Download - NORM in Saudi
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Overview & Management of NORM in
Saudi Aramco
Khalid Mously, Michael Cowie
Saudi Aramco
Environmental Protection Department
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Outlines
Brief histor of NORM
Origins & !here NORM accumulates
NORM e"posure scenarios
NORM levels
!or#ers$ Protection
NORM Management Program
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NORM Definition Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
any nuclide that is radioactive in its natural state ( i.e.
not an!ade), "ut not including source, "y!#roduct,or s#ecial nuclear aterial.
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$rief %istory
Earl accounts of NORM
%anadian oil field '()*+
Radium in Russian fields '(,)+ -ranium in gas formations '(.,+
NORM in north sea '(/.+
0uidelines AP12 1AEA2 etc3+ Regulations
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Origins of NORM
NORM in earth crust
NORM in reservoir roc& forations
-ranium
ppm
4horium
ppm
5imestone '.'! * ' ! ++
Sandstone '.+! '.* ! *
NORM in -oration water NORM in Natural gas NORM in ea water
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/hich NORM 0
NORM nuclides of interest to oil industry
Radiu! 1 Radiu!2 3raniu Radon! 4ead!+'
5oloniu!+'
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Uranium-238
4.5 By
Radon-222
3.8 d
Radium-226
1620 Y
Th-234
Pa-234
U-234
Th-230.
5rinci#al decay chee of
3raniu
Radon
Daughters
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Relative 5enetrating 5ower
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Radiation 6itted "y NORM
0amma ras
Ra! and 5"!+'
Beta particles
Ra!2, 5"!+', $i!+'
Alpha particles
Ra!,3!2,5o!+' and 5"!+'
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/here NORM accuulates
cale
cra#ings
ludge
7hin fils (radon #rogeny)
NORM ma accumulate in the following
media6
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NORM in cale
4pes of scales
Sulfate6 SrSO* and BaSO* RaSO*+
%ar7onate6 %a%O, Ra%O,+ Effect of water mi"ing
%hange in pressure8temperature
Scale accumulates in6 production tu7ing2 well head2
valves2 and pumps Scale inhi7itors
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NORM in Scale
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NORM in 5i#elines cra#ings
Crude #i#elines
(Radiu 1 5"!+')
eawater #i#elines
(3raniu)
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Radon progen
P79:'):: ears+
Po9:')',/ das+
Bi9:') . das+
;orm thin films on6compressors2 reflu" pumps2
control valves2 product lines8vessels3
NORM in 8as 5rocessing -acilities
Radon path $oiling 5oint(K, + 9t)
6thane +2:
Radon ++
5ro#ane +
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NORM 6;#osure cenarios
%ontamination
1nhalation
1ngestion
A7sorption
1rradiation
6;ternal 6;#osure
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NORM %ealth
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NORM Regulations
Specifies contamination limits6
E=uipment2 waste and soil
Nuclide dependent %ountr dependent
E-RA4OM (>8:(
?Ma :)))@
Country4iit of Ra
(#Ci=g)
Canada 2
3K +'
39 : to '
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NORM 4evels
Specifc Activity (pCi/ g)
Nuclide Scale Sludge Scrapings
Ra-226 2.7 405000 1.4 21600 0.3 2000
Pb-210 0.5 2025 2.7 35100 1.4 1350
Po-210 0.5 41 0.1 4320 2.7 108
!orld wide reported levels of NORM
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Medium
Specific activit
p%i8liter
Natural gas '.+> :>''
N84 '.* >':''
5ro#ane '.* ++>''
Radon gas Rn9:::+ EPA limit for Radon in air is * p%i8 liter
NORM in Natural 8as
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/or&ers? Radiation Dose
9 wor&er?s dose de#ends on@
4pe of wor#
%leaning vessels8tan#s Maintenance
NORM activit 4ime
Protective measures
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/or&ers 5rotection
Awareness8training Protective clothes
Respirators$ use
Practice good hgiene
5imited wor# scenarios
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uary
NORM is a glo7al issue for the oil & gas industr
NORM health haards are controlla7le
1mplementing NORM procedure will not o7struct
operations
NORM limit varies
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Manageent of NORMin audi 9raco
Michael Cowie
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Manageent of NORM in audi9raco
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Develo#ent of NORM anageentguidelines
Res#onsi"ilities
NORM urveys
/or&ers? 5rotection
Containation Control
Confined #ace 6ntry
NORM containation liits
7rans#ort of NORMContainated Materials
NORM Containated
6Bui#ent
Decontaination Dis#osal of NORM /aste
Saudi Aramco Standard !ana"#m#nt o$ T#chno%o"ica%%y &nhanc#d Radioacti'# !at#ria% ()*R!+
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Manageent of NORM in audi 9raco
NORM trategy NORM onitoring
afe anageent of NORM containated eBui#ent
Control of NORM waste /or&ers #rotection and training
Develo#ent of NORM anageent guidelines
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Control ofNO! "aste
NO!!onitoring
Control ofConta#inated $%uip#ent
"or&ers'rotection (
)raining
NO! 'rogra# Strateg*
+aseline
Sur,e*s
're )(-Sur,e*s
outinessess#ent
s
/egac*Cont.
Sur,e*s
$%uip#ent
Screening
NO! $%uip.Storage
NO! $%uip.0econta#.
NO!
"asteStorage
!ini#i1ation at Source
"asteeduction
'er#anent0isposal
$n2ance
3areness
"or&ers4)raining
NO!Sur,e*or)raining
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NORM Monitoring
NORM
Detected
Normal
Operation
NORM ;ree
E=uipment
1dentif NORM
%ontaminated
e=uipment8waste
Decontaminate
NORM
e=uipment
!or#ers
Protection &
%ontam3 %ontrol
Assess
Radiological
Ris#s
1nterim Storage of
NORM e=uipment
NORM !aste
Permanent
Disposal
NORM waste
1nterim Storage
Ces
No
NORM Containated6Bui#ent
NORM /aste
NORM
/aste
NORM Manageent 5rocess Cycle
elease forgeneral use
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Manageent of NORM in audi 9raco
6#hasis on #artnering 3nderstanding of the o#erational #rocess is i#ortant
/or& with #ro#onents to ada#t control easures to
o#erations
Coo#eration rather than i#osition
9wareness and training
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Recoendations