needed communications for da applications: a panel discussion · needed communications for da...

Needed Communications for DA Applications:

a panel discussion

Tom Ernst– GE Grid Solutions

Mark Adamiak – GE Grid Automatin

Dan Lysaker – Xcel Energy

2017 Minnesota Power Systems Conference

Distribution Network Protection: What Can We Learn from Transmission Protection

Tom Ernst– GE Grid Solutions

2017 Minnesota Power Systems Conference

• Fundamental differences between transmission and distribution networks

• Characteristics of traditional T & D protection

• Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution• Challenges• Communication channel requirements

• Conclusions

Agenda

Fundamental differences between T & D networks

• Transmission network characteristics• 2 or 3 terminals• Homogeneous conductor sizing• Minimal reconfiguration• Tapped loads are known (and limited)• End-of-Line is known

• Distribution network characteristics• Numerous terminals• Varying conductor sizes and methods• Reconfigurable at will (minimal remote intelligence)• Many laterals and hundreds of tapped loads• End-of-Line unknown

Characteristics of traditional T & D protection

• Transmission network protection FDIR• High speed• Highly selective• Non-adaptive to network changes• Intelligent reclosing

• Distribution network traditional protection FDIR• Variable speed• Poor selectivity• Forgiving of network changes (non-adaptive)• Uses reclosing for selectivity

Transmission protection techniques applied to distribution

Can transmission network protection techniques be ported to distribution

networks?


• Over-current protection challenges• Reconfiguration changes fault current availability• DR cause direction changes in fault current distribution

• California’s goal of 100% renewable by 2050• Negative and zero sequence voltage profiles vary greatly

• Challenging for directional element polarizing• Over-current protection communication needs

• Narrow bandwidth, high speed• Directional comparison schemes• Zone selective interlocking


• Distance protection challenges• Varying conductor sizes creates non-homogeneous

impedance • Reconfiguration changes impedance to end-of-line• Laterals create parallel impedance paths to multiple end-

of-lines• Tapped loads and DR create apparent impedance

• Distance protection communication needs• Narrow bandwidth, high speed

• Directional comparison schemes


• Line differential challenges• Reconfiguration requires dynamic terminal reassignment• Tapped loads and DR create sensitivity challenges• Is there a practical limit to the number of terminals?

• Line differential communication needs• Wide bandwidth, high speed

• Are the speed requirements the same for T & D?• Standardized data formats to allow plug-and-play with

DR devices• Could we use type “P” synchro-phasors rather than

sampled values to reduce bandwidth requirement?


What about transfer trip?


Could we use public cloud based Ethernet solutions?

Security?

Reliability?

Conclusions

• Transmission protection concepts can be applied• Significant challenges• Best for static networks• Might not be flexible enough for large DR penetration

• Unique communication system requirements• Speed requirements are not the same for T & D• Standardized formats useful for DR• Cloud based Ethernet might work

Thank You

Communication Requirements for Distribution Automation

November 8, 2017

Mark AdamiakGE Grid Automation

Central GeneratingStation

Step-Up Transformer

DistributionSubstation

ReceivingStation



Commercial

Industrial Commercial

Gas Turbine

RecipEngine

Cogeneration

RecipEngine

Fuel cell

Micro-turbine

Flywheel

Residential

Photovoltaics

Batteries

Residential Data Concentrator

Control Center

Data network Users

2. Distributed Computing Infrastructure

1.Power Infrastructure

Two Infrastructures must be managed in the future

Two Aspects of Architecture development• Descriptions of Existing and

Future Functions related to Power System Operations

• Reference Architecture for Power System Operations with Distributed Information

Narratives and Use Cases of Power System OperationsFunctional Requirements

Stakeholder &Domain Experts

Domain Experts provide expert descriptions of functional requirements

Potential TechnicalSolutions and Best Practices

High LevelArchitecturalConcepts

Architecture Experts establish high level architectural conceptsStakeholder &

Architecture Experts

Architecture Experts describe potential solutions, based on high level concepts, their capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages, (including certain legacy technologies)

Use Case Analysis:Performance, size, security, etc.

