RADIOC'CMICAL STIDIES FOR IT€ PRODT'CTIOII OF SOI'f RADION*rcLID€S
' usEo FoR Dlacitosllc Pr.RPosEs
I.I]SJTAO AI{.iAD
_ S|ndl lrd L. tl*
u{IvEnstrt o€ lE Puxr/\a
F(N TIIE OEoREE Of
OOCTOR O€ PHILOSOFHY
advl.€ ahd crtttctrh ro co,nplere rhe l.searc|| ,ork.Q.rn, D.Sc.. H.!d. xt4t... Dsra a.d Radl;tsorop.
R....rch cent,r. (KFA>
Jorch_ F. R. oerh.br.
Juld! ihd PtsTEcti r
^(nOTLEDG€XEIfISpr.asu.. co rh.nk P.of.sso. Dr. 6. sL6ckln.
for provtdl'B
che r,uh.jab unLv.rsfy, Lar,ore. rhe
^',<artm'Pso.
kF,\. .Iutrch and
ch.nks or 8. x
PmstEcH. fDr Lhetr help.o.ckrc'|.d6.
.L Julch rnn
t.r.dtauoE_
ro paur!5;ar.nLrB Lt-
Fthallv ! eoul,l
n srs J.Bhed 25rdl, F.rooq p*htd, Mufr.zz.r sae.d.M. Rr^z kho hetped
ABSTRACT
, ro 50 M.v lNhel.cr,rctyuc d.podlron
'ese wer: rouna to be Ep . 4o-.3o fi.v and Ea = 4t+3:J r\rev; r,h.
rs6er neldr
erch.na. mLhod
,"""",.","; .,
rh rh* (d.in) ..5c oh
36 x.v rht. i*c.t *"." p..r.Fd by- erecr.oryucdepo.lLtoh of G. on Cu-b.ctr^G thtck r.!a.r leldr or '.;',7's.'.1. c.rcurrt,ed. r". " "."rr sab D.odkrton nr 7!s. a o. peu.Lwas tnadtar,ed *lr,h d-pa.r,lcre. ar a bean cu!.ehr or E !A and
ch.on.toa..phy. One hou.n.adrifron led
lrf, produclloh ot '!s..tr*bh Eur,ro. rDetls .e.r..€d
n..sur.d ror the !..ci.lon. dz.(n,pr-cu ara
dz.<nd€xr by r:chnlqu, rrrE
's sludr.d. rh. atco ,E sep...Ced f.onztnc nat.tx .cttwttr Glna stoh .rch.nj. colum ch.oEr,oa..ph, -
b.h.vt.s of -r,to r. ura."d of *T. rn rhe lolh or p.rr€hslsceoxrde !$ hve:rtaar..d ar illrferalr ftnarr(,t.3 of hr.drocl,torrc
";p*tte ". .orvbd.r. .flour. hr.]F.
<-xol-t'ta.t".crdrct or o.ot-o.r
tht3 <encr.r,or
cotlTEl{Ts
R.diohucude r.oductroh 16. Lh; ot6cl.bces
Acceler.ror Plodued R.dtonudlrd.s
R.donGlt&s
6r c-Pt.r r.r i.dlc.l
Oel,e.hr'ELt.n
AIM AND SCOFE OP rHlS 1r0R|(
EIPETTI{ENTAL Xtr{ODS (CROSS SECTION /. €tClt^TtotlFUITOTION MEASUTEXENTS)
scrk y of zt^.<p,e)Resctl6ns
opetiu En.r.r R+.. ,or t'€_?Io'ruL'on of ?'s.vr^ ;^s(p3nr, -^3(d.4h). -s.(r.sr ihd
"s" r cYclorRon
sonr; R^Droxucr_rDEs In Nn.x_E^R RE^crov20-r33
qr odEttor or Trse vta :rrs<F.rn> r,a
I..rUar,I.n Yr.rds
ch.nr..r s.r'..dotrau.nrr c6hr,rol cr ;tsa
fl'|n'cl, !i i.l ,'i' Lll
f''..',,uctl.ndr
R,dlah.nl..l-tt.-*r. a-erar."r
ud.ared rftanrun
rr.p.lar,roh o( ttydra!.d Tfatrnnn oarde
Php-.r,aon or 'ri;-Hr",c,4 ay ob.idd .. \c Lt
?. Dt6CU390n
?.r &.!rr,-lt6 Fwtlod7: coiD4r&n of naoFlror d
73 E!.rq|.bn or "sr ero<rrr/*noqt€ studr.d?.a tlldElto ot d.dcu
75 ryd!.t.a Tto,th PIE of ^l-o__r.. -x"--\. o"---o ' "
r.r i.dronucltd. plod@cro^ for rhc atorcrcc.sAfi... fltry y.!rs or .ff.cllve .xisr€nc6 .:dto.ucld.s
.hrc. Elor .altcullube ahd
rh. 610r beD cray
h.dtclE, f,h. tontztn;
ii.chlne ,Fodw€d x_r.E
tn vartoG .h.hrcalpoyelfut draf^odtc !.or. Tht. 6. ls
^ r.4ronucllde rn hucte.r redtctn. only
or slnab r_!., rh.hErn.r.photoh
em(rtn. r.dronEUrr.3rn obr.l.tna ah!.. drrrtoDt
emt! d or high en€r.v
.DrucalroE. stnc. of rcd.rh dtsEm.uc .wL*n.dicrE d.!rs vrLh ret.bolc rrudtas !.Lhe. uEn ErnDte tratha,
rrnry 6n .adlonErtd.s ,hrcn fo.n 36od covd.nr
rb. rJo. c!lt.ir. rn r,h. crbrc. of .!.dloph.rh.ceur,ld.l for p€rfo.dtDa.neraborrc srudl.E.
R..dy rvdr.brli,yrn!h.crDrc.
or th. sho.L $e 5v.tr.bb
,rom wht.h . sho.r
f6. rher.p.uuc rrearr6nr.A xsith, of .5dronuclldes
l) t.dtonucrt.3 c.d ln stn3te prDr_on €nl.ston rrvdres'
'a., ""Mr, "cr, '.cr, .1L, .'" ,
otco, t'co, -c., acu. -cu. dza, @zt, -oa, -ts., ,.ts, ,,te,t"s., '"s.. "s., "-sa t'so. 'hm."'s", t-Sr, *rO. -r", -.t", *t.. -nu. .or-pn. ,o-^..nrln, (eilh. ..-l^. -'.sh, .'sl, ,"st,retl, !r?r, t27xe. r27ixe, teexe,
Irnb, !€\r, Iri^u, 't'ng, 'o"ttc, '-rr,
t.K. ."T1. .oC", o,X",
-a., "ot", "x', "nt,
ho.non6s stlbodl.!)
r.. br z-yl.ld
t"st. '""ea,r6Dv, rdE..
forrov.d!b.rdbnwrkb pmdrE|.loh f6r btomdrc.!
th. !sr, $
6ho.c-lrv.d r.dronucltdes <1r2<1a h)
rhe eo!h! i.qurr.dby r.h. mf hlah thr.Ett, Gut.on €cE..r_ors,
Nr bv r,h. smtr€!
r,2 R.actor ProducGd t.dro.tc[d..
..""''"''.".""".,
* ,:* ***. The energy or rhe.m.t neur.o.s are
or eonevh.r,
li.ut.on ,l,h krmrtc .E.6rr.s of ,.v..ar thocand .t cr.oh volr or
rt v rn rh.rrur6f <0.1 .v. su.h lo, eneray
^eur,rons
.frer rh. rnttr:t heuLrdn
r.cruLr.s vrlh eurron ftq!!.
of i.dlonKlrd.s 0f btoh.drcal
.6uor.d by d.c!y, (| ) o,p) r..qrion,.Ec...tee mqrron cDtu.e r..crtoE .^(t (vx)
s.6ri.F 'rEl.s ..*rtoBo.
'!n (../>:rn , oc.,.,"rn.'
rb. rheorelt..t sp.ctflc .cr,tvrcv or Lh.
s2rra.d-chalner. &catl prt,c.3s; .hd a st6hlfi.5nr,rhe radtonknde prodeed by
.e6ll chenrot rorn c.n b.: sep..ar-d rtrhEhrlch.d r.16.1_r
r.donErldtc lnpurrt,r,s
.rrths rEe !o .i.o plodke lrE .dtonucllde
'rore(h,r>'rre -$-.'"'r. "'x"<".,,'-* --=+-*'Slhce the .adrohen& p!.dqd bv tM. roure c$ b. .Gd y
c.rrre. fre. r€v.l c.n b. arbrn.o.
r,h. tar..c h@lt&
. h.ualoh (eeh...Uy
ro Lhe d..trdF.dlonucllde drrr.t.br flor |t,. La.r6t nucxd.. oranples or suh
".a ttltcn.a:..r"
srncF ohlv a
Ftss,on 6 (n.r)
su..€srrv€ c.prur.e
+ n
-.!,v
l,-,, , .o-a"'."rhrch has b..h eLudled ls
Th. .*eDtt.r r.aL$. of sacord.ry
c:n b. dletd.d lhr,o Lro arooDs, dou6r€ huclea
r,h, doubre nuctear
r..qu6,s rhe lre produc.d
nucLlr ie'.uon. doubr. hucrear
T.raer nar.rt.r xr-hl6 <onpou^d'
3o 4/ch I\.o balc tyt* rscl[tl.E sre cu.llvav.thbre rn . re4tor th.r r. G.d to! tlD Dlod@u6h or
snd nohtle t-.r6ee th. tr*ed t5.aet,
lodc.d tn Lhe ..al.ctor ..cron, and rrs.m sh|r$ i,o rbrdr'E tl! .uer
pl.r6s. rh. robue tlraer r&lrLyhyd.lurc .ub.
of sr!ort-[v.d radlonkud€s.
5re obr,.tcble
Th... ac.r.!.r,.d p..ticr.s c.n Ul@recrron vo[samray d.9.ndt4
!-h.cycrohon'lE.rr.d ar
ptrc.. Depehdrna
ttte formrrl0n of drarerenL
li..dl.u4 D.Ftlcre t. rere*.d; no.€. ^ucleoE
... enltr,€d sd
cyclotro. Dloduced
d.ey by Ec 6r t' .hr.!ron. rh.y flrd ha.,o.
d.cDrrtc hEr..r pFduc oh proc€$
t.chnotoiy !'dd.v.lopmnr rort Imrud. h*L.r
d,r. ... thpori,anrro fo.:Lh. p.odcr,ron of
'{.1&ofrdtoh*d|c
h. ryp€ o. prol'cr e
vh€ncrDos,n.Llel'.ee lnr.rmt b€.h and
Th. tnrerMr
i.o rh. b..n
r,rE o.d.r'or roop^, lead ro !6r.r drslp.lroE t^of ,.v.,.1 ftr6y5tt..
c6!rl.kr.qur}edaddlrlon, rh6 nrt be cl66.n
.watsi.ttot and
b. s.p...r.dof . r0.l fotr rhtct .m!ah 16 r.srsr rh.
