Organic Molecules
I. The 4 Life Substances
A. Also called organic molecules
B. Organic means made of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O).
C. Inorganic means NOT made of C, H, and O. Ex: water
Building large molecules of lifeChain together smaller molecules
building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little moleculespolymers
Small molecules = monomers
Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
How to build large moleculesDehydration Synthesis
building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
A water molecule is lostbuilding cells & bodies
repair growth reproduction
+
ATP
How to take large molecules apartHydrolysis/Digestion
taking big molecules apartHydrolysis splits molecules using watergetting raw materials
for synthesis & growthmaking energy (ATP)
for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
The Organic Molecules are:
1. Lipids
a. The monomers (or building blocks) are glycerol and fatty acids.
Polymer—?
b. Lipid functions include:
1. Is the main component of the cell membrane.
2. Long-term energy storage
3. Padding, insulation, and flotation
c. Lipid examples: fats, oils, and waxes
d. Specific examples: cholesterol and other steroids, some hormones
e. Lipid model: Contains: C,H,OG fatty acidLYCE fatty acidROL fatty acid
Lipids
2. Proteinsa. The monomers are
amino acids.
*There are 20 different amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
Amino Acid monomers
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Proteins--Amino Acid Structure
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side group -R
Amino
group
Carboxylgroup
R group
Side groups
Leucine -hydrophobic
Serine-hydrophillic
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(Proteins continued)
b. Protein functions include:
1. Make up tissues (or build structure) in organisms
2. Speed up chemical reactions as enzymes (called catalysts)
3. Is a component of the cell membrane
c. Protein Examples: enzymes, antibodies, some hormones
d. Examples of foods containing protein:
meats, eggs, beans, nuts
e. Protein model:
Contains: C,H,O, and nitrogen (N)
amino acid—amino acid—amino acid—amino acid
(Most proteins have 100-1000 amino acids.)
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Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
Polypeptide(single subunit)
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure
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3. Carbohydratesa. Monomers are monosaccharides.
b. Function: stores and releases energy
c. 3 categories of carbohydrates are:
1. monosaccharides—Also called simple sugars
examples: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar)
2. disaccharides—Made of 2 simple sugars
example: sucrose
3. polysaccharides—Made of many simple sugars
examples:
starch (as in potatoes, rice, pasta, etc.)
cellulose (in plant cell walls)
glycogen (for animal energy storage)
d. Carbohydrate model:Contains: C, H, OThis is only an EXAMPLE!!!
glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose
(This is a polysaccharide.)
Carbohydrates
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e. In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures.
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4. Nucleic Acidsa. The monomers are
nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
b. Nucleic acid examples:
DNA, RNA, and ATP
c. Nucleic acid functions:
DNA—contains genetic information
RNA—helps to make proteins
ATP—stores energy
d. Nucleic Acid model:nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
e. Nucleotide model:Contains: C,H,O,N, and phosphorus (P)
phosphate
sugarnitrogen base
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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
BaseSugar
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
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