RADIOC'CMICAL STIDIES FOR IT€ PRODT'CTIOII OF SOI'f RADION*rcLID€S

' usEo FoR Dlacitosllc Pr.RPosEs

I.I]SJTAO AI{.iAD

_ S|ndl lrd L. tl*

u{IvEnstrt o€ lE Puxr/\a

F(N TIIE OEoREE Of

OOCTOR O€ PHILOSOFHY

advl.€ ahd crtttctrh ro co,nplere rhe l.searc|| ,ork.Q.rn, D.Sc.. H.!d. xt4t... Dsra a.d Radl;tsorop.

R....rch cent,r. (KFA>

Jorch_ F. R. oerh.br.

Juld! ihd PtsTEcti r

^(nOTLEDG€XEIfISpr.asu.. co rh.nk P.of.sso. Dr. 6. sL6ckln.

for provtdl'B

che r,uh.jab unLv.rsfy, Lar,ore. rhe

^',<artm'Pso.

kF,\. .Iutrch and

ch.nks or 8. x

PmstEcH. fDr Lhetr help.o.ckrc'|.d6.

.L Julch rnn

t.r.dtauoE_

ro paur!5;ar.nLrB Lt-

Fthallv ! eoul,l

n srs J.Bhed 25rdl, F.rooq p*htd, Mufr.zz.r sae.d.M. Rr^z kho hetped

ABSTRACT

, ro 50 M.v lNhel.cr,rctyuc d.podlron

'ese wer: rouna to be Ep . 4o-.3o fi.v and Ea = 4t+3:J r\rev; r,h.

rs6er neldr

erch.na. mLhod

,"""",.","; .,

rh rh* (d.in) ..5c oh

36 x.v rht. i*c.t *"." p..r.Fd by- erecr.oryucdepo.lLtoh of G. on Cu-b.ctr^G thtck r.!a.r leldr or '.;',7's.'.1. c.rcurrt,ed. r". " "."rr sab D.odkrton nr 7!s. a o. peu.Lwas tnadtar,ed *lr,h d-pa.r,lcre. ar a bean cu!.ehr or E !A and

ch.on.toa..phy. One hou.n.adrifron led

lrf, produclloh ot '!s..tr*bh Eur,ro. rDetls .e.r..€d

n..sur.d ror the !..ci.lon. dz.(n,pr-cu ara

dz.<nd€xr by r:chnlqu, rrrE

's sludr.d. rh. atco ,E sep...Ced f.onztnc nat.tx .cttwttr Glna stoh .rch.nj. colum ch.oEr,oa..ph, -

b.h.vt.s of -r,to r. ura."d of *T. rn rhe lolh or p.rr€hslsceoxrde !$ hve:rtaar..d ar illrferalr ftnarr(,t.3 of hr.drocl,torrc

";p*tte ". .orvbd.r. .flour. hr.]F.

<-xol-t'ta.t".crdrct or o.ot-o.r

tht3 <encr.r,or

cotlTEl{Ts

R.diohucude r.oductroh 16. Lh; ot6cl.bces

Acceler.ror Plodued R.dtonudlrd.s

R.donGlt&s

6r c-Pt.r r.r i.dlc.l

Oel,e.hr'ELt.n

AIM AND SCOFE OP rHlS 1r0R|(

EIPETTI{ENTAL Xtr{ODS (CROSS SECTION /. €tClt^TtotlFUITOTION MEASUTEXENTS)

scrk y of zt^.<p,e)Resctl6ns

oann-*ay $.or.om.rrycalcuLr,l6n ol Ploton/Deur.ron

opetiu En.r.r R+.. ,or t'€_?Io'ruL'on of ?'s.vr^ ;^s(p3nr, -^3(d.4h). -s.(r.sr ihd

"s" r cYclorRon

sonr; R^Droxucr_rDEs In Nn.x_E^R RE^crov20-r33

qr odEttor or Trse vta :rrs<F.rn> r,a

I..rUar,I.n Yr.rds

ch.nr..r s.r'..dotrau.nrr c6hr,rol cr ;tsa

fl'|n'cl, !i i.l ,'i' Lll

f''..',,uctl.ndr

R,dlah.nl..l-tt.-*r. a-erar."r

ud.ared rftanrun

rr.p.lar,roh o( ttydra!.d Tfatrnnn oarde

Php-.r,aon or 'ri;-Hr",c,4 ay ob.idd .. \c Lt

?. Dt6CU390n

?.r &.!rr,-lt6 Fwtlod7: coiD4r&n of naoFlror d

73 E!.rq|.bn or "sr ero<rrr/*noqt€ studr.d?.a tlldElto ot d.dcu

75 ryd!.t.a Tto,th PIE of ^l-o__r.. -x"--\. o"---o ' "

r.r i.dronucltd. plod@cro^ for rhc atorcrcc.sAfi... fltry y.!rs or .ff.cllve .xisr€nc6 .:dto.ucld.s

.hrc. Elor .altcullube ahd

rh. 610r beD cray

h.dtclE, f,h. tontztn;

ii.chlne ,Fodw€d x_r.E

tn vartoG .h.hrcalpoyelfut draf^odtc !.or. Tht. 6. ls

^ r.4ronucllde rn hucte.r redtctn. only

or slnab r_!., rh.hErn.r.photoh

em(rtn. r.dronEUrr.3rn obr.l.tna ah!.. drrrtoDt

emt! d or high en€r.v

.DrucalroE. stnc. of rcd.rh dtsEm.uc .wL*n.dicrE d.!rs vrLh ret.bolc rrudtas !.Lhe. uEn ErnDte tratha,

rrnry 6n .adlonErtd.s ,hrcn fo.n 36od covd.nr

rb. rJo. c!lt.ir. rn r,h. crbrc. of .!.dloph.rh.ceur,ld.l for p€rfo.dtDa.neraborrc srudl.E.

R..dy rvdr.brli,yrn!h.crDrc.

or th. sho.L $e 5v.tr.bb

,rom wht.h . sho.r

f6. rher.p.uuc rrearr6nr.A xsith, of .5dronuclldes

l) t.dtonucrt.3 c.d ln stn3te prDr_on €nl.ston rrvdres'

'a., ""Mr, "cr, '.cr, .1L, .'" ,

otco, t'co, -c., acu. -cu. dza, @zt, -oa, -ts., ,.ts, ,,te,t"s., '"s.. "s., "-sa t'so. 'hm."'s", t-Sr, *rO. -r", -.t", *t.. -nu. .or-pn. ,o-^..nrln, (eilh. ..-l^. -'.sh, .'sl, ,"st,retl, !r?r, t27xe. r27ixe, teexe,

Irnb, !€\r, Iri^u, 't'ng, 'o"ttc, '-rr,

t.K. ."T1. .oC", o,X",

-a., "ot", "x', "nt,

ho.non6s stlbodl.!)

r.. br z-yl.ld

t"st. '""ea,r6Dv, rdE..

forrov.d!b.rdbnwrkb pmdrE|.loh f6r btomdrc.!

th. !sr, $

6ho.c-lrv.d r.dronucltdes <1r2<1a h)

rhe eo!h! i.qurr.dby r.h. mf hlah thr.Ett, Gut.on €cE..r_ors,

Nr bv r,h. smtr€!

r,2 R.actor ProducGd t.dro.tc[d..

..""''"''.".""".,

* ,:* ***. The energy or rhe.m.t neur.o.s are

or eonevh.r,

li.ut.on ,l,h krmrtc .E.6rr.s of ,.v..ar thocand .t cr.oh volr or

rt v rn rh.rrur6f <0.1 .v. su.h lo, eneray

^eur,rons

.frer rh. rnttr:t heuLrdn

r.cruLr.s vrlh eurron ftq!!.

of i.dlonKlrd.s 0f btoh.drcal

.6uor.d by d.c!y, (| ) o,p) r..qrion,.Ec...tee mqrron cDtu.e r..crtoE .^(t (vx)

s.6ri.F 'rEl.s ..*rtoBo.