,hlch n.y ..1s.o16 h,tah.st b.an rtndovs ,rth . hetln
Ta.E.t Mrert.l. are nosr commohlv trr.dr.r.d.s s;ltds.
orrcr p,. .uLrrhe L.rs-r n6Lerr.l ls tsoLopr$|lr .nrr.rr.d
du.lr6 ..!a.r6f an llr.dlarad
Lrqulds .ah be ri.adl.t6d bv chra€d p:.ucle .vclor_ron
Cur.enr. oa 10 fi.v paorons c.n b.
w.!e. of mrur:l lsotoptc,"tr vr" tr,e ,oocp,,>
b.rrg 'ecover.d as flk.ld€i7, I{olr,.n
rer,.ts, lrc.a.Drc .nd o.a.rdc co4ou.dt h'v.
orya.n ad fluo.lh. .ntrston lomo<r.thr (PET>. ih.
b. sublecl.d
ar.o pe.htls sone
the r.dronuclde
chaBbers or el.vaied 6as pressur.s. s.cordry Lhe.. ts the
deE,!v rh Lh. t.rr.r.br Lh. be'n.
th6 .hort, Iv.d ,j' .ntrlthi5..6ener.llr se9!.at€d by dh-llnE
'enov.l f.on Lh€ 6as rar3er,s22
tnlolr.s Lne
to !h. }lrsh t.v.l of r.droEr.rlrt v tnveln'd' ' oh'
prd.&.e rs .rr.E t..t..red *' *";""'""
e.o 'c'?: rh' dtstrlttlon nelhod ts
of.}.a!.dv.hl,4.rte.r.lkkoloPrcrdryoi rh' radtonlcxd' th' s'n'
b. reG.d for .lbsequ'Dl tedEtloh ruE The
tF!.dr'r'd r2'Teo.:a':- ru'r shtt a
v.rY sriUd vspour
a'Tr vta rcdl6
.e ltqrxd chroMr'ocr:Phy
.tc. ere aPpll€d
.ecularlon denand
n.!!Eds Sth.. l'radlarlon and
su!..quent ch.hrcsr of 6pe.ai,lohs and
chects .ra lnvorved. c. or sn.lr conput.rs fo.
rs hkhlv :dv.hta6€ou..
t.!r tadlohu.ltd.s or t.r.rrtu lor -dtql :ppllc.tloN
essenlllt bloel.nent,s o.a sulphur and
phosphor6 h- radronucxdes rn rtvo sc.nnlha lhos
.nong E.bnrun'
lo. tFt5F .zs.-sremreLht6nrm ..d;th.! 'osa ecr.* onDoEr&
h.v. b..n xrd.ty cJrt, rh. br6ro6rc'{y thporc$t c6'Fosd'
pepud.3 .nd s.l.ntum d.rtv.ue.r or
<dEccry o. rid..dry) ao' mdc.r .''U€uoG, n.mty
'_s. hc . halt .nd d.c.y6 by er.crron
c.peule <roox). t'r", tr€ d.uft'r,ct . h.rf |lr. 26 t.Ir rs a FertEn .'tri,.. ..d .'trs L'o turh 3Fups.of 6sm-r.ys!r r35 k v (?€rar .id 630 k.vGx).
brodrstrtbutton ;dn.ts. Th.
l.cut.estkc.of
c6. o,3n) -tr.!! se .nd -cu(..c,3nr'.Brj_.s.."se ts proam.a lhGtyr "se(n./)?ts.
*htch rhe 24r k v <5ax) sd 2€o tcv (2n ) r. G.dIn rk qu.nul,rtton lt€ h.lf-ltfe ts t2o d.t€, setemrrhtonln.labex.d wlth w.d foF pacr.& .nd
!ar"u'r"ra dlr6ms.'" th splr,e of ttr roha h.tr-tir..s€remrelhronrE-zse rs !h. .Eloa@
.ulDh6 k r.pl*.dp.ocese h.n.ty rhe 6rowtn of baker's t.et.
drb.EYFdr..hnld'
o$ sll.nlt€jFs. hs b.en .ddod. Aftef d'hvdlttlo^ 'rd t'vdrort€r'
I 't.o b' DrorhEd
synlh.tlc5rylt. 'os. t.!.u.d drbulFrc sd divtLllc 4r& e'F
l.b.u.d llPtrrtr'$
d..rv. v.s bb.rbd vri-h 's. h'v. b€'n tlopc'd
d..tvltlves s .dFnal redu[. !'fur sP€crllc
E&'d 'r.n
.. r'r;r &ld' 'o'
ln€.in.1..'d
l:!.ued virh c$ara!6'5 Pz-51'
na d.rlv!r,lv.s'?. bll' acrd an'loau's'!
s.t.rccr6 n6", ..Ln u.df' d'sc'lb'd *
..drohucud. satoc*ttlo6rsDhv T?'S. (lv.-tsl 5€c) d'cty3 bv
l.on.rrc cr5Eruon tltb th. .n{$ton of 162 k v Phor'ont rh loz
(Tt,."56 h) c$
ds6.x) ..d (axn> lsotoprcarv €nrtched
se ts.toD.s th. d. !fle 3nd l'5ults ln thp"ctrcar
- -"'<".-'-x'4,:"*. (E43r42!' x.vt7';r I,oautro. oa o.3 .rrd 03 hct"/rilh r€sp.ctlvcry. L!nb...ht,
r"""". .t "f'-" s'
'ion a' on
o.olri flql. "E. rd ttronatv :dsorbed bv th' rtErn
vbrb >9ox or or ?5s'(Iv) could
alutron ch. of 2-o ..c 'ha
coElrt r.bly f.6n 5-60z c$!l.'_rF. 'r.rds
of "s' or 1t'! t'r'
l,yplel. I{6Fron "t af' r"""d !h.L s.(nt $d secl) colrd b'
"t'rti ua t.."P.lor to loldth€
s!Udi..'.rthoqhItr d.c.y .r'a.*t..kt ld..r for radrophan'c'ut-lc'ls
..d{ation !bs6}b.d
grocd*.'7-ss(Ti,.'ts l sec) h'3 b"n '!'3'at€dror r.dtohu.nd. datocsdr6gr.phvs but € i6rf Uft lr t@
sr6r0 ror m3! nEr€* mdicin. Prc.dues ?!s'(1./.'?'l h) hs
d.c.y chs&t.rrslt€ 'hlch *. 6!rt-.bL
. e6trlron 'nlslon roio.ltph (,'r
r.29 M.v, t!1 of 7!s6 tt tk d.uahr.r
fl, todrt b€ a mjor .dvsta6. to slbetttute tL z& bv t mF
sulr,.bl. r.droDucude .!ch s zse- th' d€Elrlbl€ r'at.s6s of
"'s. foi rsdroDrEIE. [email protected] Fl.!r66ry!+5r.
6t !t! akur.kd ab€o.b'd r:al.llon dost to lri
thors s.pP'orchrt' lauo of lto
.e$.ctlv.rt' Thes. fr$d4.nrd rnclltn'nts t'
l*orrc".t. ""s. lnt" [email protected] rtth 3pelftcttv ro!
!.qurrcdEt..ko roF dyEnlc
"a.....*1it""", 6" :mtoc'"s ftttv &l&' 'ntm
*ra'1"'. "t".fo. th. PsdEtton oa se In
r.dtobucUd.s .f copp.. ro. il.drt.r ADPxtatroE: acu'
-c., o'c. "-a -co
Drovrd.t rElch! rnro por.nudrv fltd rtiFrlt'd
ahd nutrrtron.r arsora*c*". seh ttldles .hould dto [email protected].
!..EPo!t', lnr.. dlas6' t" cr"rry
'|!rrbul..r'btor,tenkrs-diseas. (x-ltnk d), Wttso.': dlsea. (Euto3onal). and
€lev'n .5dtonklrd'3
"c","'c","'c". 5nd "cu could
Yrcer[.rh|v
G"**h" 5''j;r.-c-c\<r.;12:tr
of !t- ..dtdbtloh }.dratton ProdE d pEvld' &.uare
localtz.tton of b..ln t{flot.
@u|rn3 ,e .nDlov.d tq, ro "ro G.d fo tudt'E of {r6L bodv
mrt.l 3ubj.c!s c!rtr..s .td
-cu tt"u.a duprrc chro.ld€7' and cupitc
blarn t'rcr ro€'rrz'llo^ srch
proDosed for gEntlt.Llve r,ondtst6.no6..pht77 and "'cu-!'rs
<3-.lrbs2-orcburti.ldehyd€) h4 b*n
r.dtoPh:.hac€utlcsl'.!!
b€eh conju€at.d r,6 pyluvald.hyd. srs(N-'l_nothvltblosemlc.rbszone)
coEld.nd !o h. . potentr.r i.dioph:.Ec.urlc'l fo. ttuaha th'
h.-t .nd b!.th?t .id ls .tso
r conlq.r. cohrdnrns .
ctElrLlha a66.t!t'. l.r€se ap9lto.troE th. "acr'orpFodlad qcu bs b..n Ged, ho*.v.r to Lb.l rclwloDl 6tlbodr6'
b. ploduc.d bv ch.!6.d p.rllcle i6*t-IoE sev€ral
cs be .nPloted for th' Ploducuon or
rldlolshelled !trnor assoct.led monoctoh5t rhi.lbodres tvptcatlv
.!clh.n!rHl.. !..r{rF 1_2 d.F 6 5rt'1n rslnun mrceni'r'lloh
Itl t-wle. Fsl&le tr* of OrE $|r"n_sun'dt 'onDr"'
d.rr7r. lt r3 thc .dvrn!.c.oG
conDs.bre to ltr uPt r. rd t"l&rc' crtu o' th' r'uor' thtt
e!|bodvrr.
