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Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper
Lake Water in Bhopal Region of Madhya Pradesh,
India
Mohammad Faisal Khan
College of Science & Theoretical Studies Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA.
ABSTRACT
Lake Water samples were collected from fifteen (15) locations during pre and
post monsoon season. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total
Alkalinity, Carbonate Alkalinity, Bi-Carbonate Alkalinity, Total Hardness,
Ca Hardness, Mg Hardness, Ca Content, Mg Content, Chloride, Phosphate,
Total Phosphoras, Organic Phosphoras, Nitrate, Biological Oxigen Demand
and Chemical Oxigen Demand were analyzed to know the present status of
the lakewater quality. After statistical analysis it was cleared that the positive
co-relationship occurred between the attributes and attributes are independent
to each other and these varied according to locations.
Key words: upper lake, physico-chemical parameters, India.
2010 MSC NO: 62J10, 62H86, 62P12.
INTRODUCTION:
Upper lake is an east westerly elongated typical tropical lake, was built by king Bhoj
of Dhar (1,000-1,055) by constructing a massive earthen structures
across Kolans River. The lake has catchment area of 361 km2 with a water
submergence length of 12 km and maximum width of 1.75 km at Full Tank Level.
Available records reveal that the lake area was approximately 2 km2 in the beginning.
In 1963 the water spread area of the lake increased form 13.8 km2 to maximum of
36.1 km2 by constructing 11 radial gates at Bhadbhada waste weir.
International Journal of Lakes and Rivers.
ISSN 0973-4570 Volume 13, Number 1 (2020), pp. 1-16
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com
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Catchment area of the lake falls into geographically separated two different
administrative units (districts). 84 villages in the catchment support population of
approximately 0.3 million. 80% of the catchment is rural which has agriculture as
predominant land use covering roughly 251 km2 of the catchment. The excess water
from this lake overflows into another lake called Kaliasot through the waste weir
constructed in the west end of the lake. This water finds its way into Yamuna River
through Betwa River. Bhopal Municipal Corporation is the principal custodian of this
lake. On the lake embankment is a garden and the road laid on it that connects the old
city with the new which shows fast urban development. Recently two new roads have
been built, one across the lake and the other running along its east shoreline.
Deccan trap basalt and Vindhyan sand stones are the principal rock formation of
Bhopal district. These traps have low porosity and permeability and therefore not
favourable for ground water storage. Weathering of the basalt rocks has given rise to
black cotton soil in the region.
The lake is primarily used for drinking water supply to the city. Other uses include
tourism, navigation fisheries and entertainment. Most of these are in harmony with the
sustenance of lake ecology. For large number of fishermen families it is a source of
livelihood.
In the past, the major threats to this lake have been the untreated sewage waste water
entering the lake from its urban catchment and the non point sources of waste water
and solid waste emanating from human activities in its fringe area. Apart from this,
what still exists, is the siltation of this lake due to the soil eroded from its
predominantly agriculture catchment which is drained by surface runoff carrying soil
and agrochemicals. The lake ecosystem was infested by macrophytic growth in its
littoral area and floating weeds spreading over the lake. Water quality also
deteriorated due to these threats. A major lake conservation and management project
was undertaken by the state government with support from the then Overseas
Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) Japan. Successful implementation and still
continuing efforts by the state has significantly improved its ecological status as
reflected in its improved water quality, biological diversity, fish productivity and
overall ecohydrology Wld (2019, November).
Correlation Matrix:
The correlation matrix of n random variables X1, ..., Xn is the n . n matrix whose i,j entry is corr(Xi, Xj). If the measures of correlation used are product-moment
coefficients, the correlation matrix is the same as the covariance matrix of the
2 Mohammad Faisal Khan
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standardized random variables Xi / σ (Xi) for i = 1, ..., n. This applies to both the
matrix of population correlations (in which case "σ" is the population standard
deviation), and to the matrix of sample correlations (in which case "σ" denotes the
sample standard deviation). Consequently, each is necessarily a positive-semidefinite
matrix.