'!n (../>:rn , oc.,.,"rn.'

rb. rheorelt..t sp.ctflc .cr,tvrcv or Lh.

s2rra.d-chalner. &catl prt,c.3s; .hd a st6hlfi.5nr,rhe radtonknde prodeed by

.e6ll chenrot rorn c.n b.: sep..ar-d rtrhEhrlch.d r.16.1_r

r.donErldtc lnpurrt,r,s

.rrths rEe !o .i.o plodke lrE .dtonucllde

'rore(h,r>'rre -$-.'"'r. "'x"<".,,'-* --=+-*'Slhce the .adrohen& p!.dqd bv tM. roure c$ b. .Gd y

c.rrre. fre. r€v.l c.n b. arbrn.o.

r,h. tar..c h@lt&

. h.ualoh (eeh...Uy

ro Lhe d..trdF.dlonucllde drrr.t.br flor |t,. La.r6t nucxd.. oranples or suh

".a ttltcn.a:..r"

srncF ohlv a

Ftss,on 6 (n.r)

su..€srrv€ c.prur.e

+ n

-.!,v

l,-,, , .o-a"'."rhrch has b..h eLudled ls

Th. .*eDtt.r r.aL$. of sacord.ry

c:n b. dletd.d lhr,o Lro arooDs, dou6r€ huclea

r,h, doubre nuctear

r..qu6,s rhe lre produc.d

nucLlr ie'.uon. doubr. hucrear

T.raer nar.rt.r xr-hl6 <onpou^d'

3o 4/ch I\.o balc tyt* rscl[tl.E sre cu.llvav.thbre rn . re4tor th.r r. G.d to! tlD Dlod@u6h or

snd nohtle t-.r6ee th. tr*ed t5.aet,

lodc.d tn Lhe ..al.ctor ..cron, and rrs.m sh|r$ i,o rbrdr'E tl! .uer

pl.r6s. rh. robue tlraer r&lrLyhyd.lurc .ub.

of sr!ort-[v.d radlonkud€s.

5re obr,.tcble

Th... ac.r.!.r,.d p..ticr.s c.n Ul@recrron vo[samray d.9.ndt4

!-h.cycrohon'lE.rr.d ar

ptrc.. Depehdrna

ttte formrrl0n of drarerenL

li..dl.u4 D.Ftlcre t. rere*.d; no.€. ^ucleoE

... enltr,€d sd

cyclotro. Dloduced

d.ey by Ec 6r t' .hr.!ron. rh.y flrd ha.,o.

d.cDrrtc hEr..r pFduc oh proc€$

t.chnotoiy !'dd.v.lopmnr rort Imrud. h*L.r

d,r. ... thpori,anrro fo.:Lh. p.odcr,ron of

'{.1&ofrdtoh*d|c

h. ryp€ o. prol'cr e

vh€ncrDos,n.Llel'.ee lnr.rmt b€.h and

Th. tnrerMr

i.o rh. b..n

r,rE o.d.r'or roop^, lead ro !6r.r drslp.lroE t^of ,.v.,.1 ftr6y5tt..

c6!rl.kr.qur}edaddlrlon, rh6 nrt be cl66.n

.watsi.ttot and

b. s.p...r.dof . r0.l fotr rhtct .m!ah 16 r.srsr rh.

,hlch n.y ..1s.o16 h,tah.st b.an rtndovs ,rth . hetln

Ta.E.t Mrert.l. are nosr commohlv trr.dr.r.d.s s;ltds.

orrcr p,. .uLrrhe L.rs-r n6Lerr.l ls tsoLopr$|lr .nrr.rr.d

du.lr6 ..!a.r6f an llr.dlarad

Lrqulds .ah be ri.adl.t6d bv chra€d p:.ucle .vclor_ron

Cur.enr. oa 10 fi.v paorons c.n b.

w.!e. of mrur:l lsotoptc,"tr vr" tr,e ,oocp,,>

b.rrg 'ecover.d as flk.ld€i7, I{olr,.n

rer,.ts, lrc.a.Drc .nd o.a.rdc co4ou.dt h'v.

orya.n ad fluo.lh. .ntrston lomo<r.thr (PET>. ih.

b. sublecl.d

ar.o pe.htls sone

the r.dronuclde

chaBbers or el.vaied 6as pressur.s. s.cordry Lhe.. ts the

deE,!v rh Lh. t.rr.r.br Lh. be'n.

th6 .hort, Iv.d ,j' .ntrlthi5..6ener.llr se9!.at€d by dh-llnE

'enov.l f.on Lh€ 6as rar3er,s22

tnlolr.s Lne

to !h. }lrsh t.v.l of r.droEr.rlrt v tnveln'd' ' oh'

prd.&.e rs .rr.E t..t..red *' *";""'""

e.o 'c'?: rh' dtstrlttlon nelhod ts

of.}.a!.dv.hl,4.rte.r.lkkoloPrcrdryoi rh' radtonlcxd' th' s'n'

b. reG.d for .lbsequ'Dl tedEtloh ruE The

tF!.dr'r'd r2'Teo.:a':- ru'r shtt a

v.rY sriUd vspour

a'Tr vta rcdl6

.e ltqrxd chroMr'ocr:Phy

.tc. ere aPpll€d

.ecularlon denand

n.!!Eds Sth.. l'radlarlon and

su!..quent ch.hrcsr of 6pe.ai,lohs and

chects .ra lnvorved. c. or sn.lr conput.rs fo.

rs hkhlv :dv.hta6€ou..

t.!r tadlohu.ltd.s or t.r.rrtu lor -dtql :ppllc.tloN

essenlllt bloel.nent,s o.a sulphur and

phosphor6 h- radronucxdes rn rtvo sc.nnlha lhos

.nong E.bnrun'

lo. tFt5F .zs.-sremreLht6nrm ..d;th.! 'osa ecr.* onDoEr&

h.v. b..n xrd.ty cJrt, rh. br6ro6rc'{y thporc$t c6'Fosd'

pepud.3 .nd s.l.ntum d.rtv.ue.r or

<dEccry o. rid..dry) ao' mdc.r .''U€uoG, n.mty

'_s. hc . halt .nd d.c.y6 by er.crron

c.peule <roox). t'r", tr€ d.uft'r,ct . h.rf |lr. 26 t.Ir rs a FertEn .'tri,.. ..d .'trs L'o turh 3Fups.of 6sm-r.ys!r r35 k v (?€rar .id 630 k.vGx).

brodrstrtbutton ;dn.ts. Th.

l.cut.estkc.of

c6. o,3n) -tr.!! se .nd -cu(..c,3nr'.Brj_.s.."se ts proam.a lhGtyr "se(n./)?ts.

*htch rhe 24r k v <5ax) sd 2€o tcv (2n ) r. G.dIn rk qu.nul,rtton lt€ h.lf-ltfe ts t2o d.t€, setemrrhtonln.labex.d wlth w.d foF pacr.& .nd

!ar"u'r"ra dlr6ms.'" th splr,e of ttr roha h.tr-tir..s€remrelhronrE-zse rs !h. .Eloa@

.ulDh6 k r.pl*.dp.ocese h.n.ty rhe 6rowtn of baker's t.et.

drb.EYFdr..hnld'

o$ sll.nlt€jFs. hs b.en .ddod. Aftef d'hvdlttlo^ 'rd t'vdrort€r'

I 't.o b' DrorhEd

synlh.tlc5rylt. 'os. t.!.u.d drbulFrc sd divtLllc 4r& e'F

l.b.u.d llPtrrtr'$

d..rv. v.s bb.rbd vri-h 's. h'v. b€'n tlopc'd

d..tvltlves s .dFnal redu[. !'fur sP€crllc

E&'d 'r.n

.. r'r;r &ld' 'o'

ln€.in.1..'d

l:!.ued virh c$ara!6'5 Pz-51'

na d.rlv!r,lv.s'?. bll' acrd an'loau's'!

s.t.rccr6 n6", ..Ln u.df' d'sc'lb'd *

..drohucud. satoc*ttlo6rsDhv T?'S. (lv.-tsl 5€c) d'cty3 bv

l.on.rrc cr5Eruon tltb th. .n{$ton of 162 k v Phor'ont rh loz

(Tt,."56 h) c$

ds6.x) ..d (axn> lsotoprcarv €nrtched

se ts.toD.s th. d. !fle 3nd l'5ults ln thp"ctrcar

- -"'<".-'-x'4,:"*. (E43r42!' x.vt7';r I,oautro. oa o.3 .rrd 03 hct"/rilh r€sp.ctlvcry. L!nb...ht,

r"""". .t "f'-" s'

'ion a' on

o.olri flql. "E. rd ttronatv :dsorbed bv th' rtErn

vbrb >9ox or or ?5s'(Iv) could

alutron ch. of 2-o ..c 'ha

coElrt r.bly f.6n 5-60z c$!l.'_rF. 'r.rds

of "s' or 1t'! t'r'

l,yplel. I{6Fron "t af' r"""d !h.L s.(nt $d secl) colrd b'

"t'rti ua t.."P.lor to loldth€

s!Udi..'.rthoqhItr d.c.y .r'a.*t..kt ld..r for radrophan'c'ut-lc'ls

..d{ation !bs6}b.d

grocd*.'7-ss(Ti,.'ts l sec) h'3 b"n '!'3'at€dror r.dtohu.nd. datocsdr6gr.phvs but € i6rf Uft lr t@

sr6r0 ror m3! nEr€* mdicin. Prc.dues ?!s'(1./.'?'l h) hs

d.c.y chs&t.rrslt€ 'hlch *. 6!rt-.bL

. e6trlron 'nlslon roio.ltph (,'r

r.29 M.v, t!1 of 7!s6 tt tk d.uahr.r

fl, todrt b€ a mjor .dvsta6. to slbetttute tL z& bv t mF

sulr,.bl. r.droDucude .!ch s zse- th' d€Elrlbl€ r'at.s6s of

"'s. foi rsdroDrEIE. r.@.nrz.d Fl.!r66ry!+5r.