^rrhou.h .i-r.
rca.rd. €n.IGy /' .tdt!"" 13
rr' .nrlte! .nd €n'-tr7 k'v rd) of
to r,h. 933 and rs4.6 kev ex'tl€d tLtLee' 23x rEr.r
-c. *" Pr':r<z'lz> ca3<66x) ttd
$1.6<46.?x> L.fro, rhrch a.e_.ult.bl. ror lh..l.C F on phrrlctr
d63lneL.y Juhd.rn.n unrfo.n ab3o'bed dos6 6ut
t6 agDrodnaoely 3o-4o cerl dt.h.L.rs
tin'lrl6.lc:r
oa .sr-.otnt..Lth.l Proteln 16. Ern6 c'u'oDl€hrn bb'u'd rlrh
.! J' D""hesd'
-cr t"Lrr"a lFFt r.o b6 r.dloPhsffi'utrcal fo'
6!.ntlal c. for r.dlolnnutuLh...Pv or S 6rt VmphoM Lrb'urnc
, or bteon'crn't .nd cu( Plstl )" rlth to! hc b"n "po'tedts advsL...oc
fl.v-rzr{>. srn@ tt l. a /t+ cnltt.r, $, k 'r5o tltt5da..,B $d trses
ro! dc! r.r'..r for ac! rmtsrncPrrelParm.r
!!. @M(d,.) .nd !eco(d,2.) i..cttoE P.odudi,ton of 6!cu bv 'H'
!.dlonklrde wtlh lt,6 '2n Pdene cah be
dtcu<p,2.>, decu<a s.> etll(!H.,n) .nd @xl(d 2n)
and d€v.loPreht of tuur,l.t .nd brruncllonal
rb.zom (DTs) ch€late
h* 1"". raporlaa'2. rdeal l.b.[ns ^eltd. of a
suctr e -c._gs,r-ots
.s3.n!lal h.1-.1 tn varrous -an:mesi'6zou could .llo pot,enuauy b€ useful ro! Cu-r€laL€d bloch.nlc:l
s.ve.ar !}?.6 ot "'2,,/@c! a.nei.tor siEt.rc have
ucr' *po"t.aF€.
ur{qu€ t\c sd rk o.h...to. sytt.€elem€hl of rh€ .bnrc nub€r 43 'as
drecow..ed by P..rr.r 'rd s.3r.t, 5.d
l,.ctherluF, !h. fi€l, .t rcnt to b. pr.pded
.rlr crdty. In leotope' or r.chb6Llu h5v. beeb
ld€ntlrted, 'll ar. radlo&llv. vlth h:rf- !.3 ranslnr f.on less
rhit o* asdtonucll<L
of.|..}rc|ru[.
6r €tc ln 6nilNtron vll.h
body t3 t-h. u'{v.r..l ;c4PL!4. 6f nucr.d h.hnrqes rn ntdlqr
dr.cmsle. rylc Prt''nrmnce * rh'
no.! tueqehl.ty
thts develoDn.rt rn rh. .ppu€UoE or *\c 13 due, !o lt'
rrvou.br€ hucl.r. p.op€.!t..t. Its h.r-Ur. or 6 h ls
s0aflcrenut lorrtlses e.ll .ouh.t.4 Th'
or r .adiatlon
rrr. se.cbt .esoruuoh
developrent of comFosds thldh sP.clricltv rllh r,h.
blolo6i.sl ,ctlvlty ''Tc folnuhttoE .rd the s..Fch
roa aeneref,ton.*tc-rsdloph$|reuttc.ls fr.qu.nllv .equrr.d
ofr€. h.d !
radlauon-rnduc.d
au the ess.ntt5r non.adroa.ttva
R;tirad *d 6n!.. .Dr rorh (. a soru|rdn rr"k-dlt€d tslrtr'
.6c) iiE.. r.n.rmd t he hnd .lmFrt b add 'tcr..a.nLs a hiaNv sP'clfic
r.dtoph*M6u!tc.r' Thls rs mv lh' 6usl rendr
r.cedYlchtn.louurcnwl..rin Yhrch he Utcs
soE 3OO r.r...M.s oh rlE .p?uouoF - *"" *, *""*-
conL.rhrn. 6T. vlth th' 'pptoP'lat'bblosrc.r Pr9.!r,l.s drasmstrc ltdlophtrE 'utlctB
!h.3. rm!'dtha rh.lr "aront.hr..t.
comn -T. R.diogr6|Dc.uilc.lt
Colrordal dlsD.rttoE bs.d
"p"",-r.,,s,"t.zpt'r't t <c">,
-\.zs'o", *t.zst,s,
L.!ce pr.uct (ta-!O
head uponbT€,/F.(otl):'-r.z"tt"-r.
SollttoB of nTclDTPA;e\c/Olu-
coEt. 6"[email protected]:
'frTcTct!}rr,.r hlclDtls^;
ot6a(s,vlsudrzed
xv.r. sDL.n .nd lroE||B.o* lrra(lnh.laltoD):
o'as<.> vLudrz.d
fibllm3..,u.okt'lge,PorY .!d PY.o
pho.ph.t.) dtPhosptunar,.
-tc-rnrrmaracatl" *td rte.lv'Llv't
-retl"od ..u5t ."t.h"eYb"
Th. P$.ht rto69. trb k Dlodw€d
by r,h. n.uir6n *trvatton of
n.r,.l or mrvbdrc odd.c!'too!> itl.h n'ur''6B sD'clflc tcuvrtl's
.n.tchad 6|{0 P'odG's an
mlvbdenM €onPgut& (tnclrdlns sone
!h€ .brlch*nt- of the tno bv th. s2r!5'd_char||gs
b..^ .mployed rh br.r noutroh flux d'Nltt's7' 'li6 Produ"d l'v
n'Itbd'hu '4h's nrhhud po6t
rlr.dl.ttoh p!@sln. ltrle radlotct.rv' *$!'
tro r: at"'r: of 16' sDalfic
-xor""r"ott"u<n,r:-lo. Th€ rl*lon
'l.td !3 5tt &d rh'
I.r.dl.!lon or I c t"tu ro. 7 d!v6 tn a reutron flux
apD.oxlntt'tv r42 curl€s elio lr- ls noi'
si:!r' morvbdenuh nucltdes
fHo,' o,1o j fl€ro. r't.td t. ..ez"39x'63x
.1. .l5o forred by etp fistoD or uraot* -tto
a!- fiston or aou a.nanas .r.bol.t. Proc.sr.€
cont.nlMtrne !h. prodwt rlr,h Lotdc firsron
- olkrEry, l,r'. -\" "-.16' nwLx t.dnr$$ fron th.
.xch.hc. .oruhn chromtoat.ghv' ctns tnttl'uv, tcld-s'ad'
zrlcontuh oxrd.' or
Rob.o^ .nd BoYd r'ht dlff'r'nr
vor.rrllu.r ot norybd..6 Lrloxld. h.9bxrd' codd
b. .r?lorted to
rlornally r! rould b. crP.c!.d thar gFTc (1!,..6 ht rould
D..guc.r probre# of auPple sd
aorLubstely, hot€v.r,
lLtrtbut. !n that r| ts rolm.d hy !h. d.cav of tMo(1,,.-66h) The
provtd. hlc ln t-h. forh or llt lonatr_lrv'd
psr.nt, .n.bles thrs r:dtohucx6.
DFdEtron coEid.r.bL ro'k hE ao" lnto i'he
9r*tlc.r d.vic.3 -tt r'" t"
s.D..st d Iron Ers' of t-h' P'ren!
r.raltoh3brp th:t eak! bttv"n'o 'r'dt-rt,a et.al" "^tc -"Y ac
tblrd abd subs.qleht
the exPlolL!t,loh
o{ !h. *ri(o-Fl& ..n.r.tor.ohroh6loailPhv, gublln.tloh "d $lv'nL 'xlracllo! !r'
Th. fl!6r. 6Tc a...r'to'' d'vtrop'd
chtotulo.r.thv "t\t rt"t *xo'ot rh' r''ctctqs lc
ordd. for r,t- rcltbdtt' tnd
D-.a. 6f gtrv.r6roalc'r .dln' (o tx x.cD l'rru'h $ dunr b'd
coht rdha .o!b.d mrvb&t./o.!0'ch'"tL' Ytu ts'rnl rft rh
.lltlon of !t- D.rt.chn.Lr!. Prntjht &v'lop'd ' hTc
6.8r.!0! Gtrla hv.bo6 zlr@6lum oxlde- th' F'16 e€ ro'd'd on
hrdo6 zlrconth oxld. tD ool x ficr tolltlon-
.crd &lutron of r'rhvl 'Lhvl k'r'om ( 5 v'lx ool
x lClt. rbbnr .rxl Br.r|d.tut !dso'b'd 'rb on En"m3' d'nd'
.'!ftnlu mlvbdt!'' solult6n onr'o sllrct 6et The
br" .e .rutca trth vr.Us or - 9at' Dr"'r'ni
E alrnldun 6'd&rotto' chtR6tli" "r'rc
hydlodd.rd, mrl..ds. dtotd.rot trd PtlLrf,5'tc *!drd tt' ror
tr- orod*r.lon 6f Fx6-6tc a.mr'r'ot 'rtoh.v. d.v.lop'd r pldds' ln rhlch lb or b'
srerttc *llvtty tnto s tl$rlbb "l
mr'tx or
rrEonrM tuiybd.t- rFn f htch t\.o- tt 'ht'd rtlh "r" or
6rrr n.cl Eolutto^ -no-6t. c.ttttton bs'd on l}F dlr'cr
rr!5dr.rlon of D.if6.md a.t lrlo u!.nlun 'nd 2r"6hlm tulvbdar'
hs. b.en '.For!.d"o''t --1" t. 'rubd Blna o9t r'cl rlch
A erluc.r *s.,$.al af th. 9.rror4l4t .( lt!
chromtoaraPhrd €.Eralot tn.rud.t I .ludv of
ttlh tbt n't'rhr
dlfr.Fnr voLttrrues or l,htrr
odr|.... lehlmrt ct .i!!t d.tcllb.d 5 (h.v dlstlrbuon bE d 6n
tht3 !.chnrq@ ln 'hrch xoo, *s h..L.d r.5t. ar, 8oo'c 'ri l,h'
r,.chn€tlui ws wolai.lllzod .nd 6.9.r.t.d rlth vrelds or tpplox
€ox, lb Robson 6. rr.adl.!€d norvbd.hun
hlorrde G roaded rnto . r'.tr2o^t.lrs rdsed i'o
'3o'c 'i,
Dtf!Gron *gdat'loo
rrom !h. stsdpornr
rlv Machd €t alrrT'
desdib€d a ^tv-'1" ".rdes at 3sO'C flon ltrsrun rcribdal'
r.la.t. Th. adv$tas. ol l.h. tubltnsuon
.p.clat. .cr,lvtry "lio cs b. c.d .hd ht6h co'c6hllttloM or
@iTc .'n be obt:rEd. th. dlt.dvsnra6.