Match: Requirements to Solutions

Architecture

Distribution Use Cases

November 8, 2017DA Communication Requirements 4

• Fault Location, Isolation, and Restoration- Off line (after line has tripped)

- Low performance- On-line (before the feeder breaker has tripped)

- Recloser Operation- High performance

• Feeder re-deployment• Power Ramping

- Generation / DER / Battery based- Load Based (very fast ramp rate possible – 3kw to 6kw per home)

• DER Monitoring & Control- Almost 1,000,000 unmonitored/un-controlled solar inverters in California

alone

California Duck Curve…..Realized


California Solar Energy Output: Day before and Day of Solar Eclipse - 6GW Loss


Distribution Use Cases - Synchrophasors

November 8, 2017Presentation Title 7

• Distribution State Estimation- Actually, State Measurement- No redundancy in the measurement values

• Distribution Protection- Current differential

• Downed Conductor Detection- Send only when a change detected- Paradigm shift

A word from the wise….


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Distribution Automation Communications PanelDan Lysaker, PEMIPSYCON 2017

• Field Area Network (FAN)– Wireless, two-tier network with fiber

backbone– Provides high speed connectivity to field

devices– WiMAX & Wi-SUN technology– Standards Based, seeking interoperability– IP Based

• Benefits– Enabler of various program benefits– Company owned end-to-end (mostly)– Provides for Quality of Service and other

enhancements

FAN

2

MIPSYCON

The Field Area Network will…

1. …leverage Xcel Energy-owned assets (towers, land, fiber optic, etc.)

2. …utilize industry standards for all tiers of network

3. …transparently support all types of traffic

4. …support prioritization of traffic over the network

FAN Core Principles

3

MIPSYCON

• Standards-based, interoperable point-to-multipoint network– Based on IEEE 802.16e– 4G Cellular Data Technology– Directional and height sensitive– Substations become “data hubs”

• Per hop bandwidth up to 10Mbps, one way latency less than 35ms

– Single link could support traffic for up to 25,000 meters

• Each Base Station Covers approx. 1 - 3 Mile radius– Technology is capable of 12+ miles with ideal conditions

WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

4

MIPSYCON

• Standards-based, interoperable wireless mesh network– Based on IEEE 802.15.4g– Uses standard network protocols (IPv4/IPv6)– 2-way communication to all devices (electric, gas, streetlights, etc...)– Meters participate in mesh network– Redundant paths for all nodes

• Per hop bandwidth up to 1.2mbps, one way latency less than 50ms

Wi-SUN(Wireless Smart Utility Networking)

5

MIPSYCON

FAN Overview

6

MIPSYCON

Xcel Energy Substation

WAN Node

WAN Node

WAN Node

WAN Node

ServiceCenter

AdvancedApps

Power Plant

Xcel EnergyWide Area Network

WiMAX Base

Station

SensorMeter

Control Device

Wi‐SUNAccess Point

Wi‐SUNAccess Point

WiMAX Wi‐SUN

• Cell – 3G / 4G LTE– Cap controls, fault indicators, reclosers, distributed generation, rural

SCADA

• Proprietary 900MHz mesh (multiple types)– Automated switching, reclosers, cap controls

• Microwave– SCADA, Protection, Voice, backhaul

• 3.65 GHz WiMAX– Automated switching, reclosers, backhaul, transfer trip

• Satellite– Rural SCADA (no cell coverage)

Xcel Energy – Existing Wireless Communications

7

MIPSYCON

• Cell carriers trying to compete in the utility space• Improved rate plants that fit our needs better• New, inexpensive device options

• LTE Cat 3 (what we use today): 100Mbps / 50Mbps– Multiple rate plans: per MB (under $1), per GB, pooled plans

• New Options:– LTE Cat NB1 (~2G): 20kbps / 60kbps– LTE Cat M1 (~3G): 1Mbps / 1Mbps

New Options with 4G LTE

8

MIPSYCON

• Highest Requirements:– Real-time (<100ms), High Bandwidth, Highly Reliable– Recloser and Switch Controls (FLISR), Transfer Trip– Large Distributed Generation, SCADA

• Medium Requirements– Near real-time (100-499ms), lower bandwidth– Capacitor Controls (Volt VAr Optimization)– Remote Fault Indicators & Power Sensors– Demand Response

• Lowest Requirements:– Non real-time, lowest bandwidth– Meters (500ms+), some sensors and monitors

Requirements for Communications

9

MIPSYCON

• Transfer Trip Needs• Adaptive Protection (Reclosers)• Distributed Compute

– Multiple field devices need to access data!– OpenFMB, others– First, substation as the hub, then pushing outward

The Future!

10

MIPSYCON

Dan Lysaker, PESenior Grid Modernization Engineer

Xcel Energy

Thank you!

