Rule) Layout
November 8, 2017Presentation Title 9
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Containers
November 8, 2017Presentation Title 13
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Distribution Automation Communications PanelDan Lysaker, PEMIPSYCON 2017
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• Field Area Network (FAN)– Wireless, two-tier network with fiber
backbone– Provides high speed connectivity to field
devices– WiMAX & Wi-SUN technology– Standards Based, seeking interoperability– IP Based
• Benefits– Enabler of various program benefits– Company owned end-to-end (mostly)– Provides for Quality of Service and other
enhancements
FAN
2
MIPSYCON
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The Field Area Network will…
1. …leverage Xcel Energy-owned assets (towers, land, fiber optic, etc.)
2. …utilize industry standards for all tiers of network
3. …transparently support all types of traffic
4. …support prioritization of traffic over the network
FAN Core Principles
3
MIPSYCON
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• Standards-based, interoperable point-to-multipoint network– Based on IEEE 802.16e– 4G Cellular Data Technology– Directional and height sensitive– Substations become “data hubs”
• Per hop bandwidth up to 10Mbps, one way latency less than 35ms
– Single link could support traffic for up to 25,000 meters
• Each Base Station Covers approx. 1 - 3 Mile radius– Technology is capable of 12+ miles with ideal conditions
WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
4
MIPSYCON
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• Standards-based, interoperable wireless mesh network– Based on IEEE 802.15.4g– Uses standard network protocols (IPv4/IPv6)– 2-way communication to all devices (electric, gas, streetlights, etc...)– Meters participate in mesh network– Redundant paths for all nodes
• Per hop bandwidth up to 1.2mbps, one way latency less than 50ms
Wi-SUN(Wireless Smart Utility Networking)
5
MIPSYCON
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FAN Overview
6
MIPSYCON
Xcel Energy Substation
WAN Node
WAN Node
WAN Node
WAN Node
ServiceCenter
AdvancedApps
Power Plant
Xcel EnergyWide Area Network
WiMAX Base
Station
SensorMeter
Control Device
Wi‐SUNAccess Point
Wi‐SUNAccess Point
WiMAX Wi‐SUN
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• Cell – 3G / 4G LTE– Cap controls, fault indicators, reclosers, distributed generation, rural
SCADA
• Proprietary 900MHz mesh (multiple types)– Automated switching, reclosers, cap controls
• Microwave– SCADA, Protection, Voice, backhaul
• 3.65 GHz WiMAX– Automated switching, reclosers, backhaul, transfer trip
• Satellite– Rural SCADA (no cell coverage)
Xcel Energy – Existing Wireless Communications
7
MIPSYCON
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• Cell carriers trying to compete in the utility space• Improved rate plants that fit our needs better• New, inexpensive device options
• LTE Cat 3 (what we use today): 100Mbps / 50Mbps– Multiple rate plans: per MB (under $1), per GB, pooled plans
• New Options:– LTE Cat NB1 (~2G): 20kbps / 60kbps– LTE Cat M1 (~3G): 1Mbps / 1Mbps
New Options with 4G LTE
8
MIPSYCON
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• Highest Requirements:– Real-time (<100ms), High Bandwidth, Highly Reliable– Recloser and Switch Controls (FLISR), Transfer Trip– Large Distributed Generation, SCADA
• Medium Requirements– Near real-time (100-499ms), lower bandwidth– Capacitor Controls (Volt VAr Optimization)– Remote Fault Indicators & Power Sensors– Demand Response
• Lowest Requirements:– Non real-time, lowest bandwidth– Meters (500ms+), some sensors and monitors
Requirements for Communications
9
MIPSYCON
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• Transfer Trip Needs• Adaptive Protection (Reclosers)• Distributed Compute
– Multiple field devices need to access data!– OpenFMB, others– First, substation as the hub, then pushing outward
The Future!
10
MIPSYCON
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Dan Lysaker, PESenior Grid Modernization Engineer
Xcel Energy
Thank you!