.fftcr.rcy <' 2s-5ox)
€e.ttt!' fl.s! r.Po.!.d rh.
t..hettu b.!'..n xEK -d v'ri6E slritE 5"his 'lh' b"r
KOst Krcor 4d < 8.)rco! ll!P" er
.rrtt c.d !h. XEK ert-rslton r'o psr'v and corc'nlF !' e'\c
a.n.rarors L.throPt2t €6d lhls solv'nt 'xr'l'cuonkchrnqu. t6 d.v.rop a Uqurd-uquld 'xlr*l.ion 'pF6!'tE
thrch
vs E.d loutlErv to obr,.b r...' qunttLres 6r fr" r"r9J'"
rLo d.v.loP.d
of !t-6 .*!*!ron r,.clnt$st ':!r*rd eTc r'on !r Rton
soluuor6 thto I'E C o.'MrU rt rt"' *a 6 Dorstlq cfbontLe
16 .rtract l,he *to tt'.". hte' b"n a nmber or tlbn'ted
lquld-llqutd .*!!..uon lPtltrtl r'po'ttdrz:-1t7 xost 6f th"'
.r. b...d on the MEX_llklxM
and ls'but'Yl n€0hYr
!h. hlah corc.hlrelroG oa btc 6^ loY sD€ctftc
'ctlvilv t o. Th6 dlsadv.n!.a.s $. rhe posslblo c'hL!frlnllron ot
4!Tc vlLh pylocenrc tlEK d.comP63ltlon p'oducl's'l p6t'tbh rlre
vapous, $d
tl€ cfEie of fo' rdl"l ttPrrcttroE
rd d'c'Y cra
Th. chara.d p$lrcle tndk.d nucl.5r r'act'Ion
babd. ar. n .d€d
rdrc4r.dlo|Grrd.l
Ncr..r Reacltob D.t. Nucl..r Sr.ct6. .nd D.c5v D.iaS.atr.ri.a ard c.pLur.
R.,.ce+G4y .ebttdEhlps
D.cay n6d.s
Drc.v od.al.3 <Q-v'rG6)
". a_. ".a rn:v .*"a*
conv.rllon @[email protected] vr.l&X-..F. ai.Est'rahlun€ arJ Aus..
..dlohulrd. ror
dlal-rlbutlond.r,r xulllpol*lr.lesDlrl..ehi,r.l and tnt arrl d.t.
ca.€er rr.kk
lnD6tll.r c t6U s tor t.rc.l, d..lan tnd ch"n'd ploesslng
rrcL$ d.f,. c.n b. G.dr.llv a.oup.d tnto !'o 'lr+{'i9
€ shgh
'r,rwis. .rd t &c'mDt'd ln v*loB
conFll.t|od,rl'4[l'r.el'lon d.!. tn lht c.9 of
mlrFn ltdE d r.-tl6E lh. d.t. b.' t6
dl P.rLrmn! $' rtu'nr" t'
@ of ctE a.d Potlct. Itdw.d D'&LroE th' tntt3r'l cros
@nplr.crv.ry b-.r .ct.n[r6^ ln 19SO t'rr6dc'l brbllo€r'Dl|r'3
of rh|lar.l clurS.d P.rflcle heL.F dtt' d"!na sD4lflctnv
rtth tn p.obl.n 6l no.llrt 9.6dr*ti6h h'v' b"n tssEd bv Lhe
c.nt.! .t sroot ltlv.n x'uo l Ltho"Lorv US^
ti$l.t d,F*tu. ..d d'cti dat-t !'e E d'd fo} EoLcttt'
a rdtldt.r r.dtonEud. for ln-vlvo ddlc'l lpPn€titoc Th'
s.r.ctlon rr d.L.!t n.d bv l,ro f.ctor3r
D rt€ r.toluilon .td .fri.r.Ev or ut ltdr'r'bn
tr) R.d!.uon doi. d.ltv.r.d lo th. p'utnt
rjl. oa I conv.hi,roml photon &t'ctlrE
e!r*rt.r /_!.Y rtic' or 60 ro 3oo
k.v. srirldrv toioaltPhv (PET) rldton*lrd's
Ylrh etron. t+ n .d.'l Th' 'h"avtnPortahr, 6lnc' hlah /r- 'ner'te3
.n ltitral,toD p.lhs .faecr,l.3 !h'r'bv! r,h€ r.50lutl6n of rtte
d;tet6!6 ;dv.!s€rv Sev.rar tuthqdt are us'd lo @rculal€
sp*lflc 016& on tholebodv do6.' lh' bstc d'tr m'd'd ro! d
rbc.rcur'|roE'rd,r.d..of
b"d'd 6n such
h'rf-rtr.. th. nunb.t of p.dl'l's or pboi'oF 6nltt'd P"
dkrnl,.a.!!1on
rfircL.' !€&uo.
@mectlon rttt' Ot€ pF(xf,r.lon of r'dronrEld" \rh'n t'o nucr'l !
;. . """r"* tnt.r.ct !o p'odr.e
parr,lcls or
,<b'"d
r. th. rftrd.nr Dro.,'ctn.or .J.cL'd nuc'€on ano
9slrcbsr.r,.tntf r,he sun of !'ntlE coE!'nr'
.lasLtc .c.tr..!lns occu.6. r omn6dlficaLron rn
5 iesuli 6f lh'lallc co[sron
rht tat'e0 uwGus
!o $re ttr<ha. €mlav l.rr rr^s drEr;€l stat' bt
th. ;' stm oa .m or hort PrsLoE 6' ll
n@l'E l"ulxv t,h€ mr rcl'E
rs In d .xctkd .Nr€v t.v.t ed r! ruv lde tore or Lhts 'ner6v
tlcLon- If i'h' o'r'b'l bomb*drnF
pdtrcr€ ts ol hlah en rsv( _ 1o-roo t'Lv)
th. erapor:ir,lon of s.v.l.l nEL6E sheL nucud's
Th€ lstl,er Proc6$ lE khovn ! ttdblron Th6 rd6't n@lrd' n'v
even spn! hb tvo hlthlv .xclt.d n'Etdu's 6f slmlld 'ret llrrs
fit.lo. AU n!cl"' r"'llo's 6tther r'rease or
.!so.b.mF.y'th€v5lGo''i.bdn6pGlr,rve rf emfa|y t3 r.l.s.d .nd n'a'uv' rl 'ne"v ts
'b$rDed'Q cs b. .lrdhl.ed
"cae-."x.p.o..d P. ls 1396s93
ir,on "r "x thG do'E mL
!h' d63lr'd t'et-ron
hE! b' tuPPU'd
v Th. h'laht or v 1' astrtut-€d
or cdutoib i.DuLt.n rh.n r,h' gioton
,hebe z 13 the chtrsc
nun$€r. In rhls e6pre
nwr.c! R r..nd € l. LIF
A ta ch. re6D..uv. ngg
(2o)irx.'gxto-rq ..!) t (6.6xro" .v/e.!>
Lhe incrd.nl
tlhrllc .n...y Hoeeve-; s6v'r!l otl'"
ruzzv lh. c.rculr!'d "lhreshotd v'lu'" shoutd
valu. ahd do ha! have : ttf.Ehntd .6€rtv n"rrrrenenL'
b..1, b. .6Mtd.!.d
h.llu'.-{ .rc. 'hlch 6n b}ltc }e*ttoE Lsdtna
i,o lip d€ir.d ;dlon*xd.t
krn.tlc .d!6ies mr-rer' |.hrs 'n'r'v ls
ts lbe eE.6Y 16
tlacr renarh 'hd tsTr€ stopDtna Dor.! or . 'uDaiam'Ionrtthc Pttl.r. ud.r3o'6 p'r uml
s ' 1#F ( 'v cn' €-! i
Fo. s tonrtlna Drilcl. 'lthLh. ..ngo "n b' deftned ^s Lhe
t,v r,h. p$r'tcl6 b'ro" 1! ls sro9ped smdet€lv'
!.- irEtd.nL d""d'd b Eo rbrs
obl,tred bv rnh6rtttn6 !h' €q@tron ron rhe
*.a€Lr,*,. -''
rlndoU!!n.
ran6._.n"aY t!bt"
dl.!.tbuuqn.orappionmr,ery by . row€Ixan dtstFlbo o' Th' "'etr't€rn'r" or
obenn< a r/€rktron neulro€'
.vary pornl. rD !h. **'":s.v.r.r phv.rcal n€l,hod' '!' avdr'br'
'nd 'lux dsr'rrbutlon
on' foi "dron*lid' Droducrloh
,orl is !h. *tl!.tton mtt-d l! rs
t,h. typ. <n,/)In,D) .nd <n.2n)
Fo. dei,errdhrna or earloc kinds of
c'turaLed BIna l,he folbtr.c stnplitl.d e4Etron:
d.NrlN.o(-.rT)
coEr.ht of
rs lh. .mte. of !r,oF. or radlonuclld' produc'd bv th€
.cf,lvrttoh cross_sedron for rhe pa'ucullrn!c1.5. .e&tron u3ed
tn cs.yln€ 6ur, rlux c:r.ulallon. lrE varue
of d prats lt- E tL ll lls.lf
h.v. b..n d1sc'ls€tt bY sevelar
th.or.!tc.l coEld.l.uore m*ry
"". n.u,.. u.lnoen 'P.crlafuEllon 6r Lh. r.f.'.nc.
of !t- .tdr.d
rnt.rn€dr.ry
'penbrtrli.s s th. r.!lo or (c,,/qht"-r'? rhts
s.crlon .nd Excrtr[lon Fbctron
.oulonb b!r!|.r.
of tncld.nr, P.rttcres
and A k r,h. numb6. oa th's. nucl€l thar utide'6o
lh. sDectfiod nn., theh rh€
The uhtt€ of .ctlv.u6n crors b.rn <b'1o-t'cn1)'
nrutb*n <nb - tO-'? dt), ntclobdn ( !b ' !O-to cn2> 'rdn.mb.Fn (hb.to_trcnr>
th. v.rl.tlon or ! P$trcuE! F 'ctlon cro6 r'ctl6h ttlh
tho rft1d.lt .E!.v tt oi l'!'tron b'l"tn r'h' tro
Is c.ll6d s .rclt.l,ton f witon T|. trctt'tton '|fttlon
16r 'coipoed 6wLG !.&Lron rtt.t tnd t'h'n dinlnrahe3
b.acr of conp.t,tll6n ho o!h.r .'*cloE. th't b'cohe
.ert€atc.llt p€rbt. Ektr..ttoh ru^cttons ctn help rn a
Dlolct . .n..av r!nc. rn o'd'f to nt*ldz' rh€
yreb of r,tE d.st..d gtodnct th' radl6*r'rv€
iDpullt,les du. to corp.tlna D.&rtoE
ErD€rrrcnt.l X.l\ol!! lh f,h. D.l,.rdtr.tl6 oa Nucl..r R...tlotr
Cro3s S.ctlon D.t.