6t !t! akur.kd ab€o.b'd r:al.llon dost to lri

thors s.pP'orchrt' lauo of lto

.e$.ctlv.rt' Thes. fr$d4.nrd rnclltn'nts t'

l*orrc".t. ""s. lnt" !.dloDhs@.uclclls rtth 3pelftcttv ro!

!.qurrcdEt..ko roF dyEnlc

"a.....*1it""", 6" :mtoc'"s ftttv &l&' 'ntm

*ra'1"'. "t".fo. th. PsdEtton oa se In

r.dtobucUd.s .f copp.. ro. il.drt.r ADPxtatroE: acu'

-c., o'c. "-a -co

Drovrd.t rElch! rnro por.nudrv fltd rtiFrlt'd

ahd nutrrtron.r arsora*c*". seh ttldles .hould dto .r@ld.t.

!..EPo!t', lnr.. dlas6' t" cr"rry

'|!rrbul..r'btor,tenkrs-diseas. (x-ltnk d), Wttso.': dlsea. (Euto3onal). and

€lev'n .5dtonklrd'3

"c","'c","'c". 5nd "cu could

Yrcer[.rh|v

G"**h" 5''j;r.-c-c\<r.;12:tr

of !t- ..dtdbtloh }.dratton ProdE d pEvld' &.uare

localtz.tton of b..ln t{flot.

@u|rn3 ,e .nDlov.d tq, ro "ro G.d fo tudt'E of {r6L bodv

mrt.l 3ubj.c!s c!rtr..s .td

-cu tt"u.a duprrc chro.ld€7' and cupitc

blarn t'rcr ro€'rrz'llo^ srch

proDosed for gEntlt.Llve r,ondtst6.no6..pht77 and "'cu-!'rs

<3-.lrbs2-orcburti.ldehyd€) h4 b*n

r.dtoPh:.hac€utlcsl'.!!

b€eh conju€at.d r,6 pyluvald.hyd. srs(N-'l_nothvltblosemlc.rbszone)

coEld.nd !o h. . potentr.r i.dioph:.Ec.urlc'l fo. ttuaha th'

h.-t .nd b!.th?t .id ls .tso

r conlq.r. cohrdnrns .

ctElrLlha a66.t!t'. l.r€se ap9lto.troE th. "acr'orpFodlad qcu bs b..n Ged, ho*.v.r to Lb.l rclwloDl 6tlbodr6'

b. ploduc.d bv ch.!6.d p.rllcle i6*t-IoE sev€ral

cs be .nPloted for th' Ploducuon or

rldlolshelled !trnor assoct.led monoctoh5t rhi.lbodres tvptcatlv

.!clh.n!rHl.. !..r{rF 1_2 d.F 6 5rt'1n rslnun mrceni'r'lloh

Itl t-wle. Fsl&le tr* of OrE $|r"n_sun'dt 'onDr"'

d.rr7r. lt r3 thc .dvrn!.c.oG

conDs.bre to ltr uPt r. rd t"l&rc' crtu o' th' r'uor' thtt

e!|bodvrr.

^rrhou.h .i-r.

rca.rd. €n.IGy /' .tdt!"" 13

rr' .nrlte! .nd €n'-tr7 k'v rd) of

to r,h. 933 and rs4.6 kev ex'tl€d tLtLee' 23x rEr.r

-c. *" Pr':r<z'lz> ca3<66x) ttd

$1.6<46.?x> L.fro, rhrch a.e_.ult.bl. ror lh..l.C F on phrrlctr

d63lneL.y Juhd.rn.n unrfo.n ab3o'bed dos6 6ut

t6 agDrodnaoely 3o-4o cerl dt.h.L.rs

tin'lrl6.lc:r

oa .sr-.otnt..Lth.l Proteln 16. Ern6 c'u'oDl€hrn bb'u'd rlrh

.! J' D""hesd'

-cr t"Lrr"a lFFt r.o b6 r.dloPhsffi'utrcal fo'

6!.ntlal c. for r.dlolnnutuLh...Pv or S 6rt VmphoM Lrb'urnc

, or bteon'crn't .nd cu( Plstl )" rlth to! hc b"n "po'tedts advsL...oc

fl.v-rzr{>. srn@ tt l. a /t+ cnltt.r, $, k 'r5o tltt5da..,B $d trses

ro! dc! r.r'..r for ac! rmtsrncPrrelParm.r

!!. @M(d,.) .nd !eco(d,2.) i..cttoE P.odudi,ton of 6!cu bv 'H'

!.dlonklrde wtlh lt,6 '2n Pdene cah be

dtcu<p,2.>, decu<a s.> etll(!H.,n) .nd @xl(d 2n)

and d€v.loPreht of tuur,l.t .nd brruncllonal

rb.zom (DTs) ch€late

h* 1"". raporlaa'2. rdeal l.b.[ns ^eltd. of a

suctr e -c._gs,r-ots

.s3.n!lal h.1-.1 tn varrous -an:mesi'6zou could .llo pot,enuauy b€ useful ro! Cu-r€laL€d bloch.nlc:l

s.ve.ar !}?.6 ot "'2,,/@c! a.nei.tor siEt.rc have

ucr' *po"t.aF€.

ur{qu€ t\c sd rk o.h...to. sytt.€elem€hl of rh€ .bnrc nub€r 43 'as

drecow..ed by P..rr.r 'rd s.3r.t, 5.d

l,.ctherluF, !h. fi€l, .t rcnt to b. pr.pded

.rlr crdty. In leotope' or r.chb6Llu h5v. beeb

ld€ntlrted, 'll ar. radlo&llv. vlth h:rf- !.3 ranslnr f.on less

rhit o* asdtonucll<L

of.|..}rc|ru[.

6r €tc ln 6nilNtron vll.h

body t3 t-h. u'{v.r..l ;c4PL!4. 6f nucr.d h.hnrqes rn ntdlqr

dr.cmsle. rylc Prt''nrmnce * rh'

no.! tueqehl.ty

thts develoDn.rt rn rh. .ppu€UoE or *\c 13 due, !o lt'

rrvou.br€ hucl.r. p.op€.!t..t. Its h.r-Ur. or 6 h ls

s0aflcrenut lorrtlses e.ll .ouh.t.4 Th'

or r .adiatlon

rrr. se.cbt .esoruuoh

developrent of comFosds thldh sP.clricltv rllh r,h.

blolo6i.sl ,ctlvlty ''Tc folnuhttoE .rd the s..Fch

roa aeneref,ton.*tc-rsdloph$|reuttc.ls fr.qu.nllv .equrr.d

ofr€. h.d !

radlauon-rnduc.d

au the ess.ntt5r non.adroa.ttva

R;tirad *d 6n!.. .Dr rorh (. a soru|rdn rr"k-dlt€d tslrtr'

.6c) iiE.. r.n.rmd t he hnd .lmFrt b add 'tcr..a.nLs a hiaNv sP'clfic

r.dtoph*M6u!tc.r' Thls rs mv lh' 6usl rendr

r.cedYlchtn.louurcnwl..rin Yhrch he Utcs

soE 3OO r.r...M.s oh rlE .p?uouoF - *"" *, *""*-

conL.rhrn. 6T. vlth th' 'pptoP'lat'bblosrc.r Pr9.!r,l.s drasmstrc ltdlophtrE 'utlctB

!h.3. rm!'dtha rh.lr "aront.hr..t.

comn -T. R.diogr6|Dc.uilc.lt

Colrordal dlsD.rttoE bs.d

"p"",-r.,,s,"t.zpt'r't t <c">,

-\.zs'o", *t.zst,s,

L.!ce pr.uct (ta-!O

head uponbT€,/F.(otl):'-r.z"tt"-r.

SollttoB of nTclDTPA;e\c/Olu-

coEt. 6"Tclr.D!.arll@Et.6:

'frTcTct!}rr,.r hlclDtls^;

ot6a(s,vlsudrzed

xv.r. sDL.n .nd lroE||B.o* lrra(lnh.laltoD):

o'as<.> vLudrz.d

fibllm3..,u.okt'lge,PorY .!d PY.o

pho.ph.t.) dtPhosptunar,.