Analysis of Variance [9, p.256-258]
Analysis of variance (abbreviated as ANOVA) is an extremely useful technique
concerning researches in the fields of economics, biology, education, psychology,
sociology, and business/industry and in researches of several other disciplines. This
technique is used when multiple sample cases are involved. As stated earlier, the
significance of the difference between the means of two samples can be judged
through either z-test or the t-test, but the difficulty arises when we happen to examine
the significance of the difference amongst more than two sample means at the same
time. The ANOVA technique enables us to perform this simultaneous test and as such
is considered to be an important tool of analysis in the hands of a researcher. Using
this technique, one can draw inferences about whether the samples have been drawn
from populations having the same mean.
The ANOVA technique is important in the context of all those situations where we
want to compare more than two populations such as in comparing the yield of crop
from several varieties of seeds, the gasoline mileage of four automobiles, the smoking
habits of five groups of university students and so on. In such circumstances one
generally does not want to consider all possible combinations of two populations at a
time for that would require a great number of tests before we would be able to arrive
at a decision. This would also consume lot of time and money, and even then certain
relationships may be left unidentified (particularly the interaction effects). Therefore,
one quite often utilizes the ANOVA technique and through it investigates the
differences among the means of all the populations simultaneously.
In short, we have to make two estimates of population variance viz., one based on
between samples variance and the other based on within samples variance. Then the
said two estimates of population variance are compared with F-test, wherein we work
out.
F Estimate of population variance based on between samples variance/Estimate of
population variance based on within samples variance.
This value of F is to be compared to the F-limit for given degrees of freedom. If the
F value we work out is equal or exceeds the F-limit value (to be seen from F tables),
we may say that there are significant differences between the sample means.
Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 3
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Location map of the Study area
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SAMPLE COLLECTION:
The sampling locations consist of upper lake area. Lake water samples were collected
from fifteen (15) locations during pre and post monsoon season. Samples were
collected in plastic container to avoid unpredictable changes in characteristic as per
standard procedure (APHA, 1998).
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UPPER LAKE WATER:
The collected samples were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such
as Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total hardness, Ca
hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride,Phosphate,Total
Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD as per the standard methods
(APHA, 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The water quality analysis of different locations of Lake water samples have been
carried out for Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total
hardness, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride,
Phosphate,Total Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD. The status of
water quality of these lake water sources is presented in table 1 and 2.
The BOD exceed 3 mg/l, it affects congulation and rapid sand-filtration processes
conventional water treatment plants, requiring expensive advanced water
treatment.COD contents are very high. High COD interferes with oxygen transfer to
the soil, resulting death of rice plants.
Total alkalinity value of lake water samples varied between 41.8mg/l to 89mg/l and
47mg/i to 90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. The Total
alkalinity value of Barkheda Salam area lake water was found to be 89mg/l and
90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. Chloride in all samples is
below the standard desirable limit. Total hardness in all the samples were found to be
within the limit. Values are slightly higher in post monsoon than pre monsoon season.
Magnesium was found to be within the limit. Nitrate concentrate were very less in all
area. Dissolved Phosphates are under the desirable limits.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
Correlation matrix was prepared within the studied parameters in pre and post
moonsoon and tabulated in Table 3 and Table 4 for determining the relationship
between the physico-chemical variables. Two way analysis of variance was applied
and tabulated in Table 5 and Table 6 to know the similarities or non similarities
between the sampling sites and sample variables. The statistical treatment of data was
done by using the Microsoft Excel software. All the attributes were positively co-
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related. Two way analysis of variance showed that the physico-chemical attributes
were independent to each other and these were dependent on locations.