tro t.ctslqws ... comohlv 6.d 16! n.a6th6 excrtauon
ttrrloE. Tt* ttrtl om ts .DDltcabl. In th. cs. oa v..lAble
€Er.y .yclotroE. Thln ..npl.3 of the Laia'|.
lD..d.L.d .!tr-r ellh .1i,!41.d b..E ol v.n'lnc 'h'rgres
6r '!.pproprlaLa }.dll tn th. ln!.rn.l t"".ttt ttt" t'!tv't'd ptoduct's
a.e ssav€d quantttlttv€lv vl. r.dtoctEnlc:l n'Lho& Th' second
r,ech.tqu. coElsts or t.r.d1.tt'6 . t'L of rorls or p'lLt' ln a
6ract .nd d.l.rnlnrh3 t.h. acltvttv lD elch 16rl Th' l'crdent
D'r!l.le be'h los€s €nerav on passlnc rhrdoah
dlrlerent en.r.v lE erfectlso aL each rolt Thls iechnlq!€ rs
ollid 'l!fk iFloll' 6! ar,..l.d-D.u.!" l.ct$lqE. B.tld.a l6tL
.hd IFu.L. th. !.clhl$, hs .lto b..D .pplt.d In f,h. cE. of aG
t*G"tc"ttto. s.v.D.l l,tin r.tl.d as cvltnd.F. !ts Dl&.d tn .
lor !o coEtttut. . .t&t or .rnDt..
!h. .lek d foll, FtL! oD .yltird.r c.chDtqu t. e.tv
@ful .rrc. ob .L t.v.r.t .h.rclc s. ob!.!h.d
h..rt|GL t!!.d.Lron stE. tht, l- d$rqu r. |'6. comdv
6.d t. oot rclton tort r.|.v$i, lo r.dlon*Ud. plodrclton
soR or lt .dt€nl f..l6.t .D. alv.h D.lot:
S.*r. PFp*.ttohIh ord.r io obl.ln . lsa. hunb.! of cr66 $ctlon d.l.
Dotnt. ov.r ! atv.n .Eray ..rr. .nd vtth
.xc.stv..h.r3y d.ar.d.tlon lh..ch rolr rt
t'hrh fotls, lh. foll6.h6urd. hor.w.., b. r.hlck anouah t6 prode€
msuraDl. *clvlot.s fo. a.tt,rn3 aood co$tlha st.Listlqs- h Lh.
mt.ls (a..]u. 1r, Cu. Mo' A6 A! .lc) forl o,
v.rvln3 thlctms ... conn.rct.lty .v.tl.bL. 16
6e&rv subrt.E.. llt. n I. n Br .td CrCl. for .x.mDl€. Lhn
D.lLr. ,.t. obt.rFa 5y Dr.*lna !h. p6ed.r .L . Dr...ur. oa (2.:
toBlcn')t' r't !tt. stntl$ly In Lt* cs. or 4lptNr, conv...tol
of o.dtEly .ulphur to DIE[tc aulphlr fouor.d bv pr.stna on l,'
. tr-fou a.w. . thrn D.lL!'t', Th. t..chhlqDs of .lDlrmt-lon .n
v..uun .vlpor.llon b.v. .b6 b..h |gd for attlt.C thtD ftlG on
$l0.bL berrn6rtt. Unltotn.GP.Eton or trF t$G.L tut.ll.l r
. s.lf-.lpD6rLlha poryacyr.m
thlch alves rls. r.o d.slrabl! tnti rlln
rn rhlckmss, d.G€ .rd :dheren!- Unrfo;ri'rri rh
the fur t. . votv tnP6llell.h. thlckress ol the rorr rt ts
. ch.ck on th. ch.'nlc.l PslrY
Belr currenr Xohtt,orlns
lvo merhods .t. 3.h.rdlv tppll'd for rh6
applt.able tn !h€ css or thtn 3ta.l6 the out€otD'
a F'Iailay cuD and !h€ kr,.l chsra' colbcr'd ls 'e6lslered lh th'
second nerhod us. ts nad. of r mntuor r.5cLlon vhose excttaLlon
flslto. ls kno'n &cu..t.Iv. aor lhts Du'pose several folls ol
the nonttor ai€ lEa'r'€d al seve'al phces tI the
ls aPpllc.ble case of lhlck stscls'
re. 'hen lhe $rpre bean ts stopp'd !n th'
vhenewer posslbl. bol.h t Faradav
R.dtchenlcrr s€Ps.uoE
ln nanv cs.3 !h. r.dlotcuv€ P'odwt sd'r lnvesllca'ron
rey lt. dete.dlhed qqnLltaltv.lv wla htgh resolutlon z_rav
spect.oscopy vtthou! lnvolllna a radlochenrcal
ot lov_vl.ld F'odu€ls or fot producrs € r'tt'6
sofr, radrauon <"c "tt> tr, atmost lnvatbbrv
t6ol.t. th. dtst"d rrdrotsol,ope
lcttlitv tlei,ho& lllc adsortlton, Pi'ctPttar'l6n'
ertlactldn, d.v Y't dlsrltt'tlon
canno.lt enPr9ved
cohtlhc it lhodtBo.t of !h. ..doMu.t ! 9oc.h!l.uv '&rul ror rFwivo
.DDIcttroE .nl! .otl.bt z-r.v. In cro€ rtcclo^ 16!l
!n F.tor, hth rt co'ftnry E d tn
rt- cs. or t+ .t'rtr6.' oh u- ott-. h'rd ll rc da*t'ltauc
/-r.y ls .rnttttd <.G, of'$P> 6. ts 3'et'uv E& 'f .th'
lttt l6v &tnhtl.Ll6h - r.d.cloh, .llLr el. 7_r'v "€h6@9v
6r
3tE. lrnlhlLrlonv!. //-cotMld.F. @6dDC.
Tl€r. ...n aur.d 6xctt.0roh
thr.. MJ6r souEes or urc..t.l^l,tes lh thp
Edt.0l6^ tt .nt!!.d bv .v.rv n- .ttttl'r' ll k t6$lu0'lv
E@3nry to c.rty out . full a6lFl3 oa Lh. d€tv cuDr' Il tro
,+ .dtL.E of .tno.! .rn .t h!lf-Uv.. .r. 'xptct'd '
d'rDel,romLrtc .slF!. r. .s.Ll.r.
;--^-- .- .,-r.-rr^- F'*rr.- i{.'6.mhtt
tt) D.0.r.{Er,r6hItl> D.t.Fntutloh oa .b.olut€ *ttvlt'v 6f lh' tctlvtLloh
l|. ll!d!t,.lD!t.. ln F.ra._.mrav o.lculttloB I"d to
.rFrs In th. .tt3y &.L lr.. o( r.t|.r t.hlcr fotL ln tho ta'
of ror .mr3y Dloj.€trr.. r..& t6 @Bld.!.51. .t]or.. .r|d tn Lh'
sl-rDly tEEslna o. d.cF.stt* *tt6h oa s 'xctltlloh fuGlron
tuy n€k Lt- fIE .ir@0ur., tt .hY
t..h .u..ht Btrt. . F.r'd'Y cup o'
..F!aUy rcr. n.nY of l,h. .rc|0't'lo' ruMuoE
I.Dor[.n .o l.!. tor.vor. G. hs b..n nrd. of rcntlor r'aclroB
to. n..rurlnr ltbu€h tFnv
hea" s!r6cesi,.d. un(or.uh't.lv.
39
6!andr&r'' th. its!r;.rh!i tn lh. d.L'!ntntl'!on of th€ tbtorln'
acttvtty of !h. .cttv.lloh p.odel *lt'6 dtnlv troh t'he
urc.r!.tnty tn ttr .fftcl.ncv ol th. cou'th3 sFtth a "[
a
ttF d.c.t d.t. q.d In rc.| €s.8 both lht 'fftcl€rc/ 'hd
l'lE
d.6y d.i;. s. 'ftvn
t.U to !b! rn 3'mr't th' tottl trFo! du'
!o l,hts &6c. <b.. rci .rc..d 3ta
Iti d€ ..cttoh drt. r.Dort.d
.lFut 1O Lo lta! for roe-y'.rd Ploductt l'hc lot'l 'lrolt m,
t.rot lhrck laa.t' Yt.ld
th€ vl.ld of . r.dro^Elld' 't?'cL'd ftoh ' parr'lculd
lhlckh.se of th. t ra.r, (r'hlck r,.r€'r' vttldt c" b' cakur'l€rI b
s r.Le!r.!1on of Lh. D-ur.d .xcll.tro^ aurctlon
bY r.t€ t.ra.r. cI.C lr* !.l:Lt6n
Y- --!-#- r .,-*5 1i .=1f,.ot,-' " .e> ae
lr r th. AvoS.dro hunb..'. th. .*lchn.ht (or lsol,6plc .buhd'rct) of th
th. n.g nsb.! 6l lh. l.laol .l.renr'th. p.ol.c0ll. curr.nt.Lhe rtopPlna Dor.r,!h. c!o.r ..clton .0 .n..3Y E'
tho d.c.Y coEt,.nt 6f Lh. ProdEt 'nd1,h. ltn 6f lrr.dl.tron.
represents t,he navlmud vteTh. catculated tleld varue
. 3!v.n talsgL ststs In: Fr*ttc.'
ho,.ear, l.he .xD€rtn nt.ltv obtttmd y'crds tn hlgh_c'i!"nt
prodElro^ r'JE .E tnvst.blt lot€' ths r'he lheoletrcar vd!'s'
postbly due ro lnhotu6.mttv ta thc thcr&nt
d.m€e €ffeLs, ros6 or lh. prod$t' 6 a esuli of hlth p6e'r
d.Et!y etlectrv€
p.ter-rmtlon ol Abrolult Acuertv
I! c.oss secuoh ro.! the raaloactlwe product uhde!
d.i,€rmlned qcnLiLaLl!€lv vl'
hlch-r.sotuuo. r-rav sp.ctroscoPv The n'rsuled
f*tors ln orde' ro 6et lhe aDsoluo'
Tr€ co..eclloN duc r'o dead
.ol!'ctdefte losses. d.c.v dd t-!av abuhdance *€ €r'soluL'rv
drsr.learauon P€i secohd (dPt> alr6!