-tc-rnrrmaracatl" *td rte.lv'Llv't

-retl"od ..u5t ."t.h"eYb"

Th. P$.ht rto69. trb k Dlodw€d

by r,h. n.uir6n *trvatton of

n.r,.l or mrvbdrc odd.c!'too!> itl.h n'ur''6B sD'clflc tcuvrtl's

.n.tchad 6|{0 P'odG's an

mlvbdenM €onPgut& (tnclrdlns sone

!h€ .brlch*nt- of the tno bv th. s2r!5'd_char||gs

b..^ .mployed rh br.r noutroh flux d'Nltt's7' 'li6 Produ"d l'v

n'Itbd'hu '4h's nrhhud po6t

rlr.dl.ttoh p!@sln. ltrle radlotct.rv' *$!'

tro r: at"'r: of 16' sDalfic

-xor""r"ott"u<n,r:-lo. Th€ rl*lon

'l.td !3 5tt &d rh'

I.r.dl.!lon or I c t"tu ro. 7 d!v6 tn a reutron flux

apD.oxlntt'tv r42 curl€s elio lr- ls noi'

si:!r' morvbdenuh nucltdes

fHo,' o,1o j fl€ro. r't.td t. ..ez"39x'63x

.1. .l5o forred by etp fistoD or uraot* -tto

a!- fiston or aou a.nanas .r.bol.t. Proc.sr.€

cont.nlMtrne !h. prodwt rlr,h Lotdc firsron

- olkrEry, l,r'. -\" "-.16' nwLx t.dnr$$ fron th.

.xch.hc. .oruhn chromtoat.ghv' ctns tnttl'uv, tcld-s'ad'

zrlcontuh oxrd.' or

Rob.o^ .nd BoYd r'ht dlff'r'nr

vor.rrllu.r ot norybd..6 Lrloxld. h.9bxrd' codd

b. .r?lorted to

rlornally r! rould b. crP.c!.d thar gFTc (1!,..6 ht rould

D..guc.r probre# of auPple sd

aorLubstely, hot€v.r,

lLtrtbut. !n that r| ts rolm.d hy !h. d.cav of tMo(1,,.-66h) The

provtd. hlc ln t-h. forh or llt lonatr_lrv'd

psr.nt, .n.bles thrs r:dtohucx6.

DFdEtron coEid.r.bL ro'k hE ao" lnto i'he

9r*tlc.r d.vic.3 -tt r'" t"

s.D..st d Iron Ers' of t-h' P'ren!

r.raltoh3brp th:t eak! bttv"n'o 'r'dt-rt,a et.al" "^tc -"Y ac

tblrd abd subs.qleht

the exPlolL!t,loh

o{ !h. *ri(o-Fl& ..n.r.tor.ohroh6loailPhv, gublln.tloh "d $lv'nL 'xlracllo! !r'

Th. fl!6r. 6Tc a...r'to'' d'vtrop'd

chtotulo.r.thv "t\t rt"t *xo'ot rh' r''ctctqs lc

ordd. for r,t- rcltbdtt' tnd

D-.a. 6f gtrv.r6roalc'r .dln' (o tx x.cD l'rru'h $ dunr b'd

coht rdha .o!b.d mrvb&t./o.!0'ch'"tL' Ytu ts'rnl rft rh

.lltlon of !t- D.rt.chn.Lr!. Prntjht &v'lop'd ' hTc

6.8r.!0! Gtrla hv.bo6 zlr@6lum oxlde- th' F'16 e€ ro'd'd on

hrdo6 zlrconth oxld. tD ool x ficr tolltlon-

.crd &lutron of r'rhvl 'Lhvl k'r'om ( 5 v'lx ool

x lClt. rbbnr .rxl Br.r|d.tut !dso'b'd 'rb on En"m3' d'nd'

.'!ftnlu mlvbdt!'' solult6n onr'o sllrct 6et The

br" .e .rutca trth vr.Us or - 9at' Dr"'r'ni

E alrnldun 6'd&rotto' chtR6tli" "r'rc

hydlodd.rd, mrl..ds. dtotd.rot trd PtlLrf,5'tc *!drd tt' ror

tr- orod*r.lon 6f Fx6-6tc a.mr'r'ot 'rtoh.v. d.v.lop'd r pldds' ln rhlch lb or b'

srerttc *llvtty tnto s tl$rlbb "l

mr'tx or

rrEonrM tuiybd.t- rFn f htch t\.o- tt 'ht'd rtlh "r" or

6rrr n.cl Eolutto^ -no-6t. c.ttttton bs'd on l}F dlr'cr

rr!5dr.rlon of D.if6.md a.t lrlo u!.nlun 'nd 2r"6hlm tulvbdar'

hs. b.en '.For!.d"o''t --1" t. 'rubd Blna o9t r'cl rlch

A erluc.r *s.,$.al af th. 9.rror4l4t .( lt!

chromtoaraPhrd €.Eralot tn.rud.t I .ludv of

ttlh tbt n't'rhr

dlfr.Fnr voLttrrues or l,htrr

odr|.... lehlmrt ct .i!!t d.tcllb.d 5 (h.v dlstlrbuon bE d 6n

tht3 !.chnrq@ ln 'hrch xoo, *s h..L.d r.5t. ar, 8oo'c 'ri l,h'

r,.chn€tlui ws wolai.lllzod .nd 6.9.r.t.d rlth vrelds or tpplox

€ox, lb Robson 6. rr.adl.!€d norvbd.hun

hlorrde G roaded rnto . r'.tr2o^t.lrs rdsed i'o

'3o'c 'i,

Dtf!Gron *gdat'loo

rrom !h. stsdpornr

rlv Machd €t alrrT'

desdib€d a ^tv-'1" ".rdes at 3sO'C flon ltrsrun rcribdal'

r.la.t. Th. adv$tas. ol l.h. tubltnsuon

.p.clat. .cr,lvtry "lio cs b. c.d .hd ht6h co'c6hllttloM or

@iTc .'n be obt:rEd. th. dlt.dvsnra6.

.fftcr.rcy <' 2s-5ox)

€e.ttt!' fl.s! r.Po.!.d rh.

t..hettu b.!'..n xEK -d v'ri6E slritE 5"his 'lh' b"r

KOst Krcor 4d < 8.)rco! ll!P" er

.rrtt c.d !h. XEK ert-rslton r'o psr'v and corc'nlF !' e'\c

a.n.rarors L.throPt2t €6d lhls solv'nt 'xr'l'cuonkchrnqu. t6 d.v.rop a Uqurd-uquld 'xlr*l.ion 'pF6!'tE

thrch

vs E.d loutlErv to obr,.b r...' qunttLres 6r fr" r"r9J'"

rLo d.v.loP.d

of !t-6 .*!*!ron r,.clnt$st ':!r*rd eTc r'on !r Rton

soluuor6 thto I'E C o.'MrU rt rt"' *a 6 Dorstlq cfbontLe

16 .rtract l,he *to tt'.". hte' b"n a nmber or tlbn'ted

lquld-llqutd .*!!..uon lPtltrtl r'po'ttdrz:-1t7 xost 6f th"'

.r. b...d on the MEX_llklxM

and ls'but'Yl n€0hYr

!h. hlah corc.hlrelroG oa btc 6^ loY sD€ctftc

'ctlvilv t o. Th6 dlsadv.n!.a.s $. rhe posslblo c'hL!frlnllron ot

4!Tc vlLh pylocenrc tlEK d.comP63ltlon p'oducl's'l p6t'tbh rlre

vapous, $d

tl€ cfEie of fo' rdl"l ttPrrcttroE

rd d'c'Y cra

Th. chara.d p$lrcle tndk.d nucl.5r r'act'Ion

babd. ar. n .d€d

rdrc4r.dlo|Grrd.l

Ncr..r Reacltob D.t. Nucl..r Sr.ct6. .nd D.c5v D.iaS.atr.ri.a ard c.pLur.

R.,.ce+G4y .ebttdEhlps

D.cay n6d.s

Drc.v od.al.3 <Q-v'rG6)

". a_. ".a rn:v .*"a*

conv.rllon @efflcrentsFl@F.c.Be vr.l&X-..F. ai.Est'rahlun€ arJ Aus..