11
MIPSYCON
Attorney Client Work Product‐ Privileged and Confidential
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Appendix
12
MIPSYCON
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Advanced Distribution Management
System (ADMS)
Fault Location,
Isolation, and Service
Restoration
Integrated Volt‐VAr
Optimization (IVVO)
Field Area Network (FAN)
Advanced Meter
Infrastructure
Emerging Technologies
Technology Suite – Enabling Customer Experience, Choice, Control & Enhancing Grid Operability
Xcel Energy is creating a modern grid that will deliver more of what customers expect from their energy company; cleaner, more reliable energy, more ways to save money
and a better customer experience
Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security
Security and Data Solutions
Process Integrations, Change Management, Talent Strategies, Communications, Governance
AGIS
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Advanced Distribution Management System (ADMS)
14
• ADMS– Intelligent mapping of distribution
system– Enhanced visibility, control of field
devices– Improved visibility at customer meter
with Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
– Selected Schneider Electric (vendor)• Benefits
– Enhanced reliability– Renewables penetration– Improved voltage control
• Status– Design completed– In implementation phase– Phased go-live – Colorado - 2019– Remainder – 2020
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1515
IVVO• Integrated Volt-VAr optimization (IVVO)
– Enables voltage control for energy efficiency– Requires Capacitors, SCADA, LTC Control,
ADMS, sensors (AMI is best)– Secondary VAr Compensators (SVC’s) can
enhance reduction– Also enables higher penetration of DER (solar)
• Benefits Environmental stewardship
(energy savings) Renewables integration Improved power quality
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16
IVVO - Operation
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• Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration
• Multi-year investment in remotely controllable switching devices– Reclosers, Switches and Padmount Switch Gear
• Leverage local intelligence to isolate– Reclosing and Sectionalization
• Leverage ADMS to restore• Enabled by the FAN
• Builds on what we’ve been doing well for years
FLISR – Overview
17Attorney Client Work Product‐ Privileged
and Confidential
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AMI
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• Advanced Metering Infrastructure– Two-way communication via FAN– Interval data (15 minutes)– Enables more products and services
• New rate options• Improved usage portals
• Benefits Improved products and services Data for other programs Many operational improvements
• Program Update:– Approved in PSCO– Filing Time of Use pilot in MN
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Emerging Technology - Storage
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• A flexible energy asset that will help optimize how we deliver and use energy
• Battery Storage Projects– Panasonic Microgrid Partnership– Stapleton Community Energy
Storage
• Benefits– Demonstrating capabilities– Operational experience– Increased Distributed Energy
Resources (DER) hosting capability– Stacking values– Alignment of Renewables with Load
by “shifting” the generation Peña Station (Panasonic) battery/microgrid
• Status– Panasonic installation
complete– Stapleton installations in
progress– MN Project remains
conceptual
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• Fault indicators have been used on the power system for decades
• Typically used where a circuit splits or on very long circuits
• Send indication to control center for rural subs
Remote Fault Indicators & Sensors
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• Power sensors also gather Current, Fault Magnitude and sometimes Voltage
• Data used in IVVO, ADMS and FLISR
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WiMAX Base Station
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WiMAX Base Station
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WiMAX CPE / Wi-SUN AP
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FAN Technology Comparison
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WiMAX Point-to-Multipoint• Mobile Broadband Standard• Point-to-Multipoint• Operates at 3.65 GHz
– Higher Bandwidth (>1.5Mbps)– Lower Latency (<100ms)– Line of Sight
• Distribution Automation Devices
• Summation:– Best used for low-latency or
high bandwidth applications
Wi-SUN Mesh• Emerging Smart Utility Standard• Multipoint-to-Multipoint• Operates at 900 MHz
– Lower Bandwidth (<300kbps)– Higher Latency (>1s)– Omni Directional
• Smart Meters, Sensors
• Summation:– Best used for reporting-only or
latency-tolerant applications
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Private Cell with DMNR
• Dynamic Mobile Network Routing - Enabled through Verizon
• Private, non-internet connected network
• Grants QoS on the wireless network
• Allows for BGP-like routing (Border Gateway Protocol) on a wireless network which simplifies routing
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Private Cell with DMNR
• Dynamic Mobile Network Routing - Enabled through Verizon
• Private, non-internet connected network
• Grants QoS on the wireless network
• Allows for BGP-like routing (Border Gateway Protocol) on a wireless network which simplifies routing
Wide Area NetworkLAN 2
LAN 1
Router 2Router
1