ftslr.a couhr .!le ln cas
d..d tlm co.rsclton rd!6rptLup .ff.€t co.recttoh faclor.or*rd.E. lo33.s cortecttoh f:clorerflcl.tuY of r.he der€lo.
|:s !}s ttne t.k.n ror tt€ cosll.a svet.n to proc.s
316..1, Any o!r€! srgnat contnS durtn€ r,h. dead trh.th. d6.d |-ln. vhlch 4h b. dscelnrmrt
bv Lh. tvo sasc. Dttbd'", lh.n the exD..€ton for mn'xtendrbl.
dead tlm. ls:
r", ' +rrPu.uD Efa.c,t
Pulses lo.! du. r,o Dit.uF err.cr d.Fend on rh' n6€utd
lncr.!6rhg stlh Incre.sln6 .ountrnc
couLln( ri!€ . ret hundred
i=4.-a( srzLr ) -o
'rrh cr€k_r,lm' ( sr
f5dtor 1st6:
. Ful6e P eu! r'le'toi atd
9tl'uP cor'ecuon
h.we rct l,o b€ rppU.a tn .qui,loh < 7 )
Det.rnlElron of cotncld.nc. Lo$es
1. |Er. cor.ktroE
tr&3rlbE tn
oE of rhe nelho& rs |o
.?co. 4cr, !l.-rn, .7v. r.7ca,
fo. lhe cotEtdcm. lo3ses' rhrcl
cGede, G.g. t. t"co, "s" "ta "lr.aUbrrtt6n cu.ve fron
hEl.t $t[hout r _.*."a", . e 'otcao'M', "t'db, o"r", -2. -rr, "-
'2k (.cco.dlnE r.o their ) -energles)
rares (coi'ecled tor decav
nesur.d dtr€clly $d .t 1o ch dlsttrc€ b€ Rr for ' tucr6u'
wllhou! Z_ccad. ahd Rr lor 6oth€r h!'r'G etlh /_ca"de rh'
oltbr.lroh .uv. tE @E!.Et d bv plol|ri€ !h' rtuo Ri or '4netr,hout 7-@drL .6.tEt lls aMm-r'v ener3v
Slre i,h. p.ob.blnly ot d.tecrlr'€ cotEra'E rEtd€DL3 'r' lo ci
dr3r,ec. 16 w.!y .ndr' th.!.ro!., bv conPrllna i'h' '3tro R2 of 'colftrd.Ni. loss !o th. $tlo Rr of the eubrauoh
@w€, Lho corEtd€tE lo.s for lh. hELE sd" coEldtrauoh ra
Erfkt.ncy of tlr. D.a..r,or
th msutna r.dlo.cLrv. dccay
rale ihat €v6.v dtstntesr.rton ls couno€d
propottlonarlt,g .tlsts tor anv palttculat deLecf,lon
dlttnl,€tratlon .al,a A' aod
lhe P.oporLloDttl0Y d coun'tng
.friclercv. the coullr|. eaflc!.nct d.tends on 'Ebv r*to's
rhcrudl.a rt'e d.tc.tor tvp.. the 6.on€t'v ot rh' counrlh6
.nd ttF f,vF sd .Rrsv or tl€ r'dlo*f,tw' dec'v- th€
osh b. deternln€d erp.rlh.hr.llv Etna
canl,r.ted .!.nd.rd aoures tkt€d tn Table3 aror|cvlth rhtr'
scoPE oF ttlls 90Rx
.ohgouhdt r'b'tred
69pltcluoE ln
Lh. corronlv
vl. rt- h.rtFurr,h.rm.., rtt d.c!v €hs*rs'ttl.lca lre not
r.dlooh.In...!!k!rs bb.u.d rtth -S' 'Iv'
hl'h r'drarton dotes
6.€.tu-sel.tu-coipou^ds .r. d"tr'd' suh s s€l'h6-anlno tcrdg
tt ,ourd b. a EJor 5dw.nr,ac'
sdt.ble r.dronEnd. rh. .5dlonEll&?"S' (t'-2= lt l s"") h*
L,e.h srt6aesr.d snaro'5'dlo6'!phv but the
of ris.(Tr,r-7t l,: r'-65 ,. €c '3" E8' '1i2
!h.t lt' mY be a nor' userur
rn rlvo m.dc.l atPllc.r,loE Erq
(PET). A dk.dlat c. or ttst r'o"utt' ls ltE loh'-x"d d'u'hki
t",r"<r,,.'tos d> rhrch adds to th' "rll'tron e"
"s" cr^ to producea vi' (Psn> atd (d'4n)
*s..tc or ds.,st .hd (dE) t'aclroc on "!mr{u
som
rhr.rEtloh o^ LIE ?t^s(p 3 '"s' 'nd ?t^3(d 4nt?!s' r€&r'ron
Y* i.Po.ted dtt''$) and (an)
acbt.ved. In
D!6!6h ahd d.!r,.!on on $s'hlc 6bd d 5nd '$'
rirllsd Facl,loN on o.tE.tun, conP!!a!rv' tr:tuuon ot "s'
DFdEuo^ vra scw.'ir s!b. hE b'en d€*'rbed
th. 6tudy of
..d nuttrttoEr dk6rdc'3 tcs
r.di..ucrd. for th.r.pv YIr,h .adlolab'll'd
radroch.nlcal ro' !E P'odEtron of d'dcu
trCr. be.n d.6c!tb.d ln th. lll...tr'!ra oompd"lv' evaluatron or
adou producdon ln c!'lotr6n
ou!. arsto!
o'z'<..proc.
th" 'l'lo-hfc sysr,en ts the
b.qc' ot ttt Drontn'nt' E or
d.amsrl€ nucles redlcr* chlomtoGraPhl
'r. b*.d on r,h. 'd6o.Ptlon or ttlo oh a cotuftn ft[ed Ylrh
sutlabr. E|.rral .nd F\c c.n 'lur€d r'on rhtg
collrm, Yhila Fxo ""i.1* .d.o'bed Drff'ren! .&orbenrs suct! 's
.lunlnrun oxrde. zrrconrm oxtde, ch$.Dar r.rrrc hvdroxrd€.
'rro-*^r"6e."..tor
DiH ;h ; r' ird.:t a " troiiiErida. . .hlv & ltr .lulon
codt |t.r.h . DFflr., % .tu!r4 .tttEt'dv, !'ddnElldtc'*-"'n- -d!i:r;rdo<rr-rat i.t dadiit Dcrtv. n.- crt
6nr*.d rlr,h cl-.t61 Ar.o. bc.<l t o_hlc t.d!'tor'
EXPERIIGIfIAr. xEfaoDs
c.o.s s.cf,ron/Etcri.lton F6ffi
$d 75ar(dxn),:.,r?r5e
Tt€ s!'dv of (D'3 J'd (d4d i'*t]on lnvorv'd
.x.tt.||onfuncr,ronyr.lds !.d Prod*i-lon of ?!s. Thtt
xFA Jitllch' FRO TIr 'ett't'lon rs'1roE
".". ***.t€l.ct;oPbtlns Frhod ws &vetoP'd !o
srudy or "^<r!4t1lj::e
rtttn srsenlc Pr6parsd bv 'l'ct'rotvtlc.n .I€llne
nkJ-.Lc!.olY|,rc c.urd! ^l a.d
r..9.<tlv.ly.ndTh. €l.ct.orYlrc
.y.ntd. solutton rn t !o 3 rttro
be!:1n6, lhd r! Lh' cs'
n.d. bv dlssotelnc t x2co" '
KC and
ioomt|I2o.id
the t€t:l loll on thtch Ac .t6urd be d'poett'd *rv'd I €r$6de'
Pt 1's God s s6dt lo! &potllton of As oh Cu' 'nd 'raphtte ro!
As 6n al. the for €r'c!'oPrtrtn' ]{s on Al 'nd cu
re.. 05 .'xi 2! n^/cn? r"p"t'lv6rv tk nrr -'r'drorvuc c'u
,s ple..t tn. v.!.i b.th 'L 6o'c !o obtltn
.rect!6phLrnc tlm. of 2 n r'sulred rD d'PostLro^ of 3_6 q
.dh.r.nt. TrE $s.nl. &PGrt 's '*htd' drl'd 'nd
e'lBhtd Aft"
r,h. 6d of ih. .rperrn.nr t-he
_l,lva|roh.Er'd.
,.r.hi &t..mrFd vr. !h. !'6 rer'hod'
sd f.u cc"nt. rbdtorr
(JrLtc) F6r
exclratloh functroB
at 5o trA 'r!h tr- tErd.hr pFron 6mr
d.ur.Fon rnduc.d m!e!!9!=--91-q!:4!f
3 .1,&k€ v.ie lrladlar,od tr' t-h' oonD*l cvcblron
oV-2€ ro! heau.tunt or lh' eKtl'tton f'fttt6h or rhe
-r"tp,.>-s. leactt6n qeto 20 r'l.v rir"bcr-
rd c*Fr.d
-,r"<ap>-.-,-S" !.*tr6E ? rr'.dt t-d 5r- 50 hA
for 20 nlb 'lrh of t6 x'v ar
..d v lou6 b's 'ct'nt mnlt6!1D' vt: rh
.nd ttAl(d ]p2')"fi"'a Tro sl.'crs Yer€
.Lo lrr.araLed .l !r€ conp*! cvcrotro' frlh r prlntrt d'utelon
ri{.v. B.d cur.nt rn thls lo? en"6t
..alon 'G &m Grlt. $- da.r
Th.d.G..dauo^
th. .cttvltv of e*h trr'dr'!'d folt '6 t'ased bv
r-r5y sp.ctrcn.trv Glha . 32 €n' 8'(L1)-er'ctor @uDled vlrh a
tiEl.d D.!a 66 3Ft.r. Th. d.tee'or cou^l-lna
drffer.n! photon eEr3t6' r.qurred rh' absorule
nL*ofdtfffdt}.droact|v€Products.|5sPecrfl€ posllloh,
3hoi3 th€ erficlencY
o.(L|).d€!.cLdl
o.ffi..y sp€cboEr.v !!e!4!!!9- !91!9!2
{'r,,!t.l }t!! . -Gr{r n-I ' ,i.i:lr.r. -. l,: rrr4:(r:r ?. | ' '.
II
D D ffiolootDot--tll*l-
IFHtrSAT#T5"I"#3::L.tJ-n r'rr Dr.' -l r'rr dthbr'
t*L-mddnf
5 h 5ft.r eoa t .lto; !h.
