Ny Generation Energisnåla FärjorRoad show –Stockholm
Maj 15 2013Maj 15, 2013
Mats Hjortberg, M.Sc.Nav.Arch
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 1
Agenda:
• Which are the key-factors to achieve a ”Green Ferry”.- Weight- Hull resistance- Speed
• Smart usage of energy- Time simulation vs. Required time schedule- Efficiency factors (η) of propulsion components- Energy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?
• Technical options- Batteries- Supercapacitors- Supercapacitors- Fuel cells- Flywheel
• Some examples : Green configurations- Diesel electric hybrid – no charging from shore- Diesel electric hybrid – partially charging from shore
2
- Fully electric (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
• Some more reference projects
Key factor 1 : Reduced weight
What do we mean by “Lightweight” ?
1 KG < 5 KGDefinition in Shipbuilding:
Displacement = Light Weight + Dead Weight
Total weight of ship Complete ship, but no load or fuel onboard
”Payload”. This is what the customer pays for
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 3
load or fuel onboard the customer pays for
DeadWeight to LightWeight ratios for various ship types
PANAMAX tanker DW 575’000T= =LW
515’000T
= =
DW 500T 1Fishing vessel DWLW
= 500T500T
= 1
Passenger ferryDWLW
= 50T100T
= 0.5
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 4
Operation profile
Example: Operation profile30 m Ferry‐boatSingle trip: 5 min /1000 mSpeed at steady state : 8 knots Energy
Typical: 10 kWh for Depl. = 100 T + 30% Fuel cost
Acceleration Deceleration
yp p13 kWh for Depl. = 125 T
+ 30% Fuel cost
P (kW)
Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay Ferry at Sea
AccelerationF = M * a
DecelerationF = M * a
191 (peak)
98
T (min)
105
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 5
Key factor 2 : Hull forms (Resistance)
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 6
50Total Resistance
40
45
50
135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH
135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad
25
30
35
[kN
]
135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH
10
15
20
0
5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12[kts]
Speed V: [kts] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.7 9.6 16.2 20.1 27.6, , p,
135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad 0.8 1.4 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.8 10.6 16.4 21.9 30.3
135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad 0.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.5 6.1 8.9 14.3 19.8 29.8
135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.4 2.3 3.3 4.1 5.8 10.6 17.0 24.9 34.9 46.3
135, B8, Navcad 1.2 2.2 3.8 5.9 8.5 11.8 15.6 20.1 25.2 30.8
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 7
, ,
135, B9, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.7 5.2 9.5 15.3 22.5 31.4 41.7
Key factor 3 : SpeedTunø‐færgen
600
700
Required power vs. Speed EKO-ÖTUNÖ
400
500
600
W]
100
200
300[kW
Reference ship: Tunø-ferry• EC directive, D-class• Construction material: Steel• Passengers & Cars
02 4 6 8 10 12
[knots]
g• approx. 30 meters• 10 knots• Light weight 250 T• Installed engine power: 588 kWg p
Replacement for the Tunø-ferry• EC directive, D-class• Construction material: FRP
Eko‐Ø‐færgen
Note !Construction material: FRP• Passengers & Cars• approx. 30 meters• 10 knots• Light weight 72 T
Note !
Power (kW) ˜ (Speed)3
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 8
Light weight 72 T• Installed engine power: 220 kW
Smart usage of energyTime simulation vs Time scheduleTime simulation vs. Time schedule
Example : New shuttle ferries for Port of Gothenburg
• Assume time schedule is fixed. Ex. 5 minutes.i i fi d• Distance is fixed. Ex. 1100 m
• Optimize Acceleration, Cruising & Deceleration to minimize required Power (kW) and Energy (kWh)
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 9
Smart usage of energyEfficiency factors (η) for propulsion componentsEfficiency factors (η) for propulsion components
Note ! Pay attention to efficency factors for propulsion componentsIT MAKES A DIFFERENCE !!
Diesel engineSpec.fuel cons. 230 g/kWh
Gearboxη = 0.95
Generatorη = 0.96
Electr. motorη = 0.96
Propellerη = 0.60
Batteriesη = 0 98
AC/DC coverterη = 0 96
Frequency controllerη = 0 96
Cablesη = depending on
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 10
η = 0.98 η = 0.96 η = 0.96 η = depending on length and area
Smart usage of energyEnergy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?Energy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?
