SUSTAINABLEENERGY:

TRANSPORTATION

UNITED STATES

POPULATION 300 MILLION

MOTORIZED VEHICLES~300 MILLION

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM

UNITED STATESLIGHT VEHICLE FLEET~230 MILLION

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET =~24% OF TOTAL ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~99+% COMES FROM PETROLEUM

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET = ~22% OF TOTAL U. S. EMISSIONS

ENERGY ISSUESSHORT TERM:

PRICE OF PETROLEUMPOLLUTION

LONGER TERM:SUPPLY SECURITY SUPPLY SUSTAINABILITYGLOBAL WARMINGPRICE

BASIS FOR AN ENERGY POLICY

1. NON-RENEWABLE (FOSSIL OR NUCLEAR) ENERGY SOURCES ARE FINITE.

2. THEIR USE REDUCESTHE AMOUNT AVAILABLE IN THE

FUTURE.

3. THE LESSEFFICIENTLY A FINITE SOURCE IS USED, THE MORE ITS FUTURE SUPPLY IS REDUCED.

4. THEREFORE, AN ENERGY POLICY SHOULD TEND TOWARD THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES.

5. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DOES NOT REDUCE THE FUTURE AMOUNT OF THE SOURCE.

6. THE ONLY WAY TO REACH A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN IN THE LONG TERM IS TO BASE IT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.

• DOES THIS MEAN THAT EFFICIENCY IS NOT IMPORTANT FOR RENEWABLES?

NO!

BUT, IT IS IMPORTANT IN A DIFFERENT WAY, BECAUSE EFFICIENCY AFFECTS THE COST OF THE SYSTEM AND OF

THE ENERGY.

ILLUSTRATION

2 UNITS ENERGY IN 4 UNITS

ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION

25% EFFIC.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION

50% EFFIC.

1 UNIT ENERGY OUT 1 UNIT

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY MUST BE DETERMINED FROM “IN THE GROUND” THROUGH “END USE.”

2. FOR TRANSPORTATION THIS IS CALLED A “WELL TO WHEEL” ANALYSIS.

WELL TO TANK

TO TANK

WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND

PRODUCTIONTRANMISSION

CONVERSIONREFININGDISTRIBUTIONSTORAGEDISPENSING

TANK TO WHEEL

TO TANKFUEL IN THE TANK

ENGINE LOAD FACTORWEIGHT, IDLE

& RECOVERY FACTORTRANSMISSION

TO WHEELS

EFFICIENCY OF MULTISTEP PROCESS

SINGLE STEP:

STEP i, EFFICIENCY=

ηi = Ei / Ei-1

ENERGY IN, Ei-1

ENERGY OUT, Ei

N-STEP, MULTI-STEP OVERALL EFFICIENCY

ηO = EN / E0 = (E1/ E0)* (E2/E1)…*…*(EN/EN-1)

i = N= Π(ηi) i = 0

EXAMPLE:

SUPPOSE THAT THE EFFICIENCY OF EACH STEP IN A 4-STEP PROCESS IS 70 PERCENT, WHAT IS THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY?

ηO = (70)*(70)*(70)*(70) = 24 E 06 ??? Ooops!

η is ratio of energy in to energy out, not 100 times

that!! Therefore,

ηO=(0.7)*(0.7)* (0.7)* (0.7) = 0.2401 = 24%

ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF

GASOLINE (SPARK 19%IGNITION--SI)

DIESEL (COMPRES-SION IGNITION--CI) 26%

GASOLINE-ELEC.HYBRID 36%

DIESEL-ELEC.HYBRID 45%

DIESELOTTO

PRESSURE VOLUME

HYBRID ELECTRIC

GASOLINE OR DIESEL ENGINE

BATTERY--DC

INVERTER-- AC DC

DRIVE TRAIN

GENERATOR & MOTOR--AC

WHEELS

ENERGY RECOVERY--AC

ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF

GASOLINE 36% (gas)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec)

57% (combined)

DIESEL 45% (diesel)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec)

57% (combined)

