ny generation energisnåla färjor road show –stockholm maj...

Ny Generation Energisnåla FärjorRoad show –Stockholm

Maj 15 2013Maj 15, 2013

Mats Hjortberg, M.Sc.Nav.Arch

CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects 1

j [email protected]

Agenda:

• Which are the key-factors to achieve a ”Green Ferry”.- Weight- Hull resistance- Speed

• Smart usage of energy- Time simulation vs. Required time schedule- Efficiency factors (η) of propulsion components- Energy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?

• Technical options- Batteries- Supercapacitors- Supercapacitors- Fuel cells- Flywheel

• Some examples : Green configurations- Diesel electric hybrid – no charging from shore- Diesel electric hybrid – partially charging from shore

2

- Fully electric (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore

• Some more reference projects

Key factor 1 : Reduced weight

What do we mean by “Lightweight” ?

1 KG < 5 KGDefinition in Shipbuilding:

Displacement = Light Weight + Dead Weight

Total weight of ship Complete ship, but no load or fuel onboard

”Payload”. This is what the customer pays for


load or fuel onboard the customer pays for

DeadWeight to LightWeight ratios for various ship types

PANAMAX tanker DW 575’000T= =LW

515’000T

= =

DW 500T 1Fishing vessel DWLW

= 500T500T

= 1

Passenger ferryDWLW

= 50T100T

= 0.5


Operation profile

Example: Operation profile30 m Ferry‐boatSingle trip: 5 min /1000 mSpeed at steady state : 8 knots Energy

Typical: 10 kWh for Depl. = 100 T + 30% Fuel cost

Acceleration Deceleration

yp p13 kWh for Depl. = 125 T

+ 30% Fuel cost

P (kW)

Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay Ferry at Sea

AccelerationF = M * a

DecelerationF = M * a

191 (peak)

98

T (min)

105


Key factor 2 : Hull forms (Resistance)


50Total Resistance

40

45

50

135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH

135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad

25

30

35

[kN

]

135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH

10

15

20

0

5

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12[kts]

Speed V: [kts] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.7 9.6 16.2 20.1 27.6, , p,

135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad 0.8 1.4 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.8 10.6 16.4 21.9 30.3

135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad 0.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.5 6.1 8.9 14.3 19.8 29.8

135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.4 2.3 3.3 4.1 5.8 10.6 17.0 24.9 34.9 46.3

135, B8, Navcad 1.2 2.2 3.8 5.9 8.5 11.8 15.6 20.1 25.2 30.8


, ,

135, B9, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.7 5.2 9.5 15.3 22.5 31.4 41.7

Key factor 3 : SpeedTunø‐færgen

600

700

Required power vs. Speed EKO-ÖTUNÖ

400

500

600

W]

100

200

300[kW

Reference ship: Tunø-ferry• EC directive, D-class• Construction material: Steel• Passengers & Cars

02 4 6 8 10 12

[knots]

g• approx. 30 meters• 10 knots• Light weight 250 T• Installed engine power: 588 kWg p

Replacement for the Tunø-ferry• EC directive, D-class• Construction material: FRP

Eko‐Ø‐færgen

Note !Construction material: FRP• Passengers & Cars• approx. 30 meters• 10 knots• Light weight 72 T

Note !

Power (kW) ˜ (Speed)3


Light weight 72 T• Installed engine power: 220 kW

Smart usage of energyTime simulation vs Time scheduleTime simulation vs. Time schedule

Example : New shuttle ferries for Port of Gothenburg

• Assume time schedule is fixed. Ex. 5 minutes.i i fi d• Distance is fixed. Ex. 1100 m

• Optimize Acceleration, Cruising & Deceleration to minimize required Power (kW) and Energy (kWh)


Smart usage of energyEfficiency factors (η) for propulsion componentsEfficiency factors (η) for propulsion components

Note ! Pay attention to efficency factors for propulsion componentsIT MAKES A DIFFERENCE !!

Diesel engineSpec.fuel cons. 230 g/kWh

Gearboxη = 0.95

Generatorη = 0.96

Electr. motorη = 0.96

Propellerη = 0.60

Batteriesη = 0 98

AC/DC coverterη = 0 96

Frequency controllerη = 0 96

Cablesη = depending on


η = 0.98 η = 0.96 η = 0.96 η = depending on length and area

Smart usage of energyEnergy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?Energy cost ; What does 1 kWh cost ?