Energy produced byDiesel genset onboard
Energy produced byWindmills ashore
DKK 2:30 – 2:50 per kWh(@ bunker price DKK 5:87/liter)
DKK 0:57 per kWh( p / )
Conclusion : Plug-in energy from shore-based grid is much cheaperthan energy produced onboard.
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 11
Technical options - Batteries
Lead/Acid – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: 5.0TVolume: 6.0 m3
Foot print: 6.0 m2
Price: € 160,‐ per kWhNo. of charging cycles : fewLife‐time : short
Li‐Ion – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: 2.5TVolume: 6.0 m3
Foot print: 4.0 m2
Price: € 1000,‐ per kWhN f h i l
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 12
No. of charging cycles : manyLife‐time : long
Technical options
SupercapacitorsSupercap’s: – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: More than Li‐Ion batteriesVolume: More than Li‐Ion batteriesVolume: More than Li Ion batteriesFoot print: More than Li‐Ion batteriesCharging : Quick!Price: ?
Fuel cellsVery few reference projects so far
Fuel cellsVery few reference projects so far.Wallenius has a 20 kW test plantTourist boat in Hamburg, 100 kWPrice: ?
Flywheel
Flywheely
Old, well‐known technology.Used as UPS in server (computer) halls.Used in space industry (NASA) for space
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 13
shuttles.
P (kW)
Diesel electric hybrid system – no charging from shore
P (kW)
Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay
k h170 10.77 kWh
129 2 Installed engine po er
= Energy produced by diesel engine(s)
105
129.2 Installed engine power:2 x 75 kW Diesel‐ genset
T (min)Propulsion + Hotel5
10
T (min)
5
* Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing.* Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay.* Diesel engines running at 84% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes)* No charging during night time All charging done by the generators while at sea* No charging during night –time. All charging done by the generators while at sea.* Shore connection during night to power up ”hotel”‐load only.
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 14
Shore connection
Diesel electric hybrid system – no charging from shore
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
Shore connection(Only ”hotel”‐load during night)
Diesel engine75 kW
GearboxZ‐config
C & DC
Freq.ConvAC/DC
Generator AC, 75 kW
75 kW
PS‐side
hboa
rd, A
C
”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kWAzimuth
Thruster
Main Sw
itchThruster
SB‐sideGenerator AC 75 kW
Freq.ConvAC/DCM
B tt i Li I
Diesel engine75 kW
AC, 75 kWAC/DC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Batteries, Li‐Ion250 kWh
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 15
Diesel electric hybrid system – no charging from shore
”BRAKEL II” (2009) – HollandLength: 42 m, 18 cars, 130 passengersDiesel‐Electric system by SIEMENS
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 16
P (kW)
Diesel electric hybrid system – partially charging from shore
P (kW)
Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay
k hInstalled engine power:
= Energy produced by diesel engine(s)
170
4.26 kWh 2 x 35 kW Diesel‐ gensetSupported by:Shore connection during night‐time (12 hours)
106
Power from shore connection:Pel = 10.98 – 4.26 = 6.72 kWh/single trip approx. 500 kWh/day
T (min)Propulsion + Hotel5
51.2
10
T (min)
5
* Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing.* Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay.g pp q y* Diesel engines running at 75% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes)* Batteries supported by charging from shore during night‐time (12 hours).* Sh ti i 3 h 400V 63A f 12 h* Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 63A for 12 hours.* Shore connection power up ”hotel”‐load during night‐time.
17CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Shore connection
Diesel electric hybrid system – partially charging from shore
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
Shore connection400V, 63A, 3‐phase12 hrs during night
Diesel engine35 kW
GearboxZ‐config
C & DC
Freq.ConvAC/DC
Generator AC, 35 kW
35 kW
PS‐side
hboa
rd, A
C
”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kWAzimuth
Thruster
Main Sw
itchThruster
SB‐sideFreq.ConvAC/DC
Generator AC 35 kWM
B tt i Li I
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
AC/DC AC, 35 kWDiesel engine35 kW
Batteries, Li‐Ion600 kWh
18CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Diesel electric hybrid system – partially charging from shore
”KEOLIS” (2012) – River of Garonne /Bordeaux200’000 passengers per year140 kWh Li‐Ion batteries from SAFT‐batteries
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 19
P (kW)
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
P (kW)
Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay
Installed engine power:
1801 x 44 kW Diesel‐ genset (for emergency only!)Supported by:Shore connection during night‐time (12 hours)
110Power from shore connection:Pel = 11.37 kWh/single tripapprox. 846 kWh/day
T (min)Propulsion + Hotel5
Not necessary to run diesel engine!