ALL ELECTRIC 81%

FUEL CELL 44%

EXAMPLE: GASOLINE ELECTRIC HYBRID

EFF., %ENGINE (PEAK) 38

PART-LOAD FACTOR 85

TRANSMISSION 85

WEIGHT,IDLE,RECOVERY 130

η0,TtoW = 36 %

ANNUAL GASOLINE SAVINGS as a fraction of the usage

by an all-gasoline fleet in the same year. Scenario: Starting in year zero, all new vehicles are hybrid or electric.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time, years

Fra

ctio

n

Diesel Hybrid-ElectricVehicles (DHEV), DieselPlug-in Hybrid-Electric (DPHEV20), or All Electric(EV)Plug-in Gasoline Hybrid-Electric Vehicles(PHEV20)

Gasoline Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV)

CUMULATIVE GASOLINE SAVINGS as a fraction

of the cumulative usage by an all-gasoline fleet. Scenario: Starting in year zero, all new vehicles are hybrid or electric.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time, years

Fra

ctio

n

Diesel Hybrid-Electric (DHEV), Diesel Plug-in Hybrid-Electric(DPHEV20), or All Electric (EV)Plug-in Gasoline Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV20)

Gasoline Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

Ratio of NUMBER OF VEHICLES to number at time zero.

Scenario: Starting at time zero, all new vehicles sold are hybrid electric or all electric.

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time, years

Rat

ioTotal Vehicles

Gasoline Vehicles

Hybrid-Electric or All Electric Vehicles

WELL TO TANK

WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND

PRODUCTIONTRANMISSION

CONVERSIONREFININGDISTRIBUTIONSTORAGEDISPENSING

TO TANK

(OR ON)WHAT IS IN^THE GROUND?

NON RENEWABLESPETROLEUM

NATURAL GASCOAL

URANIUM

RENEWABLESSUNSHINEBIOMASS

WINDOCEAN THERMAL, CURRENTS, TIDES

GEOTHERMAL

HOW CAN THESE BE TRANSPORTATION FUELS?

PETROLEUM—REFINE

NATURAL GAS—AS IS, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL

COAL—ELECTRICITY, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL

URANIUM—ELECT., H2

SUNSHINE—ELECT., BIOMASS, SPLIT WATER

BIOMASS—ELECT., LIQUID FUEL

WIND, OCEAN, GEOTHERMAL—ELECT.

CO2

COAL N2

PRODUCTS: HYDROGEN, DIESEL,

GASOLINE, ETHANOL, etc.

GASIFI-CATION

AIRSEPARATION

WATER GAS SHIFT

ACID GASREMOVAL

SYNTHESIS PROCESS

O2

STEAM

AIR

H2SCOH2

METALS

WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFF

GASOLINEPETROLEUM 90%COAL 48%

ETHANOLPETROLEUM 55%COAL 50%CORN 125%SWITCH GRASS 400%

DIESELPETROLEUM 90%COAL 51%

WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFFELECTRICITY

NG-COMBINED CYCLE 46%COAL-CONVENTIONAL 48%COAL-IGCC 36%NUCLEAR 27%

HYDROGENNG 48%COAL 38%

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank

W-T T-WGASOLINE

PETROLEUM 94 72

ETHANOLNATURAL GAS 116 71CORN 87 71

DIESELCAOL 123 75

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank

W-T T-WELECTRICITY

CONV.COAL 280 0NUCLEAR ~0 0

HYDROGENNATURAL GAS 80 0

TOTAL EMISSIONS PER MJ TO WHEEL=(W-T + T-W)/(T-W EFF.)

TODAY’S ~COSTTO HYBRID USE $/100 MILES

HYDROGEN 12CORN ETHANOL 8GASOLINE 6

DIESEL 4 ELECTRICITY 3

SUMMARARY & CONCLUSIONS1. THERE ARE VECHICLES

AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE GASOLINE USAGE AND CO2 EMISSIONS.

2. ALL NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PROBLEMS.

3. WE SHOULD NOT RELY ON ONE APROACH.

4. START NOW! IT WILLTAKE 20+ YEARS TOPHASE-IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 5. ETHANOL-FUELEDHYBRIDS AND PLUG-IN HYBRIDS ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS NOW. THEY CAN REDUCE GASOLINE USE AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY A FACTOR OF ~4.

6. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, OFFER GREAT POTENTIAL.