..dlohulrd. ror

dlal-rlbutlond.r,r xulllpol*lr.lesDlrl..ehi,r.l and tnt arrl d.t.

ca.€er rr.kk

lnD6tll.r c t6U s tor t.rc.l, d..lan tnd ch"n'd ploesslng

rrcL$ d.f,. c.n b. G.dr.llv a.oup.d tnto !'o 'lr+{'i9

€ shgh

'r,rwis. .rd t &c'mDt'd ln v*loB

conFll.t|od,rl'4[l'r.el'lon d.!. tn lht c.9 of

mlrFn ltdE d r.-tl6E lh. d.t. b.' t6

dl P.rLrmn! $' rtu'nr" t'

@ of ctE a.d Potlct. Itdw.d D'&LroE th' tntt3r'l cros

@nplr.crv.ry b-.r .ct.n[r6^ ln 19SO t'rr6dc'l brbllo€r'Dl|r'3

of rh|lar.l clurS.d P.rflcle heL.F dtt' d"!na sD4lflctnv

rtth tn p.obl.n 6l no.llrt 9.6dr*ti6h h'v' b"n tssEd bv Lhe

c.nt.! .t sroot ltlv.n x'uo l Ltho"Lorv US^

ti$l.t d,F*tu. ..d d'cti dat-t !'e E d'd fo} EoLcttt'

a rdtldt.r r.dtonEud. for ln-vlvo ddlc'l lpPn€titoc Th'

s.r.ctlon rr d.L.!t n.d bv l,ro f.ctor3r

D rt€ r.toluilon .td .fri.r.Ev or ut ltdr'r'bn

tr) R.d!.uon doi. d.ltv.r.d lo th. p'utnt

rjl. oa I conv.hi,roml photon &t'ctlrE

e!r*rt.r /_!.Y rtic' or 60 ro 3oo

k.v. srirldrv toioaltPhv (PET) rldton*lrd's

Ylrh etron. t+ n .d.'l Th' 'h"avtnPortahr, 6lnc' hlah /r- 'ner'te3

.n ltitral,toD p.lhs .faecr,l.3 !h'r'bv! r,h€ r.50lutl6n of rtte

d;tet6!6 ;dv.!s€rv Sev.rar tuthqdt are us'd lo @rculal€

sp*lflc 016& on tholebodv do6.' lh' bstc d'tr m'd'd ro! d

rbc.rcur'|roE'rd,r.d..of

b"d'd 6n such

h'rf-rtr.. th. nunb.t of p.dl'l's or pboi'oF 6nltt'd P"

dkrnl,.a.!!1on

rfircL.' !€&uo.

@mectlon rttt' Ot€ pF(xf,r.lon of r'dronrEld" \rh'n t'o nucr'l !

;. . """r"* tnt.r.ct !o p'odr.e

parr,lcls or

,<b'"d

r. th. rftrd.nr Dro.,'ctn.or .J.cL'd nuc'€on ano

9slrcbsr.r,.tntf r,he sun of !'ntlE coE!'nr'

.lasLtc .c.tr..!lns occu.6. r omn6dlficaLron rn

5 iesuli 6f lh'lallc co[sron

rht tat'e0 uwGus

!o $re ttr<ha. €mlav l.rr rr^s drEr;€l stat' bt

th. ;' stm oa .m or hort PrsLoE 6' ll

n@l'E l"ulxv t,h€ mr rcl'E

rs In d .xctkd .Nr€v t.v.t ed r! ruv lde tore or Lhts 'ner6v

tlcLon- If i'h' o'r'b'l bomb*drnF

pdtrcr€ ts ol hlah en rsv( _ 1o-roo t'Lv)

th. erapor:ir,lon of s.v.l.l nEL6E sheL nucud's

Th€ lstl,er Proc6$ lE khovn ! ttdblron Th6 rd6't n@lrd' n'v

even spn! hb tvo hlthlv .xclt.d n'Etdu's 6f slmlld 'ret llrrs

fit.lo. AU n!cl"' r"'llo's 6tther r'rease or

.!so.b.mF.y'th€v5lGo''i.bdn6pGlr,rve rf emfa|y t3 r.l.s.d .nd n'a'uv' rl 'ne"v ts

'b$rDed'Q cs b. .lrdhl.ed

"cae-."x.p.o..d P. ls 1396s93

ir,on "r "x thG do'E mL

!h' d63lr'd t'et-ron

hE! b' tuPPU'd

v Th. h'laht or v 1' astrtut-€d

or cdutoib i.DuLt.n rh.n r,h' gioton

,hebe z 13 the chtrsc

nun$€r. In rhls e6pre

nwr.c! R r..nd € l. LIF

A ta ch. re6D..uv. ngg

(2o)irx.'gxto-rq ..!) t (6.6xro" .v/e.!>

Lhe incrd.nl

tlhrllc .n...y Hoeeve-; s6v'r!l otl'"

ruzzv lh. c.rculr!'d "lhreshotd v'lu'" shoutd

valu. ahd do ha! have : ttf.Ehntd .6€rtv n"rrrrenenL'

b..1, b. .6Mtd.!.d

h.llu'.-{ .rc. 'hlch 6n b}ltc }e*ttoE Lsdtna

i,o lip d€ir.d ;dlon*xd.t

krn.tlc .d!6ies mr-rer' |.hrs 'n'r'v ls

ts lbe eE.6Y 16

tlacr renarh 'hd tsTr€ stopDtna Dor.! or . 'uDaiam'Ionrtthc Pttl.r. ud.r3o'6 p'r uml

s ' 1#F ( 'v cn' €-! i

Fo. s tonrtlna Drilcl. 'lthLh. ..ngo "n b' deftned ^s Lhe

t,v r,h. p$r'tcl6 b'ro" 1! ls sro9ped smdet€lv'

!.- irEtd.nL d""d'd b Eo rbrs

obl,tred bv rnh6rtttn6 !h' €q@tron ron rhe

*.a€Lr,*,. -''

rlndoU!!n.

ran6._.n"aY t!bt"

dl.!.tbuuqn.orappionmr,ery by . row€Ixan dtstFlbo o' Th' "'etr't€rn'r" or

obenn< a r/€rktron neulro€'

.vary pornl. rD !h. **'":s.v.r.r phv.rcal n€l,hod' '!' avdr'br'

'nd 'lux dsr'rrbutlon

on' foi "dron*lid' Droducrloh

,orl is !h. *tl!.tton mtt-d l! rs

t,h. typ. <n,/)In,D) .nd <n.2n)

Fo. dei,errdhrna or earloc kinds of

c'turaLed BIna l,he folbtr.c stnplitl.d e4Etron:

d.NrlN.o(-.rT)

coEr.ht of

rs lh. .mte. of !r,oF. or radlonuclld' produc'd bv th€

.cf,lvrttoh cross_sedron for rhe pa'ucullrn!c1.5. .e&tron u3ed

tn cs.yln€ 6ur, rlux c:r.ulallon. lrE varue

of d prats lt- E tL ll lls.lf

h.v. b..n d1sc'ls€tt bY sevelar

th.or.!tc.l coEld.l.uore m*ry

"". n.u,.. u.lnoen 'P.crlafuEllon 6r Lh. r.f.'.nc.

of !t- .tdr.d

rnt.rn€dr.ry

'penbrtrli.s s th. r.!lo or (c,,/qht"-r'? rhts

s.crlon .nd Excrtr[lon Fbctron

.oulonb b!r!|.r.

of tncld.nr, P.rttcres

and A k r,h. numb6. oa th's. nucl€l thar utide'6o

lh. sDectfiod nn., theh rh€

The uhtt€ of .ctlv.u6n crors b.rn <b'1o-t'cn1)'

nrutb*n <nb - tO-'? dt), ntclobdn ( !b ' !O-to cn2> 'rdn.mb.Fn (hb.to_trcnr>

th. v.rl.tlon or ! P$trcuE! F 'ctlon cro6 r'ctl6h ttlh

tho rft1d.lt .E!.v tt oi l'!'tron b'l"tn r'h' tro

Is c.ll6d s .rclt.l,ton f witon T|. trctt'tton '|fttlon

16r 'coipoed 6wLG !.&Lron rtt.t tnd t'h'n dinlnrahe3

b.acr of conp.t,tll6n ho o!h.r .'*cloE. th't b'cohe

.ert€atc.llt p€rbt. Ektr..ttoh ru^cttons ctn help rn a

Dlolct . .n..av r!nc. rn o'd'f to nt*ldz' rh€

yreb of r,tE d.st..d gtodnct th' radl6*r'rv€

iDpullt,les du. to corp.tlna D.&rtoE

ErD€rrrcnt.l X.l\ol!! lh f,h. D.l,.rdtr.tl6 oa Nucl..r R...tlotr

Cro3s S.ctlon D.t.

tro t.ctslqws ... comohlv 6.d 16! n.a6th6 excrtauon

ttrrloE. Tt* ttrtl om ts .DDltcabl. In th. cs. oa v..lAble

€Er.y .yclotroE. Thln ..npl.3 of the Laia'|.

lD..d.L.d .!tr-r ellh .1i,!41.d b..E ol v.n'lnc 'h'rgres

6r '!.pproprlaLa }.dll tn th. ln!.rn.l t"".ttt ttt" t'!tv't'd ptoduct's

a.e ssav€d quantttlttv€lv vl. r.dtoctEnlc:l n'Lho& Th' second

r,ech.tqu. coElsts or t.r.d1.tt'6 . t'L of rorls or p'lLt' ln a

6ract .nd d.l.rnlnrh3 t.h. acltvttv lD elch 16rl Th' l'crdent

D'r!l.le be'h los€s €nerav on passlnc rhrdoah

dlrlerent en.r.v lE erfectlso aL each rolt Thls iechnlq!€ rs

ollid 'l!fk iFloll' 6! ar,..l.d-D.u.!" l.ct$lqE. B.tld.a l6tL

.hd IFu.L. th. !.clhl$, hs .lto b..D .pplt.d In f,h. cE. of aG

t*G"tc"ttto. s.v.D.l l,tin r.tl.d as cvltnd.F. !ts Dl&.d tn .

lor !o coEtttut. . .t&t or .rnDt..