11

MIPSYCON

Attorney Client Work Product‐ Privileged and Confidential

Appendix

12

MIPSYCON

Advanced Distribution Management

System (ADMS)

Fault Location,

Isolation, and Service

Restoration

Integrated Volt‐VAr

Optimization (IVVO)

Field Area Network (FAN)

Advanced Meter

Infrastructure

Emerging Technologies

Technology Suite – Enabling Customer Experience, Choice, Control & Enhancing Grid Operability

Xcel Energy is creating a modern grid that will deliver more of what customers expect from their energy company; cleaner, more reliable energy, more ways to save money

and a better customer experience

Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security

Security and Data Solutions

Process Integrations, Change Management, Talent Strategies, Communications, Governance

AGIS

Advanced Distribution Management System (ADMS)

14

• ADMS– Intelligent mapping of distribution

system– Enhanced visibility, control of field

devices– Improved visibility at customer meter

with Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

– Selected Schneider Electric (vendor)• Benefits

– Enhanced reliability– Renewables penetration– Improved voltage control

• Status– Design completed– In implementation phase– Phased go-live – Colorado - 2019– Remainder – 2020

1515

IVVO• Integrated Volt-VAr optimization (IVVO)

– Enables voltage control for energy efficiency– Requires Capacitors, SCADA, LTC Control,

ADMS, sensors (AMI is best)– Secondary VAr Compensators (SVC’s) can

enhance reduction– Also enables higher penetration of DER (solar)

• Benefits Environmental stewardship

(energy savings) Renewables integration Improved power quality

16

IVVO - Operation

• Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration

• Multi-year investment in remotely controllable switching devices– Reclosers, Switches and Padmount Switch Gear

• Leverage local intelligence to isolate– Reclosing and Sectionalization

• Leverage ADMS to restore• Enabled by the FAN

• Builds on what we’ve been doing well for years

FLISR – Overview

17Attorney Client Work Product‐ Privileged

and Confidential

18

AMI

18

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure– Two-way communication via FAN– Interval data (15 minutes)– Enables more products and services

• New rate options• Improved usage portals

• Benefits Improved products and services Data for other programs Many operational improvements

• Program Update:– Approved in PSCO– Filing Time of Use pilot in MN

Emerging Technology - Storage

19

• A flexible energy asset that will help optimize how we deliver and use energy

• Battery Storage Projects– Panasonic Microgrid Partnership– Stapleton Community Energy

Storage

• Benefits– Demonstrating capabilities– Operational experience– Increased Distributed Energy

Resources (DER) hosting capability– Stacking values– Alignment of Renewables with Load

by “shifting” the generation Peña Station (Panasonic) battery/microgrid

• Status– Panasonic installation

complete– Stapleton installations in

progress– MN Project remains

conceptual

• Fault indicators have been used on the power system for decades

• Typically used where a circuit splits or on very long circuits

• Send indication to control center for rural subs

Remote Fault Indicators & Sensors

20

• Power sensors also gather Current, Fault Magnitude and sometimes Voltage

• Data used in IVVO, ADMS and FLISR

WiMAX Base Station

21

WiMAX Base Station

22

WiMAX CPE / Wi-SUN AP

23

FAN Technology Comparison

24

WiMAX Point-to-Multipoint• Mobile Broadband Standard• Point-to-Multipoint• Operates at 3.65 GHz

– Higher Bandwidth (>1.5Mbps)– Lower Latency (<100ms)– Line of Sight

• Distribution Automation Devices

• Summation:– Best used for low-latency or

high bandwidth applications

Wi-SUN Mesh• Emerging Smart Utility Standard• Multipoint-to-Multipoint• Operates at 900 MHz

– Lower Bandwidth (<300kbps)– Higher Latency (>1s)– Omni Directional

• Smart Meters, Sensors

• Summation:– Best used for reporting-only or

latency-tolerant applications

25

Private Cell with DMNR

• Dynamic Mobile Network Routing - Enabled through Verizon

• Private, non-internet connected network

• Grants QoS on the wireless network

• Allows for BGP-like routing (Border Gateway Protocol) on a wireless network which simplifies routing

26

Private Cell with DMNR

• Dynamic Mobile Network Routing - Enabled through Verizon

• Private, non-internet connected network

• Grants QoS on the wireless network

• Allows for BGP-like routing (Border Gateway Protocol) on a wireless network which simplifies routing

Wide Area NetworkLAN 2

LAN 1

Router 2Router

1

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