Table 1. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in pre-moonsoon seasons
(Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l
Name of Area Layer Total
Alkalinity
Carbonate
alkalinity
Bi-
Carbonatealkalinity
Total
Hardness Ca hardness
BAKANIYA Surface 50 7.9 43.7 75.9 51.4
KHORI Surface 48 9.8 37.0 82.1 51.5
MEERPUR Surface 45.8 15 31.0 83.0 46.0
KODIYA Surface 41.8 20.2 21.8 79.7 48.0
NEELBAD Surface 51.2 23.8 28.3 77.9 51.0
BORKHEDI Surface 55.8 17.9 37.8 71.8 51.9
KAJLAS Surface 62 21 40.0 77.0 59.0
JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 72 24 48.0 82.0 67.2
BARKHEDA NATHU Surface 71 13.0 57.0 85.0 68.3
BHAURI Surface 46 12.0 35.0 76.0 54.6
VAN VIHAR Surface 64 16.0 48.0 78.0 60.9
MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 78 14.0 78.0 95.0 75.6
BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 89 12.0 101.0 132.0 109.2
MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 55 21.0 37.0 78.0 58.8
NANDNI Surface 61 24.0 36.0 81.0 54.6
Mg
hardness
Calcium
content
Magnesium
content
Chloride Phosphate Total Phosphorus Org.Phosphorus Nitrate BOD COD
24.6 20.9 6.3 16.97 0.836 1.362 0.524 0.592 5.9 39.9
29.7 21.8 7.4 15.00 0.716 1.472 0.766 0.812 5.2 36.2
36.8 19.7 9.1 14.00 0.274 1.790 1.622 1.862 6.2 44.2
32.7 20.5 6.9 14.96 0.607 1.648 1.064 0.643 6.6 33.0
26.7 20.7 6.5 15.00 0.494 1.650 1.156 0.674 4.9 29.1
19.9 22.2 5.0 13.00 0.238 1.648 1.396 0.468 4.9 36.4
18.1 25.9 4.3 15.00 0.464 1.890 1.429 0.478 4.6 24.2
15.8 28.3 3.7 15.96 1.220 1.658 0.444 0.522 4.4 28.4
16.8 29.2 4.2 18.04 0.246 1.144 0.896 0.574 4.3 43.9
21.8 23.0 4.9 15.05 0.735 1.642 1.000 0.092 4.0 32.4
17.3 26.0 4.3 13.00 0.714 1.904 1.179 0.880 3.7 28.2
32.6 31.8 8.0 15.00 1.270 3.456 2.324 1.641 4.0 32.2
42.7 44.9 10.3 34.95 2.948 4.046 0.898 0.312 4.5 70.2
19.3 25.1 5.0 14.00 0.314 1.558 1.248 0.472 4.2 36.2
25.6 22.7 6.3 15.00 0.186 1.562 1.382 0.772 4.1 28.3
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Table 2. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in post-moonsoon
seasons (Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l
Name of Area Layer Total
Alkalinity
Carbonate
alkalinity Bi-Carbonatealkalinity
Total
Hardness
Ca
hardness
BAKANIYA Surface 53 20.1 33.8 100 73.5
KHORI Surface 52.2 16.2 36.2 90 63.0
MEERPUR Surface 50.1 24.4 26.2 92 60.9
KODIYA Surface 47.0 19.8 26.2 100 60.9
NEELBAD Surface 56 25.8 30.4 96 58.8
BORKHEDI Surface 51 22 28 100 63.0
KAJLAS Surface 62 24 36 94 52.5
JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 59 24 38.2 96 65.1
BARKHEDA NATHU Surface 62 27.9 36 88 54.6
BHAURI Surface 65 11 55.8 70 48.3
VAN VIHAR Surface 64.2 13.3 51.8 80 60.9
MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 67.8 14 65.3 106 73.5
BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 90 12 90 165 126.0
MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 53.7 24 30 90 63.0
NANDNI Surface 57.8 18 40 84 65.1
Mg
hardness
Calcium
content
Magnesium
content Chloride Phosphate
Total
Phosphorus
Org.
