Peopling of the USAPeopling of the USA

• From 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuriesFrom 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuries

• Immigration in comparative perspectiveImmigration in comparative perspective

• Slavery and the growth of the black population Slavery and the growth of the black population

• Birth transition, boom and bustBirth transition, boom and bust

• Life Expectancy, trends and differentialsLife Expectancy, trends and differentials

mill

ion

s--l

og

sca

le

USA Total Population & Immigrants 1790-2000year

totpop immig

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

.1

1

10

100

300

3.95.3

..

..

23.3.

..

. 76.1 . 106.5 . 132.1 . 180.7 . 227.7 . 281.4

The flood of European immigrants to The flood of European immigrants to the Americas, 1870 - 1920the Americas, 1870 - 1920

Total Population (millions)Total Population (millions) Foreign-born (%)Foreign-born (%) countrycountry 18701870 18901890 19201920 18701870 18901890 19201920 Argentina 2Argentina 2 4 4 8 8 1212 2525 2323

BrazilBrazil 10 10 1414 31 31 4 4 5 5 5 5U.S.A.U.S.A. 40 40 6363 107107 1414 1515 1313CanadaCanada 4 4 5 5 9 9 1616 1313 2222

• Reported immigration for these countries: Reported immigration for these countries: 40 million (1870-1920)40 million (1870-1920)

• Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada 12%, USA 65%12%, USA 65%

Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Interconnection between industrial and Interconnection between industrial and

demographic revolutionsdemographic revolutions

• High rates of natural increaseHigh rates of natural increase

• Income gap between home and destinationIncome gap between home and destination

• Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)

• Emigration cycles driven by economic and Emigration cycles driven by economic and demographic forcesdemographic forces

TotalTotal USAUSA Brazil Brazil

1451-15991451-1599 300 300 00 50 50

1600-1600- 1,3001,300 00 600 600

1700-1700- 6,1006,100 350 350 1,9001,900

1800-18651800-1865 1,9001,900 50 50 1,1001,100

TotalTotal 9,6009,600 400 3,650 400 3,650

Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1865,1451-1865, 9.6 million) 9.6 million)

(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))

Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million)(1/4 million)

(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))

5050

7575

5050

100100

17th century slave traffic: Brazil17th century slave traffic: Brazil (600 thousand) was main destination (600 thousand) was main destination

(of 1.3 million total(of 1.3 million total))

2525300300

600600

250250

5050 150150

18th c., the height of the slave trade:18th c., the height of the slave trade: Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish 10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total

350350

600600 1,4001,400

1,4001,400

1,9001,900450450

19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and 19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for

almost 2 million slaves almost 2 million slaves

5050

600600 100100

1,1001,100

Slavery and “Race” in Brazil Slavery and “Race” in Brazil and USAand USA

• The demographic paradox of slavery in the AmericasThe demographic paradox of slavery in the Americas– US: low imports, high reproduction US: low imports, high reproduction – Brazil: high imports, low reproduction Brazil: high imports, low reproduction

Brazil Brazil U.S.A.U.S.A.1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 3.33.3 0.4 0.41870 Black population (m)1870 Black population (m) 66 101019801980 " " "" " " 54 54 2626• Slavery at peak: Slavery at peak:

– USA 19% of total population (1790) USA 19% of total population (1790) – 50% in Brazil, 1872.50% in Brazil, 1872.

Brazilian Population (millions) by Brazilian Population (millions) by “Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”“Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”

YearYear “Whites”“Whites” “Mulattoes”“Mulattoes” “Blacks”“Blacks” Total Total

18721872 4 4 4 4 22 10 10

18901890 6 6 6 6 22 14 14

19401940 2626 9 9 66 41 41

19801980 5454 3939 66 119 119

yea

rs

USA Life Expectancy: Whites and Blacksyear

e0mwhite e0fwhite e0mblack e0fblack

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

cru

de

ra

te

USA Crude Birth Rate: Whites and Blacksyear

cbrwhite cbrblack

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

10

20

30

40

50

60

55 ..

..

43.

..

.30 .

.

20.

23 .

.16 .

.

EndEnd