!h. .lek d foll, FtL! oD .yltird.r c.chDtqu t. e.tv

@ful .rrc. ob .L t.v.r.t .h.rclc s. ob!.!h.d

h..rt|GL t!!.d.Lron stE. tht, l- d$rqu r. |'6. comdv

6.d t. oot rclton tort r.|.v$i, lo r.dlon*Ud. plodrclton

soR or lt .dt€nl f..l6.t .D. alv.h D.lot:

S.*r. PFp*.ttohIh ord.r io obl.ln . lsa. hunb.! of cr66 $ctlon d.l.

Dotnt. ov.r ! atv.n .Eray ..rr. .nd vtth

.xc.stv..h.r3y d.ar.d.tlon lh..ch rolr rt

t'hrh fotls, lh. foll6.h6urd. hor.w.., b. r.hlck anouah t6 prode€

msuraDl. *clvlot.s fo. a.tt,rn3 aood co$tlha st.Listlqs- h Lh.

mt.ls (a..]u. 1r, Cu. Mo' A6 A! .lc) forl o,

v.rvln3 thlctms ... conn.rct.lty .v.tl.bL. 16

6e&rv subrt.E.. llt. n I. n Br .td CrCl. for .x.mDl€. Lhn

D.lLr. ,.t. obt.rFa 5y Dr.*lna !h. p6ed.r .L . Dr...ur. oa (2.:

toBlcn')t' r't !tt. stntl$ly In Lt* cs. or 4lptNr, conv...tol

of o.dtEly .ulphur to DIE[tc aulphlr fouor.d bv pr.stna on l,'

. tr-fou a.w. . thrn D.lL!'t', Th. t..chhlqDs of .lDlrmt-lon .n

v..uun .vlpor.llon b.v. .b6 b..h |gd for attlt.C thtD ftlG on

$l0.bL berrn6rtt. Unltotn.GP.Eton or trF t$G.L tut.ll.l r

. s.lf-.lpD6rLlha poryacyr.m

thlch alves rls. r.o d.slrabl! tnti rlln

rn rhlckmss, d.G€ .rd :dheren!- Unrfo;ri'rri rh

the fur t. . votv tnP6llell.h. thlckress ol the rorr rt ts

. ch.ck on th. ch.'nlc.l PslrY

Belr currenr Xohtt,orlns

lvo merhods .t. 3.h.rdlv tppll'd for rh6

applt.able tn !h€ css or thtn 3ta.l6 the out€otD'

a F'Iailay cuD and !h€ kr,.l chsra' colbcr'd ls 'e6lslered lh th'

second nerhod us. ts nad. of r mntuor r.5cLlon vhose excttaLlon

flslto. ls kno'n &cu..t.Iv. aor lhts Du'pose several folls ol

the nonttor ai€ lEa'r'€d al seve'al phces tI the

ls aPpllc.ble case of lhlck stscls'

re. 'hen lhe $rpre bean ts stopp'd !n th'

vhenewer posslbl. bol.h t Faradav

R.dtchenlcrr s€Ps.uoE

ln nanv cs.3 !h. r.dlotcuv€ P'odwt sd'r lnvesllca'ron

rey lt. dete.dlhed qqnLltaltv.lv wla htgh resolutlon z_rav

spect.oscopy vtthou! lnvolllna a radlochenrcal

ot lov_vl.ld F'odu€ls or fot producrs € r'tt'6

sofr, radrauon <"c "tt> tr, atmost lnvatbbrv

t6ol.t. th. dtst"d rrdrotsol,ope

lcttlitv tlei,ho& lllc adsortlton, Pi'ctPttar'l6n'

ertlactldn, d.v Y't dlsrltt'tlon

canno.lt enPr9ved

cohtlhc it lhodtBo.t of !h. ..doMu.t ! 9oc.h!l.uv '&rul ror rFwivo

.DDIcttroE .nl! .otl.bt z-r.v. In cro€ rtcclo^ 16!l

!n F.tor, hth rt co'ftnry E d tn

rt- cs. or t+ .t'rtr6.' oh u- ott-. h'rd ll rc da*t'ltauc

/-r.y ls .rnttttd <.G, of'$P> 6. ts 3'et'uv E& 'f .th'

lttt l6v &tnhtl.Ll6h - r.d.cloh, .llLr el. 7_r'v "€h6@9v

6r

3tE. lrnlhlLrlonv!. //-cotMld.F. @6dDC.

Tl€r. ...n aur.d 6xctt.0roh

thr.. MJ6r souEes or urc..t.l^l,tes lh thp

Edt.0l6^ tt .nt!!.d bv .v.rv n- .ttttl'r' ll k t6$lu0'lv

E@3nry to c.rty out . full a6lFl3 oa Lh. d€tv cuDr' Il tro

,+ .dtL.E of .tno.! .rn .t h!lf-Uv.. .r. 'xptct'd '

d'rDel,romLrtc .slF!. r. .s.Ll.r.

;--^-- .- .,-r.-rr^- F'*rr.- i{.'6.mhtt

tt) D.0.r.{Er,r6hItl> D.t.Fntutloh oa .b.olut€ *ttvlt'v 6f lh' tctlvtLloh

l|. ll!d!t,.lD!t.. ln F.ra._.mrav o.lculttloB I"d to

.rFrs In th. .tt3y &.L lr.. o( r.t|.r t.hlcr fotL ln tho ta'

of ror .mr3y Dloj.€trr.. r..& t6 @Bld.!.51. .t]or.. .r|d tn Lh'

sl-rDly tEEslna o. d.cF.stt* *tt6h oa s 'xctltlloh fuGlron

tuy n€k Lt- fIE .ir@0ur., tt .hY

t..h .u..ht Btrt. . F.r'd'Y cup o'

..F!aUy rcr. n.nY of l,h. .rc|0't'lo' ruMuoE

I.Dor[.n .o l.!. tor.vor. G. hs b..n nrd. of rcntlor r'aclroB

to. n..rurlnr ltbu€h tFnv

hea" s!r6cesi,.d. un(or.uh't.lv.

39

6!andr&r'' th. its!r;.rh!i tn lh. d.L'!ntntl'!on of th€ tbtorln'

acttvtty of !h. .cttv.lloh p.odel *lt'6 dtnlv troh t'he

urc.r!.tnty tn ttr .fftcl.ncv ol th. cou'th3 sFtth a "[

a

ttF d.c.t d.t. q.d In rc.| €s.8 both lht 'fftcl€rc/ 'hd

l'lE

d.6y d.i;. s. 'ftvn

t.U to !b! rn 3'mr't th' tottl trFo! du'

!o l,hts &6c. <b.. rci .rc..d 3ta

Iti d€ ..cttoh drt. r.Dort.d

.lFut 1O Lo lta! for roe-y'.rd Ploductt l'hc lot'l 'lrolt m,

t.rot lhrck laa.t' Yt.ld

th€ vl.ld of . r.dro^Elld' 't?'cL'd ftoh ' parr'lculd

lhlckh.se of th. t ra.r, (r'hlck r,.r€'r' vttldt c" b' cakur'l€rI b

s r.Le!r.!1on of Lh. D-ur.d .xcll.tro^ aurctlon

bY r.t€ t.ra.r. cI.C lr* !.l:Lt6n

Y- --!-#- r .,-*5 1i .=1f,.ot,-' " .e> ae

lr r th. AvoS.dro hunb..'. th. .*lchn.ht (or lsol,6plc .buhd'rct) of th

th. n.g nsb.! 6l lh. l.laol .l.renr'th. p.ol.c0ll. curr.nt.Lhe rtopPlna Dor.r,!h. c!o.r ..clton .0 .n..3Y E'

tho d.c.Y coEt,.nt 6f Lh. ProdEt 'nd1,h. ltn 6f lrr.dl.tron.

represents t,he navlmud vteTh. catculated tleld varue

. 3!v.n talsgL ststs In: Fr*ttc.'