"ss". r" Lh" 6.. d), vhlch €etr tn .qulxbrruh
'r!h tts d Eht.t -r" <i,,,- x 's sr,*r-ed !5
dlyE .tt.r th. .nd of bonbDdmnt :nd rh' lbsolut' acttvlrv 'sd.r.s.nl d vla th. s3a !€v z_isv of !h. aauahttr 72At
C.rcrrr.trod oa PFtoh/ -D-ur,..o- [email protected] R.*tron cro*
th. atrs! tt-.P ln th. c.lcur.r,ro'
rncbde a PUt" Prl'lp r'l'cr6' rM
appll.d !o obr.In i'h' 'bsolul' act'lvlrv fhe
"t' c'lculat'd Bta lhe
n . !,el.ll!r o{ IrD !r..r- rer.lrd rh ...m rn cc.tn a/6' tn
D.|'!rd..ll r rq.dro tru'b.rI - te5 c6!.n!
o$trcr. (rsrtct .zs4jr dd fiu d.rEfty !nf - l$torlc ItE tea.l. l'or,6p.a i .rcG .ettoE
- .tomrc r.rahr of r,.!€.L Dr-r!.It !ltn6f
xrDfrc.l Er.FL or B.- CE...l ii|&.-nt
_o.(p,r"razn .r .9.t h. E +? \.y, | -2. xtr.laht, of CFroll - o.O2dt .7cn'Du!.!ton or ri!.dr.!to. . o.s33 h
lErdrhL on cu-toll ! 50 n vlh. arv.n .turat - 30 rb
".2h. a r66j rfr.. EoE ! o,? cprrE.rctr* th. varl*s h .q. (tl)
/" ' nor .PplcsbleN r 0.7 cP.. . t3 X ro_r t< < .t rO ch dtrte fron d.!Gtor)'r.Ax
1.3lto _t6.2a
53
Nov putuna irh..v5lu.s ln cq (i, {6 a.t
30.{,, o.o,o!'6.oF{d}:odo -'? d 6elrr (1-. ------7:.--'
of .rs356 rr^ dd rt h
d.d*ed fron cr- ctrda'
.3.oft*to!o 9rot6F7..c
thrs 6F-Do'r&
4r.mn! ttlh Lt. v.ru of .bour !o d
rc or d rl.r.t.r.4!9!
l_ . mr aPeudr.r . 2.2 \ fi-r x .! ! dttsct of
Iru.b.r r..cuon ud.r lhv"tl.tctoh'-rr<c,en>"tsccr-r -? lh E,, -361
v6r.h! or AtfilnDu.r,ron or ltradri.ron ! 0 ts' h
p"or"" rrc"Cv rdt&nr on Asrlh ' 23 ri'v
te'n cslentcdut=p..3.cordof
v.rs'tn.qul.|on(11'Y...|,
r.lwr ln .qurton <1) e€ lar
o.oo4x6.023rlo:tr€.o23xloroe
srudy ot ^"to.(aro)72 ":7ts€ .nd -to.<!rh' tnt7t7!75s'
lhe stdv of (d,h> .nd ('lta s) R*tl6E on 'ertunluE
tnvolved €rltaLton 'nd ctL ttton of thrck
!..a.i, ykrd: For p.odul,lon of 7'S' a! the conD'cr cvclorron
tele 6.h"'llv h'adt'Lad 'l!h 2a N'V
d-pErLl.t.s .t b.'n curr.nrs of {_5 !A 'nd }adloselontu w's
slrlon Th' tar"td '5dr"r;r'dui ks
of drv drst0r'tron
Pr.P.trtrgn ol Thrh O..nnr@ flrF
sr*. a..tuhrln 'offeld'rrv av'llabt'
s .leclrolytlctG .tsehllallv de3crtb'd bv szerertta
'rv'n rn
'l€ 3 Th'
tt held b'iv'en
forl (rr ci d)
rop oI r,t- /\1 ls n d. of sr.Phlte
du.t'!. th. .le.Lrorysts lh. eLcl,rolvtrc
ol . ?x solutron of o.cl. tn plopylene a\c6l
ProP.rry d€e.d r,hlb rol& (lo-3o !m) of
th. rclsrs Mo. t$c!, Tl ad AL€r. r...r.d .3 car,hodes G'ckrng
Ere.l.r6). tt fo$rl to be uflttal'r. Th' b'sr. rlrre
i€!€ 6ht3!Ed on Cu. Th. .fr.ct€ of
.r.clloplallia q€lrtv or d.ts'rkdlE lnd !d"e6!
6.rn.ntum flt'E Y.r. rosd to b.; cu s ca'hod''
rh. b.th '6o'c, cuF.eDt d.Eltv loo a|/cnz'
a ttre 25-30 h Th'
oe,€ r'G'rs m.'/cm: rr€ €t'c!'orvtic
yr.ld r. bv ('tr> Hor.ve' !h. d.postr rs untform 'nd coBrsts
th€ v6tahL or th. G' dtDo3tt' es d't'rnlned be
as bY rh.rnal
or !h. erp€llnebt' the r's lLs 'c'e'd wtthln :Jz
thrs n€thod
rh.reE oul!:m. .! ,14 h.d c€d untforstv scFe'dtd €'o2 In 'Polv.tvr.ne ftLn h'd obt'rn'd l-hID
of o' on 'lunlntun
forb
Ir..dtruoE lnd B.s curehr nbdrorrhh.ltG3 ....i,roE on C..mhl6)
csrlltd our rn !tu
,, , -T-i, l*trrn,li4tn!.lt-i'raltitqht{o rn
Folt lr.laht ot.aorr ldld.t resct€1. orCaorra ftcnkb
21-tf
215?
't.€
l!.r0
.l
?.b1.! 5
s.r.r' nr.""aloli.or.i.'i:-r,;il:'?!s.t .d Dtntd
n+ (6t), ac tett
xonlf,o! i*ll6 pr.dq€L.ttttr lt.o h
"'v t6.at d -_2?7 A
'otza -9.t h
otzn 34. t .
"zn 214.0 ""oc. t.t h ac (,t!,t). n- (!t6.!>
.recr,ropLled tolls (se 6r cu) ahd sone copD.. .bso.b.. fork fer
tr!.dlsr€d fo!fs del,.rnlhed vr. Lhe 6cu(o,d&c!
r'fttron 16 rm'nrd.
rom Tl fotls lma.ri.t.d fo! t3 ntn .L so nA lb.
.Fiay d.c!.d,tto^ of eH.-P,.ttcles ln Cu. Tr ..d Oa l'vels 's
.alcul.led s tn rhe csa rndlced .e:cltons lhe rH'
""= ".,";.,.."whlch the excltatlon tuEtioh ts tnovn'-
E.ror rr chss.d ?..ttcr. [email protected] R.er-l.n c.oss s€cil.h
tn r-h. neaur.d
€sttnal.ed by Laktna squai. loots of lrE
rndrvldut .r.o;s, .Eh € tho.. occuftr|€ rh lr! d'relmlMuon or
r,he thlcthess of e.ch fou and ars.nl./€el'ltjlun l've' (l') tn
(102). and .bsoruL'
or rhe acl-tv:Ltoh to 15 ,.). The
.:.
..lld.Fv or tl- rLGGtqF, cqlruia €$Elrt' $d d.ev -h.r.: lt5 oErar d.at'dr,l6 eku;t,ts d& drrdEd m .a;r, rr- .,
r- .bou! !o5 x.v telo !., Ec' Ed o! I tb' € rbv' da 'Douilo'3 lLv .! hrah.! .m!3I{. oh tL .v.!.e.xctioB .m6!.d lo itr,.
tteso€Ehr oa Fltston .ut'rn s
s.cltoE ror rh. r.*trd4:4!I r.cu' dz,'<np;-c. .a4
nzt <np>txt
Fls3r6n n.ltron
n.sur.d ror Lh' r'lcrtoN oZt<''p>-c-'
oz^<',ortrt It7-3p.c!'dtcoPY r 3 D$r of
ar NEl.a. ch.nltr.v Dtvl.ton PIXSt€Cll kLndrd l*rsrrn'
3.4.1 t.r.dt.troNHIah Durl.v Btur'l zrhc(tg9x Plrtt rszn<4a6x''
prep.r.d ln qu&ui,tes of 2s_'on€ ror
r"' 3'at'd
flur nohtror tdlls (Fe Co and Nl>'
l6.dl"a !o !h. no'iltor re*tlobs "r"<' p>ttn^'
o.nt<^.p>t.co, _rr<..D:-co .nd 4tll(nJ)d t elre
pl*ed rn cvllndrlc.l th' anpodt rn 6'n"'l
!h€ s!re flq sr,$datd E!'rrtr
r,lF .nPoure 4 d.prct'd !h Frt 19 srb',lns l.lF ebv '
o.""..t*"-" of the 'rf'cuv' wlthlD r-h' smpoule
quartz AmPoule
IoitCo
Ni
'\Zn foil
Fl6le. Af.ne,rent
Shor! rrr.dlauons of 2o_3o nlbut.s
th. 3 \t svlnnrna pool !r?e Parr.tan A[onlc R'sedch Reactot
(PIRR-!) at PIiSI€c|l
D.!.rinn.f,lon of tleut.on Frur! D€Ertr.t " k_F&tots
th. fsr- rcut,roD fiux d.Ettl" <rr) 'rt*Llve 'r, the
.npolLs r€ra de!..nltud 6lr€
tn TsbL.6^. Alto alv.n lh TrLrI.6A 'hd Eid valu's
av'r'.'d cro€s
redmftti.d bv deL€'dlnrnt r-he rt'1o \/'tt
l.enFd * k-f:c.o.<d(h> 's also
the rs! b.ur.on
reve..l t..adlar,l!r.s
'- "I '' '",. ,'l- --,';*'
llP lndr(t'luil ;! r-'e b"t'tee" L"d
s x i-h. ;, !.rues
fhts ts dm
ooBtde.lng .ll lhere rs no obvroc
due l5r66lY t,o of measurenenrs'
st6rtrtcanr, d6vtsrtoB rron the fksron
"i r..t """t""" tllx densrLre'
^: InforEtlon oh th. th..tt-rd
rlux d.nstt l t3
rucl.s' ..*!tonneuhon flu d.nstrv an'l k_f.ctor
. fltston 'Pecrruh
3.a3 crGrdcar s.p$a on .nd so@c' ?rtDa'!!6b
Irrsdt6t.d Zn $d 5nt .a'h
dksorved tn s tt Hcr' Th. solutlon 'at Psced th'owh
.lreadyl,r..ted
t x lrci r-hrn il core3 dot^ xhtle cu 'rd zn d' eturtd rtrh 03
Hcr .nd o.0o5 x tlcl ..sPecltvelY
dlrer,hvr6lvodno Tha pr'ctPllar'
drted .dd r.t.b.d . Tre chedc.r n'rd
.oupled Lo a c^n6'rra a5 nxltl'hnner
:nalvz.r Th.
or Lh. bar_lrv's
tlua nbntLo'ta6 Nl
cakuratlon of N.ut.on lDduc'd Rt'ctroh cross Se;tloB
The aount r5t.s
srl|i,{iLed id
Radro* wrty .l'6.rn!
yt6ld., d...y, ri.t D!..Fhth6, .fftct.rcy or
6r @sLlB, .l:orFLron d|d a.lf .b&rptlob etl*k 6lc, th. deay
d.t. 6.d w.r. t.ken flon th. lter.Lure 5rd *. x3t6d th
T.1,L.7. FFn lh. dlstnL.B..tron rar.. oblatn.d th. n,ot.oh flq
&EtLtes ,.!e c.lclLt.d crhc lh. G!.r *lrvrlron ro.Nr..