10
T (min)
5
* Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes) Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel load (10 minutes)* Batteries supported by charging from shore during night‐time (12 hours).* Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 125A for 12 hours.* Shore connection power up ”hotel”‐load during night‐time.* No diesel generator required during normal operation.
20CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
Shore connection400V, 125A, 3‐phase12 hrs during night
GearboxZ‐config
C & DC
g g
Diesel engine44 kW
hboa
rd, A
C
”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kW
Freq.ConvAC/DC
Generator AC, 44 kW
44 kW
AzimuthThruster
Main Sw
itchThruster
M
B tt i Li I
Electr.motor150 kW, AC
Freq.ConvDC/AC
OptionalOnly for emergency and transit to yard
Batteries, Li‐Ion 1000 kWh
21CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
Proposal for new ferry ‐ DenmarkCapacity : 98 passengers, 12 carsPropulsion : 2 x 150 kWB tt i (Li I ) 1000 kWh 74 i l t i /dBatteries (Li‐Ion) : 1000 kWh, 74 single trips/day
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 22
Næssund -færgen
Thy Kommune
Mors‐ThyFærgefart A/S
Morsø Kommune
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Niels Hjørnet Yacht DesignYacht Design & Composite Engineering
23
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
700000
Yearly Energy cost Fuel + Electr. (DKK)
Fuel price : DKK 5870,‐ /m3
Electr.price : DKK 0.57/kWh600000
700000
400000
500000
611402642973
104025300000
Electr
Fuel
236399176010.3 176010.3100000
200000
PropulsionCombination
01 2 3 4 5
ctric c rging
ctric rging
e ctric rging
e ech.
Diesel Elec
Diesel Electric
Partially cha
rfrom
shore
Diesel Elec
100%
cha
from
shore
Diesel Elec
100%
cha
from
shore
Diesel M
e
24
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
257 98
300.00
CO2 emissions (Tonnes/Year)
245.31257.98
200 00
250.00
150.00
200.00
CO2
94.85100.00
0.00 0.00
50.00
PropulsionCombination
ectric
ctric harging
e ectric
harging
re ectric
harging
re Mech.
0.001 2 3 4 5
Diesel Ele
Diesel Elec
Partially c
from
shore
Diesel Ele
100%
ch
from
sho
Diesel Ele
100%
ch
from
sho
Diesel M
25
Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore
80
60
70
[MDKK
]
Stålfartyg
Plastkompositfartyg
40
50
tmen
t cost [
Plastkompositfartyg
20
30
nce in In
vest
0
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Differen
Year
26CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects
Some more reference projects…p j
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 27
Fully electric system (plug-in) with supercapacitorsPassenger ferry ”Ar Vag Tredan” (2012) – River of Blavet / Lorient
Length : 22 mCapacity : 113 passengers; 10 bicycles
l i kPropulsion : 2 x 75 kWSupercapacitors : STX‐Lorient in cooperation with Sterling Design International
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 28
Fuel cellsTourist boat ”Zemship” (2010) - Hamburgp ( ) g
Length : 25 mCapacity : 100 passengersPropulsion : 100 kWFuel cells : 2 x 50 kW
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 29
Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries”Hamnfärjan II (Spårvagnen)” (1948) – Marstrand Swedenj ( p g ) ( )Length : 8.80 mCapacity : 30 passengersPropulsion : 6 kWPropulsion : 6 kWBatteries : 40 batteries a’ 2.0V(Hamnfärjan I was built in 1913 with the same propulsion arrangement, but is scrapped since many years back )is scrapped since many years back.)
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 30
Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries”ISA af Lyngnern” (2011) – Sätila, Swedeny g ( ) ,(Replica of historical ship from 19:th century)
Length : 13.00 mLength : 13.00 mCapacity : 30 passengersPropulsion : 40 kWBatteries : Lead/acid/
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 31
El t i l i t 1886Electric propulsion system anno 1886
So it’s not new !So, it’s not new !
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 32
END
Th k !Thank you!
CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 33