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Plant Roots and Marsh Elevation
Linda Blum 1University of Virginia
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Comparison of Annual Gross Primary Production Among Major Ecosystems (103 kcal m-2 yr-1) (after Odum 1969)
Marine Terrestrial
Open Ocean 1.0 Deserts and tundras 0.2
Coastal Zones 2.0 Grasslands and pastures 2.5
Upwelling Zones 6.0 Dry forests 2.5
Marshes and Reefs 20.0 Boreal coniferous forests 3.0
Cultivated lands no energy subsidy 3.0
Moist temperate forests 8.0
Fuel subsidized ag 12.0
Wet tropical and subtropical forests 20.0
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Figure courtesy Don Cahoon
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Turner, et al. 2000
Nyman et al . 2006
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Salt Marsh Plant Location Productivity
(g m-2yr-1) Source
D. spicata New Jersey Delaware
2780 3400
Good & Frasco (1979) Gallagher & Plumley (1979)
S. patens
New Jersey Delaware Delaware Maryland Virginia
3270 3300 470 4119 267
Good & Frasco (1979) Roman & Diaber (1984)
Gallagher & Plumley (1979) Saunders et al. (2006) Long and Blum (2010)
S. alterniflora
New Jersey Delaware Delaware Virginia Virginia Virginia
North Carolina North Carolina
2400 5000
6838-11306 5213
767-2269 744 560 460
Good & Frasco (1979) Roman & Diaber (1984)
Gross et al. (1991) Gross et al. (1991)
Blum (1993) Long and Blum (2010) Smith & Odum (1981)
Stroud (1976)
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Area Height form Above Below R:S
Nova Scotia NR 803 1051 1.3
Massachusetts NR 420 3500 8.3
New Jersey Short 500 2300 4.6
North Carolina short 650 460 0.7
tall 1300 500 0.4
South Carolina Short 1272 5445 4.3
Medium 775 - -
Tall 2460 2363 1.0
Georgia Short 1350 2020 1.5
medium 2840 4780 1.7
tall 3700 2110 0.6
Root to Shoot Ratios (biomass g m2)
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20 30 40 50 0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Elevation, cm NAVD
AG b
iom
ass
(g m
-2)
-10 0 10
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
BG
ingr
owth
(g m
-3)
30 40 50 0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Elevation, cm NAVD
AG b
iom
ass
(g m
-2)
-10 0 10 20
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
BG
ingr
owth
(g m
-3)
Biomass Root ingrowth
Biomass Root ingrowth
a) b)
Russell, E. et al. 2012
Matt Kirwan 2011
Mudd et al. 2009
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Dame, R. and Paul, D. 1986 – South Carolina S. alterniflora
Blum 1993 – Virginia S. alterniflora
Seasonality of Root Biomass
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Robertson, C.L. 2007.
Valiela et al. 1984
Nutrient Effects on R:S
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Approaches for measuring plant roots
• Biomass – Core and sort – Core and sieve – Root in-growth cores/bags
• Productivity – Core and sort over time – Core and sieve over time
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Subsiding Healthy
Live Roots
Turner et al 2004
Aboveground
Role of roots in marsh collapse
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Limitations • Tedious • Labor intensive • Subjective • Indirect • Many assumptions
Photo source: http://zottoli.wordpress.com/saltmarshes/salt-marsh-pannes-and-pools/
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• 1999 First use in ecological studies. Ecol. Appl. 9(3):1050-1058.
• 2012. First use to examine marsh roots. Ecol. Appl. 21(6):2156-2171
• Based on differential attenuation of X-rays
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Overview of Procedure Collect and
prepare cores
Carry out scanning
Download data, process, and create output – Image J and OsiriX
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Cores extruded Sliced Sampled for:
Bulk density Organic matter content Live root mass and volume
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ITM 1-3 UPC 3-3
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ITM 1 ITM 2
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root and rhizome volume(cc)
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
dept
h be
low
sur
face
(cm
)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
root and rhizome biomass(g dry mass)
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
dept
h be
low
sur
face
(cm
)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
UPCITM
bulk density(g cc-1)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
dept
h be
low
sur
face
(cm
)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
organic matter content(%, dry mass basis)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dept
h be
low
sur
face
(cm
)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
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ITM 254
320
700
UPC 254
320
700
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Reference Material Calibration rod composition Density (g cc-1)
Air plastic pipette with air sealed inside 0.0012
Water plastic pipette with water sealed inside 1.00
34% colloidal silica plastic pipette with 34% colloidal silica sealed inside 1.23
Glass solid glass rod 2.20
Note: All standard density measures are from Weast and Astle (1979) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics except for the colloidal silica (Aldrich Chemical Supply)
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Soil fraction Operational definition
Organic Soil at
Indiantown (HU range)
Mineral soil at Upper Phillips
Creek (HU range)
Roots and rhizomes gas < roots and rhizomes < water -930 to 2 -871 to -20
Peat water < peat ≤ 34% colloidal silica 13 to 264 14 to 456
Particulates 34% colloidal silica < particulates < sand 265 to 750 457 to 750
Sand sand < glass 751 to 1200 751 to 1528
Rocks and shells glass < rocks and shells 1201 to 3060 1529 to 3060
CT X-ray attenuation ranges in Hounsfield units (HU) for the soil fractions. HU ranges determined empirically.
Operational definitions of soil fractions based on the CT X-ray attenuation of calibration rods.
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Core Components Part Sand Rx&Sh Peat R&R Gas
PCM1
PCM2
PCM3
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Core Components Part Sand Rx&Sh Peat R&R Gas
ITM1
ITM2
ITM3
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Component Organic soil ITM (% of core volume)
Mineral soil UPC (% of core volume)
gas 0.13 0.19
roots and rhizomes 6.59 2.11
peat 29.34 5.86
particulates 57.19 7.28
sand 5.45 82.75
rocks and shell 0.002 1.56
Component Summary
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Core Displacement (fraction core vol)
CT analysis (fraction core vol)
ITM 1 0.06 0.066
ITM 2 0.08 0.077
ITM 3 0.10 0.071
UPC 1 0.04 0.019
UPC 2 0.05 0.021
UPC 3 0.06 0.022
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Root volume(cc)
0 50 100 150 200 250
Dep
th b
elow
sur
face
(cm
)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ITM1 CTITM1 WDITM2 CT ITM2 WD ITM3 CT IMT3 WD
Roots and Rhizomes Peat
Rocks and Shell Sand Particulates
Phillips
Indiantown
Dashed lines = hand-sorted Solid lines = CT imaging
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S. alterniflora aerenchyma Maricle and Lee 2002
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Scanner bed
detector
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Medical Scanner Resolution = 0.625 mm
Spec-CT Scanner Resolution = 0.050 mm
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Medical Scanner Resolution = 0.625 mm
Spec-CT Scanner Resolution = 0.050 mm
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ITM 2
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Summary • OM contributes to soil volume • Plant roots contribute to soil volume
• To understand contributions more fully, better methods of quantification are required
• CT-imaging maybe a useful alternative
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• CT-scanning facility at UVa’s Emily Couric Cancer Center
• Mark Williams, Director SPEC-CT lab • EPA National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Laboratory’s Atlantic Ecology Division
• University of Virginia Anheuser Busch Coastal Research Center
• Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research Program
• National Science Foundation
Acknowledgments