Phosphorus Nitrate BOD COD
26.5 30.9 6.4 23.96 0.798 1.356 0.519 0.580 3.2 14.0
27.0 26.5 6.6 20.00 0.712 1.468 0.759 0.800 4.8 10.0
31.1 26.6 7.8 21.98 0.276 1.886 1.617 1.849 5.0 20.0
39.1 25.6 9.5 25.97 0.586 1.644 1.058 0.631 3.6 12.0
37.2 24.7 9.0 20.94 0.492 1.644 1.152 0.660 3.6 18.0
37.0 26.5 9.0 19.98 0.237 1.653 1.418 0.457 3.4 14.0
41.5 22.1 10.1 19.06 0.459 1.884 1.425 0.466 3.2 10.0
30.9 27.3 7.5 18.94 1.216 1.653 0.437 0.510 4.0 10.0
33.4 22.9 8.1 19.00 0.248 1.142 0.894 0.562 3.6 10.0
21.7 20.3 5.3 19.98 0.738 1.644 0.906 0.079 4.0 22.0
19.1 25.6 4.6 15.98 0.709 1.884 1.175 0.830 4.0 14.0
44.5 31.9 10.8 20.94 1.271 3.590 2.319 1.633 5.0 20.0
54.0 52.9 13.1 38.92 3.147 4.042 0.895 0.300 18.0 28.0
27.0 26.5 6.6 19.98 0.309 1.553 1.244 0.460 4.4 10.0
18.9 27.3 4.6 21.98 0.179 1.557 1.378 0.761 4.0 8.0
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Fig 1: Graphical representation of data (PreMoonsoonData)
Fig 2: Graphical representation of data(PostMoonsoonData)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD
NANDNI
MANUABHAN TEKRI
BARKHEDA SALAM
MUNGALIYA CHHAP
VAN VIHAR
BHAURI
BARKHEDA NATHU
JAMONIVACHHIR
KAJLAS
BORKHEDI
NEELBAD
KODIYA
MEERPUR
KHORI
BAKANIYA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD
NANDNI
MANUABHAN TEKRI
BARKHEDA SALAM
MUNGALIYA CHHAP
VAN VIHAR
BHAURI
BARKHEDA NATHU
JAMONIVACHHIR
KAJLAS
BORKHEDI
NEELBAD
KODIYA
MEERPUR
KHORI
BAKANIYA
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Tab
le 3
. P
ears
on
Corr
elati
on
Matr
ix f
or
pre
- m
on
soo
n
T
A
CA
B
CA
T
H
CaH
M
gH
Ca
Mg
Chl
P
h T
P
OP
N
B
OD
C
OD
TA
1
CA
-0
.016
0453
1
BC
A
0.90
5251
7 -0
.373
9948
1
TH
0.
7286
406
-0.2
7467
81
0.86
9544
6 1
CaH
0.
9046
326
-0.1
9795
09
0.95
2460
9 0.
9151
487
1
MgH
0.
0840
914
-0.3
0665
79
0.35
7596
3 0.
6730
776
0.33
8233
7 1
Ca
0.91
2897
8 -0
.186
9764
0.
9482
552
0.89
8913
6 0.
9968
854
0.30
5613
6 1
Mg
0.12
2673
5 -0
.351
645
0.39
9721
8 0.
6798
455
0.35
2831
0.
9851
379
0.31
8330
8 1
Chl
0.
6346
641
-0.3
0318
69
0.77
9109
3 0.
9280
089
0.86
6523
9 0.
5475
342
0.84
2675
3 0.
5480
842
1
Ph
0.66
9423
2 -0
.311
5018
0.
8284
732
0.89
1692
1 0.
8731
204
0.53
7428
5 0.
8496
413
0.52
6100
1 0.
8695
32
1
TP
0.
7019
727
-0.1
8879
7 0.
8398
944
0.86
0035
9 0.
8237
723
0.63
6125
7 0.
8155
34
0.63
9039
5 0.
6891
33
0.83
7150
2 1
OP
0.
1119
57
0.14
9544
6 0.
1075
048
0.02
6332
6 -0
.010
8274
0.
2480
265
0.01
3293
5 0.