Energy produced byDiesel genset onboard

Energy produced byWindmills ashore

DKK 2:30 – 2:50 per kWh(@ bunker price DKK 5:87/liter)

DKK 0:57 per kWh( p / )

Conclusion : Plug-in energy from shore-based grid is much cheaperthan energy produced onboard.


Technical options - Batteries

Lead/Acid – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: 5.0TVolume: 6.0 m3

Foot print: 6.0 m2

Price: € 160,‐ per kWhNo. of charging cycles : fewLife‐time : short

Li‐Ion – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: 2.5TVolume: 6.0 m3

Foot print: 4.0 m2

Price: € 1000,‐ per kWhN f h i l


No. of charging cycles : manyLife‐time : long

Technical options

SupercapacitorsSupercap’s: – 200 kWh energy storageWeight: More than Li‐Ion batteriesVolume: More than Li‐Ion batteriesVolume: More than Li Ion batteriesFoot print: More than Li‐Ion batteriesCharging : Quick!Price: ?

Fuel cellsVery few reference projects so far

Fuel cellsVery few reference projects so far.Wallenius has a 20 kW test plantTourist boat in Hamburg, 100 kWPrice: ?

Flywheel

Flywheely

Old, well‐known technology.Used as UPS in server (computer) halls.Used in space industry (NASA) for space


shuttles.

P (kW)

Diesel electric hybrid system – no charging from shore

P (kW)

Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay

k h170 10.77 kWh

129 2 Installed engine po er

= Energy produced by diesel engine(s)

105

129.2 Installed engine power:2 x 75 kW Diesel‐ genset

T (min)Propulsion + Hotel5

10

T (min)

5

* Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing.* Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay.* Diesel engines running at 84% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes)* No charging during night time All charging done by the generators while at sea* No charging during night –time. All charging done by the generators while at sea.* Shore connection during night to power up ”hotel”‐load only.


Shore connection


Electr.motor150 kW, AC

Freq.ConvDC/AC

Shore connection(Only ”hotel”‐load during night)

Diesel engine75 kW

GearboxZ‐config

C & DC

Freq.ConvAC/DC

Generator AC, 75 kW

75 kW

PS‐side

hboa

rd, A

C

”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kWAzimuth

Thruster

Main Sw

itchThruster

SB‐sideGenerator AC 75 kW

Freq.ConvAC/DCM

B tt i Li I

Diesel engine75 kW

AC, 75 kWAC/DC

Freq.ConvDC/AC


Batteries, Li‐Ion250 kWh



”BRAKEL II” (2009) – HollandLength: 42 m, 18 cars, 130 passengersDiesel‐Electric system by SIEMENS


P (kW)

Diesel electric hybrid system – partially charging from shore

P (kW)


k hInstalled engine power:

= Energy produced by diesel engine(s)

170

4.26 kWh 2 x 35 kW Diesel‐ gensetSupported by:Shore connection during night‐time (12 hours)

106

Power from shore connection:Pel = 10.98 – 4.26 = 6.72 kWh/single trip approx. 500 kWh/day


51.2

10

T (min)

5

* Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing.* Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay.g pp q y* Diesel engines running at 75% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes)* Batteries supported by charging from shore during night‐time (12 hours).* Sh ti i 3 h 400V 63A f 12 h* Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 63A for 12 hours.* Shore connection power up ”hotel”‐load during night‐time.

17CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects

Shore connection



Freq.ConvDC/AC

Shore connection400V, 63A, 3‐phase12 hrs during night

Diesel engine35 kW

GearboxZ‐config

C & DC

Freq.ConvAC/DC

Generator AC, 35 kW

35 kW

PS‐side

hboa

rd, A

C

”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kWAzimuth

Thruster

Main Sw

itchThruster

SB‐sideFreq.ConvAC/DC

Generator AC 35 kWM

B tt i Li I


Freq.ConvDC/AC

AC/DC AC, 35 kWDiesel engine35 kW

Batteries, Li‐Ion600 kWh



”KEOLIS” (2012) – River of Garonne /Bordeaux200’000 passengers per year140 kWh Li‐Ion batteries from SAFT‐batteries


P (kW)

Fully electric system (plug-in) – all (100%) energy from shore

P (kW)


Installed engine power:

1801 x 44 kW Diesel‐ genset (for emergency only!)Supported by:Shore connection during night‐time (12 hours)

110Power from shore connection:Pel = 11.37 kWh/single tripapprox. 846 kWh/day


Not necessary to run diesel engine!

