Learning and Memory

Pavlovconditioning strengthened connections between the CS center and UCS center in the brain.

Lashely

searched for engrams: physical representations of what had been learnedproposed two key principles about the nervous system:Equipotentiality all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (e.g. learning)Mass action the cortex works as a whole, not as solitary isolated units.

Karl Lashley Observed the Results of Brain Lesions on Maze-Learning Performance

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Types of Long-Term Memory

Semantic memoryanterior and inferior region of the temporal lobe are involved in semantic memorysemantic dementia (loss of semantic memory)

Episodic memoryAnterior prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex are important for episodic memorySource amnesia (loss of memory for the specific episode in which something occurred)

Semantic Memories Are Widely Distributed

Greater Brain Activation Occurs During the Processing of Personal Episodic Memories

Types of Long-Term Memory

Surgical Removal of Temporal Lobe Tissue in Patient H.M.H.M. showed massive anterograde amnesia after the surgery.

Patient HM also displayed greater implicit than explicit memory.

The Mirror-Drawing Task

The Hippocampus and Its Associated Structures

Reinforcement an event that increases probability of a responsePunishment an event that reduces probability of a response***Habituation - response to a repeated, harmless stimulus becomes progressively weakerSensitization a type of learning in which the experience of one stimulus heightens response to subsequent stimuli******Input through the enterorhinal cortex, out through fornix*