2681
301
-0.2
5950
86
-0.1
7336
55
0.38
9370
9 1
N
-0.0
2485
54
-0.0
7787
55
0.01
8903
3 0.
0138
048
-0.1
6439
08
0.40
3373
4 -0
.158
7013
0.
4520
69
-0.2
8233
37
-0.1
5319
73
0.18
5438
4 0.
6342
27
1
BO
D
-0.5
8172
18
-0.1
4165
63
-0.4
1403
36
-0.1
3577
68
-0.4
2890
07
0.44
3010
1 -0
.446
0755
0.
3962
853
-0.0
6173
26
-0.1
3872
5 -0
.230
7159
-0
.169
939
0.24
0543
6 1
CO
D
0.41
3867
-0
.515
6491
0.
6540
989
0.81
378
0.67
3003
9 0.
6263
326
0.65
1726
4 0.
6578
089
0.86
1090
1 0.
6692
504
0.54
4184
5 -0
.178
6449
-0
.060
4702
0.
1557
295
1
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Tab
le 4
. P
ears
on
Corr
elati
on
Matr
ix f
or
post
-moo
nso
on
T
A
CA
B
CA
T
H
CaH
M
gH
Ca
Mg
Chl
P
h T
P
OP
N
B
OD
C
OD
TA
1
CA
-0
.016
0453
1
BC
A
0.90
5251
7 -0
.373
9948
1
TH
0.
7286
406
-0.2
7467
81
0.86
9544
6 1
CaH
0.
9046
326
-0.1
9795
09
0.95
2460
9 0.
9151
487
1
MgH
0.
0840
914
-0.3
0665
79
0.35
7596
3 0.
6730
776
0.33
8233
7 1
Ca
0.91
2897
8 -0
.186
9764
0.
9482
552
0.89
8913
6 0.
9968
854
0.30
5613
6 1
Mg
0.12
2673
5 -0
.351
645
0.39
9721
8 0.
6798
455
0.35
2831
0.
9851
379
0.31
8330
8 1
Chl
0.
6346
641
-0.3
0318
69
0.77
9109
3 0.
9280
089
0.86
6523
9 0.
5475
342
0.84
2675
3 0.
5480
842
1
Ph
0.66
9423
2 -0
.311
5018
0.
8284
732
0.89
1692
1 0.
8731
204
0.53
7428
5 0.
8496
413
0.52
6100
1 0.
8695
32
1
TP
0.
7019
727
-0.1
8879
7 0.
8398
944
0.86
0035
9 0.
8237
723
0.63
6125
7 0.
8155
34
0.63
9039
5 0.
6891
33
0.83
7150
2 1
OP
0.
1119
57
0.14
9544
6 0.
1075
048
0.02
6332
6 -0
.010
8274
0.
2480
265
0.01
3293
5 0.
2681
301
-0.2
5950
86
-0.1
7336
55
0.38
9370
9 1
N
-0.0
2485
54
-0.0
7787
55
0.01
8903
3 0.
0138
048
-0.1
6439
08
0.40
3373
4 -0
.158
7013
0.
4520
69
-0.2
8233
37
-0.1
5319
73
0.18
5438
4 0.
6342
27
1
BO
D
-0.5
8172
18
-0.1
4165
63
-0.4
1403
36
-0.1
3577
68
-0.4
2890
07
0.44
3010
1 -0
.446
0755
0.
3962
853
-0.0
6173
26
-0.1
3872
5 -0
.230
7159
-0
.169
939
0.24
0543
6 1
CO
D
0.41
3867
-0
.515
6491
0.
6540
989
0.81
378
0.67
3003
9 0.
6263
326
0.65
1726
4 0.
6578
089
0.86
1090
1 0.
6692
504
0.54
4184
5 -0
.178
6449
-0
.060
4702
0.