ho,.ear, l.he .xD€rtn nt.ltv obtttmd y'crds tn hlgh_c'i!"nt

prodElro^ r'JE .E tnvst.blt lot€' ths r'he lheoletrcar vd!'s'

postbly due ro lnhotu6.mttv ta thc thcr&nt

d.m€e €ffeLs, ros6 or lh. prod$t' 6 a esuli of hlth p6e'r

d.Et!y etlectrv€

p.ter-rmtlon ol Abrolult Acuertv

I! c.oss secuoh ro.! the raaloactlwe product uhde!

d.i,€rmlned qcnLiLaLl!€lv vl'

hlch-r.sotuuo. r-rav sp.ctroscoPv The n'rsuled

f*tors ln orde' ro 6et lhe aDsoluo'

Tr€ co..eclloN duc r'o dead

.ol!'ctdefte losses. d.c.v dd t-!av abuhdance *€ €r'soluL'rv

drsr.learauon P€i secohd (dPt> alr6!

ftslr.a couhr .!le ln cas

d..d tlm co.rsclton rd!6rptLup .ff.€t co.recttoh faclor.or*rd.E. lo33.s cortecttoh f:clorerflcl.tuY of r.he der€lo.

|:s !}s ttne t.k.n ror tt€ cosll.a svet.n to proc.s

316..1, Any o!r€! srgnat contnS durtn€ r,h. dead trh.th. d6.d |-ln. vhlch 4h b. dscelnrmrt

bv Lh. tvo sasc. Dttbd'", lh.n the exD..€ton for mn'xtendrbl.

dead tlm. ls:

r", ' +rrPu.uD Efa.c,t

Pulses lo.! du. r,o Dit.uF err.cr d.Fend on rh' n6€utd

lncr.!6rhg stlh Incre.sln6 .ountrnc

couLln( ri!€ . ret hundred

i=4.-a( srzLr ) -o

'rrh cr€k_r,lm' ( sr

f5dtor 1st6:

. Ful6e P eu! r'le'toi atd

9tl'uP cor'ecuon

h.we rct l,o b€ rppU.a tn .qui,loh < 7 )

Det.rnlElron of cotncld.nc. Lo$es

1. |Er. cor.ktroE

tr&3rlbE tn

oE of rhe nelho& rs |o

.?co. 4cr, !l.-rn, .7v. r.7ca,

fo. lhe cotEtdcm. lo3ses' rhrcl

cGede, G.g. t. t"co, "s" "ta "lr.aUbrrtt6n cu.ve fron

hEl.t $t[hout r _.*."a", . e 'otcao'M', "t'db, o"r", -2. -rr, "-

'2k (.cco.dlnE r.o their ) -energles)

rares (coi'ecled tor decav

nesur.d dtr€clly $d .t 1o ch dlsttrc€ b€ Rr for ' tucr6u'

wllhou! Z_ccad. ahd Rr lor 6oth€r h!'r'G etlh /_ca"de rh'

oltbr.lroh .uv. tE @E!.Et d bv plol|ri€ !h' rtuo Ri or '4netr,hout 7-@drL .6.tEt lls aMm-r'v ener3v

Slre i,h. p.ob.blnly ot d.tecrlr'€ cotEra'E rEtd€DL3 'r' lo ci

dr3r,ec. 16 w.!y .ndr' th.!.ro!., bv conPrllna i'h' '3tro R2 of 'colftrd.Ni. loss !o th. $tlo Rr of the eubrauoh

@w€, Lho corEtd€tE lo.s for lh. hELE sd" coEldtrauoh ra

Erfkt.ncy of tlr. D.a..r,or

th msutna r.dlo.cLrv. dccay

rale ihat €v6.v dtstntesr.rton ls couno€d

propottlonarlt,g .tlsts tor anv palttculat deLecf,lon

dlttnl,€tratlon .al,a A' aod

lhe P.oporLloDttl0Y d coun'tng

.friclercv. the coullr|. eaflc!.nct d.tends on 'Ebv r*to's

rhcrudl.a rt'e d.tc.tor tvp.. the 6.on€t'v ot rh' counrlh6

.nd ttF f,vF sd .Rrsv or tl€ r'dlo*f,tw' dec'v- th€

osh b. deternln€d erp.rlh.hr.llv Etna

canl,r.ted .!.nd.rd aoures tkt€d tn Table3 aror|cvlth rhtr'

&@c.s ed r;l-t. d.GaY d.r-

243

'lht -n Fron' Rer -2ro

scoPE oF ttlls 90Rx

.ohgouhdt r'b'tred

69pltcluoE ln

Lh. corronlv

vl. rt- h.rtFurr,h.rm.., rtt d.c!v €hs*rs'ttl.lca lre not

r.dlooh.In...!!k!rs bb.u.d rtth -S' 'Iv'

hl'h r'drarton dotes

6.€.tu-sel.tu-coipou^ds .r. d"tr'd' suh s s€l'h6-anlno tcrdg

tt ,ourd b. a EJor 5dw.nr,ac'

sdt.ble r.dronEnd. rh. .5dlonEll&?"S' (t'-2= lt l s"") h*

L,e.h srt6aesr.d snaro'5'dlo6'!phv but the

of ris.(Tr,r-7t l,: r'-65 ,. €c '3" E8' '1i2

!h.t lt' mY be a nor' userur

rn rlvo m.dc.l atPllc.r,loE Erq

(PET). A dk.dlat c. or ttst r'o"utt' ls ltE loh'-x"d d'u'hki

t",r"<r,,.'tos d> rhrch adds to th' "rll'tron e"

"s" cr^ to producea vi' (Psn> atd (d'4n)

*s..tc or ds.,st .hd (dE) t'aclroc on "!mr{u

som

rhr.rEtloh o^ LIE ?t^s(p 3 '"s' 'nd ?t^3(d 4nt?!s' r€&r'ron

Y* i.Po.ted dtt''$) and (an)

acbt.ved. In

D!6!6h ahd d.!r,.!on on $s'hlc 6bd d 5nd '$'

rirllsd Facl,loN on o.tE.tun, conP!!a!rv' tr:tuuon ot "s'

DFdEuo^ vra scw.'ir s!b. hE b'en d€*'rbed

th. 6tudy of

..d nuttrttoEr dk6rdc'3 tcs

r.di..ucrd. for th.r.pv YIr,h .adlolab'll'd

radroch.nlcal ro' !E P'odEtron of d'dcu

trCr. be.n d.6c!tb.d ln th. lll...tr'!ra oompd"lv' evaluatron or

adou producdon ln c!'lotr6n

ou!. arsto!

o'z'<..proc.

th" 'l'lo-hfc sysr,en ts the

b.qc' ot ttt Drontn'nt' E or

d.amsrl€ nucles redlcr* chlomtoGraPhl

'r. b*.d on r,h. 'd6o.Ptlon or ttlo oh a cotuftn ft[ed Ylrh

sutlabr. E|.rral .nd F\c c.n 'lur€d r'on rhtg

collrm, Yhila Fxo ""i.1* .d.o'bed Drff'ren! .&orbenrs suct! 's

.lunlnrun oxrde. zrrconrm oxtde, ch$.Dar r.rrrc hvdroxrd€.

'rro-*^r"6e."..tor

DiH ;h ; r' ird.:t a " troiiiErida. . .hlv & ltr .lulon

codt |t.r.h . DFflr., % .tu!r4 .tttEt'dv, !'ddnElldtc'*-"'n- -d!i:r;rdo<rr-rat i.t dadiit Dcrtv. n.- crt

6nr*.d rlr,h cl-.t61 Ar.o. bc.<l t o_hlc t.d!'tor'

EXPERIIGIfIAr. xEfaoDs

c.o.s s.cf,ron/Etcri.lton F6ffi

$d 75ar(dxn),:.,r?r5e

Tt€ s!'dv of (D'3 J'd (d4d i'*t]on lnvorv'd

.x.tt.||onfuncr,ronyr.lds !.d Prod*i-lon of ?!s. Thtt

xFA Jitllch' FRO TIr 'ett't'lon rs'1roE

".". ***.t€l.ct;oPbtlns Frhod ws &vetoP'd !o

srudy or "^<r!4t1lj::e

rtttn srsenlc Pr6parsd bv 'l'ct'rotvtlc.n .I€llne

nkJ-.Lc!.olY|,rc c.urd! ^l a.d

r..9.<tlv.ly.ndTh. €l.ct.orYlrc

.y.ntd. solutton rn t !o 3 rttro

be!:1n6, lhd r! Lh' cs'

n.d. bv dlssotelnc t x2co" '

KC and

ioomt|I2o.id

the t€t:l loll on thtch Ac .t6urd be d'poett'd *rv'd I €r$6de'

Pt 1's God s s6dt lo! &potllton of As oh Cu' 'nd 'raphtte ro!