A'! n rrfi l f <t
A. E:rrDl. oa d! .rs4.mnt
rm.7€ d), E '€to k v.
v!,3i.hr or I{r fdll . i.. m.
Fe*rton cr6*_&c1,ton trB nb
(9
= 6--ttit"-r5oi-.'7
o.oo?a$.o23xtottxo 5??6rrr3x
61
/|n EranpL or tti x.€@Grnl-
aI .3.27 \t, E rttr3 l'v l rcaa6 *r
R.adllon clo*_t cr,ton -s7 b
.-uri ..t. .fLcr 20 il'B or EoBr'on d'r*lor'
Deri4r,o. sff,dtencv 5t llv'n dlst'E'
,-r*"o" - d,, "*
- ifi*-..,.*r\n Ex.nPra or clos-S€crlon rl'€ol€mtrL
"'znr..f,rd'cu
Dokcfor .ffrcl.my .r, atv.n dlsl.Fe {t.o35 : '0000'6I!Ert,t.€ tile !.r@s tn .qrEl,lon (11) t' €ei:
. r.! r r.3t3^ ' 6:6{t?T.ffi
- s1a76..2 qa
CrE nlcal f.rd oa c! pFctDti't€d tc 7t x
. srtr'a 2 xth...ror. ror.t ^ ' -1|---
"'
tns.rlln; th.
1'5316'=0 0,66 x6 oz3r'o';: 1i61?
r !o''x 0"6 r d(l.i+*=)
rigmrt3.3?6xtor!ra
r- L.ul'ron I6dE d Rtlctroi cnos s'crroh
the reln sourcet of tr'6tr Invorv'd
&6r!r.. (- s"> sd thcolur''
or,h.r 3ou.a.3 trel1 :'d "'e
unc.rlalntte. tn lhe ^uhb'! of !4"' nucr'l (<12) rt *'ll * tn
rl!.dr.Lton .nd €@ltna ttres (_tx) Tht 6v'rall
ob!:tmd bv lumnln' the |tdrvtdEr
E:crt.rroh Func[roh or:'^r(prn)/: /t ?:se Re.crl'h3
the .k[.tlo^ <p,n) ra&tloN on A"'hlc'
re.dln6 to !h. f6rEuon of "se. '!se. .nd "se *ere re*'o"a
r.h!e oa 3 to at H.V lh. cro3s
.tov. mntloh.d dltfer.ht ltuid6hL
Fla 4 l,oaether stth Lh' e:ilt€r refltts (rer'
u.. i.o$d 15-
r.o "s". "S", 5nd 600'00 nb
.esp"cLtrelv The 'r '-'" "rL<p ro"rt'os' "r
''rs,.t,".r" -"'s. "ea"ttoeEx.rtatlon Fuhctloc or
lea,tlr'r to lhe fornarlon or
r.ac{lobs ar' grv'n in Tables'
ahd lc ttie! ror or ;'s.. 7's€. and
...."'*.".
52 oo, 1g5.oo .nd 600oo n'b
Exctrruon Fhct.roE of "".c"<a,rnl'2-2,'ose t.cuorErclr,ariori ruelloB
r..ctlore ov.rThe n.6ur€d
or "s. u ue d-parl.r.s wrf,h "",ce rs
erth th. Ir..5rs. *""-. tt- "*"""",". .urtt.n forFra.e and conpared vlr,h rhe
s..'ho|d.n.l.v
of ,|s.' 7,se .nd
?xcrr,:ilon f'mction of :Jse tn er& p.rrlclelnduced ...crloE slb,n th frs.e toa.rher rtrh thexr.r.ru.€ daL:
"."",oe &..*,,",",.s"€tv.n th lable.a Th. E--- rtes
lnt.!
Ir!
nE7,?5n|ritnr !-F.lil. rffig' ll{.V,
rre.6 Ercrt.croh ahctton of the -'o.(ennr7's. pFoci^ss, th...*urf,s of ornrrsr'm .r ar (R.f. 62) tor '"o€(.,ht
t/,,ir"
t't
E
x
5ttr'
lr.n t Frh. rEgt tH.Vl
Frctt.ctoh runcr,l6b ror rhe rorrurron or 7's. tD 6-.nd-ll.- plrf,lcle rFduc.d huct.* re.cuoh, oh Eoe. Th.'lrl,. fo. th€ -tt€-F..rtct. r.drEcd ,.oc..r r!.we t..n..rr.d br . f'cr6. of io
32
F.lt;tl-"'-'*'{,)'i,,.^,,*
ldi15 D,5!
!'drr FrId. .Ev oLvl
Excrr.rton r,rcrloh or '.s" tn ,- ..a-t.- rt.]ttct. tlrdE.d tut.*lr.-D.rt.tcr. hdtE.d
r*.or of tO.
nt
3*iA
l!'
:6
31
t.bl.:11Eft..[rr .roas+.c1,!on! of (d, xn> r..ctr6m o^ n.rO.
tor th. rolclroi of rdr€.l.dm <nb)
:!:9!1
s-!s!:]I
s::!::\]-!!
S!:r:.t!
T.ble: l2Eaa*tlE ..oss*e.tto6 of ('rle,xnt ..kl rft oh ^otO.
ror th. lo.@ttotr ol radtGer.ntuh <i|bt
-:!:s!:q
sl.ck-rv
ss
crrcr sr,lon ol thlct t..a.t Yleldr
""'ge<'tt.,*>'"'" "s.r.specriv.lY The crGt
.t dlrfe!.nt, lncldobr
sei,loB of ItFta" ...rat". "r"
Y_ i;'rr<1_"-rr'
nEu& t3 arv€n
L',rd.-L,-, ",D re
rah. €r Lo E.rn
ue alv€n ln 15br.s.13-2{.
vt.Fta lo, 11, t2 shd 13
i,h. proj.cur.
opcrtu Emray !.. c. ro. rh. P.odctroh oas. wr. a(ptht
. ' tDln 13
Th6r.ttcd thlct t.rg.l ,l.ld f@ tt^.(D, ah)t's. r.&t!o
)dedE Dlfa.lnt,l.l lnl sMiyl.ld yl.lA<tnvt*,> <tavrN
. .tE(F
!r,
t bl.: la .a.r,ud.r(nb) lrt (3/.d', DlfL$ttd tht a!.1il.ld rr.ld<ror/ltat1, <,tcr/uat\t
.E
z.lf t.lt9
T.bt.t 1s
lh.dr.tr..l r.htct ra.o.r,,t.ld ro. ^.to.ra,rot.se,e."tro,
"(hb) Rr'6.<s/c-. ) t tf i'"e c Drrf.!6tt.r rnbar.lyr.ld yt.rd.<trtr/u{lrt <t\:l/r|||t
43
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[email protected] Lhlct r..g.t yt.td for ^"r(r€(d,rn)7rS€ .e.ctto.
z(nb) R.tEr(.7.r. ) ( i:;'* *
2a.a
n€or.tlc.l !h1.* t.rs.t tr.r.r ro n"iCec*,xOt'Sr ..ectron
r<rb) toa.(a/..r ) Dlaf.hll.l lrr.ar.tyt.ld ?t.ld -qar,/rAD <trtl/,l,,r>
(s
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11.41
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rrl.tld ttr.rt owr -
tla.ro c.lGrrl.t.d t,htd( r{ta.r, ttclilr or is., ts. ma '!sr -. r|m|r6 aa !Ead.ri, If6rn d'ay .h ArDr{6
ti.,.g
!ct
to oi 3.il lO
C'o" ". "s..o o" "tt. p.otr.t.r> vodd rncr.s. th. ;ese yt.ld
Ulllrz5u.n of
It.utron lhd@d Crcr- s.ctlon D.r:lh. ooss 3.ctloB of th. thre.
valu* found In the
tr"-,lyqt'*'a,."
crGs ..ctlo! r."rrort rndG'd oh
+o.7966 0.07!10.ooe
+o.2r2a o.t95.o?n.o{. t (t.oa!o tl) 1at
o,t6to.0a? ( t. t il:o ll)o.!2!o.oa (t.tt!o oc>
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prodcl,toh of ;rs. vr! r5^.<erh> or ?'^.(drh> R.x.roB.r Jnl-lc $. <5!^,
a F ll'r r' 12
prol*rr. !r.!e.a.s
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'er€ t!'5(r1.t.d
.horL_|re.d .c!rvaeroh
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rllor pst or i'1" or t tl
HOl. A lvprcrr tt'l{ Th' s€psr'lron
foud 1,6 b. - 75'
:*
II
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rab€Ulr4 wol'< .bo!t' ? h
Ari6-.durt ri.{lqttF
Erutr.n cbv.. fo. 7'4.
t.ons2crO*2.d
!3dlo&r.n,!h .vsll.bl. lor
on .lut-roh nltlr sx gcl. accomD.hled rhe
o x rocm) aav. a
orElrty cohtror or ?'se
'os" rn'putr-rs
'?si ..a "selh'!f't]:.^3
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barch rstbar
sMrl sc.r. Produ.tron
ac th' bac* bv
or 2s {.1 rpatlct* .t- sdr| fo' lh (Flars) The
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or 0.5 M NIl.Ol.
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naJo.
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p.r.I6pmnt or .n rnf,.rn.l T.ra.r syjr.n fot productton
lh . T.rt..
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or 62". t an, .dj$rn.n! w-3
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