1557
295
1
TA
: T
ota
l A
lkal
init
y,
CA
: C
arb
onat
e A
lkal
init
y,
BC
A:
Bi-
Car
bon
ate
Alk
alin
ity,
TH
: T
ota
l H
ard
nes
s,
CaH
: C
a H
ardn
ess,
M
gH
: M
g H
ardn
ess,
C
a: C
a C
on
tent,
M
g:
Mg C
on
tent,
C
hl:
Ch
lori
de,
P
h:
Ph
osp
hat
e,
TP
: T
ota
l P
hosp
hora
s, O
P:
Org
anic
Ph
osp
hora
s,
N:
Nit
rate
, B
OD
: B
iolo
gic
al O
xig
en D
eman
d, C
OD
: C
hem
ical
Oxig
en D
eman
d.
10 Mohammad Faisal Khan
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Ta
ble
5. A
nal
ysi
s th
e D
ata
usi
ng tw
o w
ay A
nova(P
rem
oon
soon
)
SU
MM
AR
Y
Co
un
t S
um
A
vera
ge
Var
ian
ce
BA
KA
NIY
A
15
346.
784
23.1
1893
333
561.
2309
788
KH
OR
I 15
34
7.46
6 23
.164
4 57
7.95
3866
4
ME
ER
PU
R
15
356.
348
23.7
5653
333
560.
4031
403
KO
DIY
A
15
330.
122
22.0
0813
333
494.
2416
076
NE
ELB
AD
15
33
9.07
4 22
.604
9333
3 51
9.83
1570
2
BO
RK
HE
DI
15
340.
35
22.6
9 53
0.42
5634
9
KA
JLA
S
15
355.
361
23.6
9073
333
623.
6432
309
JAM
ON
IVA
CH
HIR
15
39
3.60
4 26
.240
2666
7 79
4.65
2475
9
BA
RK
HE
DA
NA
TH
U
15
413.
6 27
.573
3333
3 88
3.62
3034
1
BH
AU
RI
15
328.
219
21.8
8126
667
527.
5049
921
VA
N V
IHA
R
15
364.
077
24.2
718
685.
0010
946
MU
NG
ALI
YA
CH
HA
P
15
472.
891
31.5
2606
667
1116
.675
536
BA
RK
HE
DA
SA
LAM
15
65
8.95
4 43
.930
2666
7 20
57.6
9729
5
MA
NU
AB
HA
N T
EK
RI
15
357.
192
23.8
128
601.
8988
993
NA
ND
NI
15
362.
502
24.1
668
616.
6190
725
T
A
15
890.
6 59
.373
3333
3 18
1.29
0666
7
CA
15
25
1.6
16.7
7333
333
28.6
5495
238
BC
A
15
679.
6 45
.306
6666
7 41
3.30
3523
8
TH
15
12
54.4
83
.626
6666
7 20
6.90
4952
4
Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 11
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SU
MM
AR
Y
Co
un
t S
um
A
vera
ge
Var
ian
ce
CaH
15
90
8 60
.533
3333
3 24
8.20
3809
5
MgH
15
38
0.4
25.3
6 65
.761
1428
6
Ca
15
382.
7 25
.513
3333
3 41
.404
0952
4
Mg
15
92.2
6.
1466
6666
7 3.
7498
0952
4
Chl
15
24
4.93
16
.328
6666
7 28
.255
0266
7
Ph
15
11.2
62
0.75
08
0.48
2234
029
TP
15
28
.43
1.89
5333
333
0.61
6310
667
OP
15
17
.328
1.
1552
0.
2142
1431
4
N
15
10.7
94
0.71
96
0.21
5609
971
BO
D
15
71.5
4.
7666
6666
7 0.
7466
6666
7
CO
D
15
542.
8 36
.186
6666
7 12
2.52
5523
8
AN
OV
A
Sou
rce
of V
aria
tion
SS
df
M
S
F
P-v
alue
F
crit
Row
s 66
85.8
1524
9 14
47
7.55
8232
1 7.
7313
1917
2 6.
66E
-13
1.
7425
28
Col
umns
14
4012
.849
7 14
10
286.
6321
2 16
6.53
3065
1 1.