10

T (min)

5

* Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel‐load (10 minutes) Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel load (10 minutes)* Batteries supported by charging from shore during night‐time (12 hours).* Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 125A for 12 hours.* Shore connection power up ”hotel”‐load during night‐time.* No diesel generator required during normal operation.




Freq.ConvDC/AC

Shore connection400V, 125A, 3‐phase12 hrs during night

GearboxZ‐config

C & DC

g g

Diesel engine44 kW

hboa

rd, A

C

”Hotel”‐Load approx. 5 kW

Freq.ConvAC/DC

Generator AC, 44 kW

44 kW

AzimuthThruster

Main Sw

itchThruster

M

B tt i Li I


Freq.ConvDC/AC

OptionalOnly for emergency and transit to yard

Batteries, Li‐Ion 1000 kWh



Proposal for new ferry ‐ DenmarkCapacity : 98 passengers, 12 carsPropulsion : 2 x 150 kWB tt i (Li I ) 1000 kWh 74 i l t i /dBatteries (Li‐Ion) : 1000 kWh, 74 single trips/day


Næssund -færgen

Thy Kommune

Mors‐ThyFærgefart A/S

Morsø Kommune

CORIOLIS AB ‐ Naval Architects

Niels Hjørnet Yacht DesignYacht Design & Composite Engineering

23


700000

Yearly Energy cost Fuel + Electr. (DKK)

Fuel price : DKK 5870,‐ /m3

Electr.price : DKK 0.57/kWh600000

700000

400000

500000

611402642973

104025300000

Electr

Fuel

236399176010.3 176010.3100000

200000

PropulsionCombination

01 2 3 4 5

ctric c rging

ctric rging

e ctric rging

e ech.

Diesel Elec

Diesel Electric

Partially cha

rfrom

shore

Diesel Elec

100%

cha

from

shore

Diesel Elec

100%

cha

from

shore

Diesel M

e

24


257 98

300.00

CO2 emissions (Tonnes/Year)

245.31257.98

200 00

250.00

150.00

200.00

CO2

94.85100.00

0.00 0.00

50.00

PropulsionCombination

ectric

ctric harging

e ectric

harging

re ectric

harging

re Mech.

0.001 2 3 4 5

Diesel Ele

Diesel Elec

Partially c

from

shore

Diesel Ele

100%

ch

from

sho

Diesel Ele

100%

ch

from

sho

Diesel M

25


80

60

70

[MDKK

]

Stålfartyg

Plastkompositfartyg

40

50

tmen

t cost [

Plastkompositfartyg

20

30

nce in In

vest

0

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Differen

Year


Some more reference projects…p j


Fully electric system (plug-in) with supercapacitorsPassenger ferry ”Ar Vag Tredan” (2012) – River of Blavet / Lorient

Length : 22 mCapacity : 113 passengers; 10 bicycles

l i kPropulsion : 2 x 75 kWSupercapacitors : STX‐Lorient in cooperation with Sterling Design International


Fuel cellsTourist boat ”Zemship” (2010) - Hamburgp ( ) g

Length : 25 mCapacity : 100 passengersPropulsion : 100 kWFuel cells : 2 x 50 kW


Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries”Hamnfärjan II (Spårvagnen)” (1948) – Marstrand Swedenj ( p g ) ( )Length : 8.80 mCapacity : 30 passengersPropulsion : 6 kWPropulsion : 6 kWBatteries : 40 batteries a’ 2.0V(Hamnfärjan I was built in 1913 with the same propulsion arrangement, but is scrapped since many years back )is scrapped since many years back.)


Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries”ISA af Lyngnern” (2011) – Sätila, Swedeny g ( ) ,(Replica of historical ship from 19:th century)

Length : 13.00 mLength : 13.00 mCapacity : 30 passengersPropulsion : 40 kWBatteries : Lead/acid/


El t i l i t 1886Electric propulsion system anno 1886

So it’s not new !So, it’s not new !


END

Th k !Thank you!


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