Peopling of the USAPeopling of the USA
• From 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuriesFrom 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuries
• Immigration in comparative perspectiveImmigration in comparative perspective
• Slavery and the growth of the black population Slavery and the growth of the black population
• Birth transition, boom and bustBirth transition, boom and bust
• Life Expectancy, trends and differentialsLife Expectancy, trends and differentials
mill
ion
s--l
og
sca
le
USA Total Population & Immigrants 1790-2000year
totpop immig
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
.1
1
10
100
300
3.95.3
..
..
23.3.
..
. 76.1 . 106.5 . 132.1 . 180.7 . 227.7 . 281.4
The flood of European immigrants to The flood of European immigrants to the Americas, 1870 - 1920the Americas, 1870 - 1920
Total Population (millions)Total Population (millions) Foreign-born (%)Foreign-born (%) countrycountry 18701870 18901890 19201920 18701870 18901890 19201920 Argentina 2Argentina 2 4 4 8 8 1212 2525 2323
BrazilBrazil 10 10 1414 31 31 4 4 5 5 5 5U.S.A.U.S.A. 40 40 6363 107107 1414 1515 1313CanadaCanada 4 4 5 5 9 9 1616 1313 2222
• Reported immigration for these countries: Reported immigration for these countries: 40 million (1870-1920)40 million (1870-1920)
• Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada 12%, USA 65%12%, USA 65%
Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Interconnection between industrial and Interconnection between industrial and
demographic revolutionsdemographic revolutions
• High rates of natural increaseHigh rates of natural increase
• Income gap between home and destinationIncome gap between home and destination
• Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)
• Emigration cycles driven by economic and Emigration cycles driven by economic and demographic forcesdemographic forces
TotalTotal USAUSA Brazil Brazil
1451-15991451-1599 300 300 00 50 50
1600-1600- 1,3001,300 00 600 600
1700-1700- 6,1006,100 350 350 1,9001,900
1800-18651800-1865 1,9001,900 50 50 1,1001,100
TotalTotal 9,6009,600 400 3,650 400 3,650
Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1865,1451-1865, 9.6 million) 9.6 million)
(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))
Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million)(1/4 million)
(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))
5050
7575
5050
100100
17th century slave traffic: Brazil17th century slave traffic: Brazil (600 thousand) was main destination (600 thousand) was main destination
(of 1.3 million total(of 1.3 million total))
2525300300
600600
250250
5050 150150
18th c., the height of the slave trade:18th c., the height of the slave trade: Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish 10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total
350350
600600 1,4001,400
1,4001,400
1,9001,900450450
19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and 19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for
almost 2 million slaves almost 2 million slaves
5050
600600 100100
1,1001,100
Slavery and “Race” in Brazil Slavery and “Race” in Brazil and USAand USA
• The demographic paradox of slavery in the AmericasThe demographic paradox of slavery in the Americas– US: low imports, high reproduction US: low imports, high reproduction – Brazil: high imports, low reproduction Brazil: high imports, low reproduction
Brazil Brazil U.S.A.U.S.A.1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 3.33.3 0.4 0.41870 Black population (m)1870 Black population (m) 66 101019801980 " " "" " " 54 54 2626• Slavery at peak: Slavery at peak:
– USA 19% of total population (1790) USA 19% of total population (1790) – 50% in Brazil, 1872.50% in Brazil, 1872.
Brazilian Population (millions) by Brazilian Population (millions) by “Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”“Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”
YearYear “Whites”“Whites” “Mulattoes”“Mulattoes” “Blacks”“Blacks” Total Total
18721872 4 4 4 4 22 10 10
18901890 6 6 6 6 22 14 14
19401940 2626 9 9 66 41 41
19801980 5454 3939 66 119 119
yea
rs
USA Life Expectancy: Whites and Blacksyear
e0mwhite e0fwhite e0mblack e0fblack
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
cru
de
ra
te
USA Crude Birth Rate: Whites and Blacksyear
cbrwhite cbrblack
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
55 ..
..
43.
..
.30 .
.
20.
23 .
.16 .
.
EndEnd