4E-1
00
1.74
2528
Err
or
1210
6.78
429
196
61.7
6930
76
T
otal
16
2805
.449
2 22
4
12 Mohammad Faisal Khan
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Ta
ble
6.
Anal
ysi
s th
e D
ata
usi
ng
two
way A
no
va(
Po
stm
oo
nso
on)
SU
MM
AR
Y
Co
un
t S
um
A
vera
ge
Vari
an
ce
BA
KA
NIY
A
15
346.7
84
23.1
1893333
561.2
309788
KH
OR
I 15
347.4
66
23.1
644
577.9
538664
ME
ER
PU
R
15
356.3
48
23.7
5653333
560.4
031403
KO
DIY
A
15
330.1
22
22.0
0813333
494.2
416076
NE
ELB
AD
15
339.0
74
22.6
0493333
519.8
315702
BO
RK
HE
DI
15
340.3
5
22.6
9
530.4
256349
KA
JLA
S
15
355.3
61
23.6
9073333
623.6
432309
JA
MO
NIV
AC
HH
IR
15
393.6
04
26.2
4026667
794.6
524759
BA
RK
HE
DA
NA
TH
U
15
413.6
27.5
7333333
883.6
230341
BH
AU
RI
15
328.2
19
21.8
8126667
527.5
049921
VA
N V
IHA
R
15
364.0
77
24.2
718
685.0
010946
MU
NG
AL
IYA
CH
HA
P
15
472.8
91
31.5
2606667
1116.6
75536
BA
RK
HE
DA
SA
LA
M
15
658.9
54
43.9
3026667
2057.6
97295
MA
NU
AB
HA
N T
EK
RI
15
357.1
92
23.8
128
601.8
988993
NA
ND
NI
15
362.5
02
24.1
668
616.6
190725
T
A
15
890.6
59.3
7333333
181.2
906667
CA
15
251.6
16.7
7333333
28.6
5495238
BC
A
15
679.6
45.3
0666667
413.3
035238
Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 13
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SU
MM
AR
Y
Co
un
t S
um
A
vera
ge
Vari
an
ce
TH
15
1254.4
83.6
2666667
206.9
049524
CaH
15
908
60.5
3333333
248.2
038095
MgH
15
380.4
25.3
6
65.7
6114286
Ca
15
382.7
25.5
1333333
41.4
0409524
Mg
15
92.2
6.1
46666667
3.7
49809524
Chl
15
244.9
3
16.3
2866667
28.2
5502667
Ph
15
11.2
62
0.7
508
0.4
82234029
TP
15
28.4
3
1.8
95333333
0.6
16310667
OP
15
17.3
28
1.1
552
0.2
14214314
N
15
10.7
94
0.7
196
0.2
15609971
BO
D
15
71.5
4.7
66666667
0.7
46666667
CO
D
15
542.8
36.1
8666667
122.5
255238
AN
OV
A
Sourc
e o
f V
aria
tio
n
SS
df
MS
F
P
-valu
e
F c
rit
Row
s
6685.8
152
14
477.5
582321
7.7
31319172
6.6
6E
-13
1.7
42528
Colu
mns
144012.8
5
14
10286.6
3212
166.5
330651
1.4
E-1
00
1.7
42528
Err
or
12106.7
84
196
61.7
693076
T
ota
l 162805.4
5
224
14 Mohammad Faisal Khan
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CONCLUSIONS
In general water quality of upper lake region is not harmful to human beings. Most of
parameters showed analogous trend in seasonal variation. The values are
comparatively high in post monsoon. It indicates that the extent of pollution occurred
due to mining, industrial discharge, domestic discharge and other anthropogenic.
There is postive co-relationship between the physico-chemical attributes. The
physico-chemical attributes are independent to each other and these vary according to
locations.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this article.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author is very thankful to Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA, and Zip
Code: 11673 for valuable suggestion where at present the author is working.
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[5] David A Freedman, Statistical Models: Theory and Practice, Cambridge
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Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 15
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[10] Reza Rizwan and Singh Gurdeep, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground
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16 Mohammad Faisal Khan