As 6n al. the for €r'c!'oPrtrtn' ]{s on Al 'nd cu

re.. 05 .'xi 2! n^/cn? r"p"t'lv6rv tk nrr -'r'drorvuc c'u

,s ple..t tn. v.!.i b.th 'L 6o'c !o obtltn

.rect!6phLrnc tlm. of 2 n r'sulred rD d'PostLro^ of 3_6 q

.dh.r.nt. TrE $s.nl. &PGrt 's '*htd' drl'd 'nd

e'lBhtd Aft"

r,h. 6d of ih. .rperrn.nr t-he

_l,lva|roh.Er'd.

,.r.hi &t..mrFd vr. !h. !'6 rer'hod'

sd f.u cc"nt. rbdtorr

(JrLtc) F6r

exclratloh functroB

at 5o trA 'r!h tr- tErd.hr pFron 6mr

d.ur.Fon rnduc.d m!e!!9!=--91-q!:4!f

3 .1,&k€ v.ie lrladlar,od tr' t-h' oonD*l cvcblron

oV-2€ ro! heau.tunt or lh' eKtl'tton f'fttt6h or rhe

-r"tp,.>-s. leactt6n qeto 20 r'l.v rir"bcr-

rd c*Fr.d

-,r"<ap>-.-,-S" !.*tr6E ? rr'.dt t-d 5r- 50 hA

for 20 nlb 'lrh of t6 x'v ar

..d v lou6 b's 'ct'nt mnlt6!1D' vt: rh

.nd ttAl(d ]p2')"fi"'a Tro sl.'crs Yer€

.Lo lrr.araLed .l !r€ conp*! cvcrotro' frlh r prlntrt d'utelon

ri{.v. B.d cur.nt rn thls lo? en"6t

..alon 'G &m Grlt. $- da.r

Th.d.G..dauo^

th. .cttvltv of e*h trr'dr'!'d folt '6 t'ased bv

r-r5y sp.ctrcn.trv Glha . 32 €n' 8'(L1)-er'ctor @uDled vlrh a

tiEl.d D.!a 66 3Ft.r. Th. d.tee'or cou^l-lna

drffer.n! photon eEr3t6' r.qurred rh' absorule

nL*ofdtfffdt}.droact|v€Products.|5sPecrfl€ posllloh,

3hoi3 th€ erficlencY

o.(L|).d€!.cLdl

o.ffi..y sp€cboEr.v !!e!4!!!9- !91!9!2

{'r,,!t.l }t!! . -Gr{r n-I ' ,i.i:lr.r. -. l,: rrr4:(r:r ?. | ' '.

II

D D ffiolootDot--tll*l-

IFHtrSAT#T5"I"#3::L.tJ-n r'rr Dr.' -l r'rr dthbr'

t*L-mddnf

5 h 5ft.r eoa t .lto; !h.

"ss". r" Lh" 6.. d), vhlch €etr tn .qulxbrruh

'r!h tts d Eht.t -r" <i,,,- x 's sr,*r-ed !5

dlyE .tt.r th. .nd of bonbDdmnt :nd rh' lbsolut' acttvlrv 'sd.r.s.nl d vla th. s3a !€v z_isv of !h. aauahttr 72At

C.rcrrr.trod oa PFtoh/ -D-ur,..o- Ihrl@.d R.*tron cro*

th. atrs! tt-.P ln th. c.lcur.r,ro'

rncbde a PUt" Prl'lp r'l'cr6' rM

appll.d !o obr.In i'h' 'bsolul' act'lvlrv fhe

"t' c'lculat'd Bta lhe

n . !,el.ll!r o{ IrD !r..r- rer.lrd rh ...m rn cc.tn a/6' tn

D.|'!rd..ll r rq.dro tru'b.rI - te5 c6!.n!

o$trcr. (rsrtct .zs4jr dd fiu d.rEfty !nf - l$torlc ItE tea.l. l'or,6p.a i .rcG .ettoE

- .tomrc r.rahr of r,.!€.L Dr-r!.It !ltn6f

xrDfrc.l Er.FL or B.- CE...l ii|&.-nt

_o.(p,r"razn .r .9.t h. E +? \.y, | -2. xtr.laht, of CFroll - o.O2dt .7cn'Du!.!ton or ri!.dr.!to. . o.s33 h

lErdrhL on cu-toll ! 50 n vlh. arv.n .turat - 30 rb

".2h. a r66j rfr.. EoE ! o,? cprrE.rctr* th. varl*s h .q. (tl)

/" ' nor .PplcsbleN r 0.7 cP.. . t3 X ro_r t< < .t rO ch dtrte fron d.!Gtor)'r.Ax

1.3lto _t6.2a

53

Nov putuna irh..v5lu.s ln cq (i, {6 a.t

30.{,, o.o,o!'6.oF{d}:odo -'? d 6elrr (1-. ------7:.--'

of .rs356 rr^ dd rt h

d.d*ed fron cr- ctrda'

.3.oft*to!o 9rot6F7..c

thrs 6F-Do'r&

4r.mn! ttlh Lt. v.ru of .bour !o d

rc or d rl.r.t.r.4!9!

l_ . mr aPeudr.r . 2.2 \ fi-r x .! ! dttsct of

Iru.b.r r..cuon ud.r lhv"tl.tctoh'-rr<c,en>"tsccr-r -? lh E,, -361

v6r.h! or AtfilnDu.r,ron or ltradri.ron ! 0 ts' h

p"or"" rrc"Cv rdt&nr on Asrlh ' 23 ri'v

te'n cslentcdut=p..3.cordof

v.rs'tn.qul.|on(11'Y...|,

r.lwr ln .qurton <1) e€ lar

o.oo4x6.023rlo:tr€.o23xloroe

srudy ot ^"to.(aro)72 ":7ts€ .nd -to.<!rh' tnt7t7!75s'

lhe stdv of (d,h> .nd ('lta s) R*tl6E on 'ertunluE

tnvolved €rltaLton 'nd ctL ttton of thrck

!..a.i, ykrd: For p.odul,lon of 7'S' a! the conD'cr cvclorron

tele 6.h"'llv h'adt'Lad 'l!h 2a N'V

d-pErLl.t.s .t b.'n curr.nrs of {_5 !A 'nd }adloselontu w's

slrlon Th' tar"td '5dr"r;r'dui ks

of drv drst0r'tron

Pr.P.trtrgn ol Thrh O..nnr@ flrF

sr*. a..tuhrln 'offeld'rrv av'llabt'

s .leclrolytlctG .tsehllallv de3crtb'd bv szerertta

'rv'n rn

'l€ 3 Th'

tt held b'iv'en

forl (rr ci d)

ScheEltc dl.ar.n or t-lred.DGrlton of o.r*nnh

nrnl-celt G.d for

rop oI r,t- /\1 ls n d. of sr.Phlte

du.t'!. th. .le.Lrorysts lh. eLcl,rolvtrc

ol . ?x solutron of o.cl. tn plopylene a\c6l

ProP.rry d€e.d r,hlb rol& (lo-3o !m) of

th. rclsrs Mo. t$c!, Tl ad AL€r. r...r.d .3 car,hodes G'ckrng

Ere.l.r6). tt fo$rl to be uflttal'r. Th' b'sr. rlrre

i€!€ 6ht3!Ed on Cu. Th. .fr.ct€ of

.r.clloplallia q€lrtv or d.ts'rkdlE lnd !d"e6!

6.rn.ntum flt'E Y.r. rosd to b.; cu s ca'hod''

rh. b.th '6o'c, cuF.eDt d.Eltv loo a|/cnz'

a ttre 25-30 h Th'

oe,€ r'G'rs m.'/cm: rr€ €t'c!'orvtic

yr.ld r. bv ('tr> Hor.ve' !h. d.postr rs untform 'nd coBrsts

th€ v6tahL or th. G' dtDo3tt' es d't'rnlned be

as bY rh.rnal

or !h. erp€llnebt' the r's lLs 'c'e'd wtthln :Jz

thrs n€thod

rh.reE oul!:m. .! ,14 h.d c€d untforstv scFe'dtd €'o2 In 'Polv.tvr.ne ftLn h'd obt'rn'd l-hID

of o' on 'lunlntun

forb

Ir..dtruoE lnd B.s curehr nbdrorrhh.ltG3 ....i,roE on C..mhl6)

csrlltd our rn !tu

,, , -T-i, l*trrn,li4tn!.lt-i'raltitqht{o rn

Folt lr.laht ot.aorr ldld.t resct€1. orCaorra ftcnkb

21-tf

215?

't.€

l!.r0

.l

?.b1.! 5

s.r.r' nr.""aloli.or.i.'i:-r,;il:'?!s.t .d Dtntd

n+ (6t), ac tett

xonlf,o! i*ll6 pr.dq€L.ttttr lt.o h

"'v t6.at d -_2?7 A

'otza -9.t h

otzn 34. t .

"zn 214.0 ""oc. t.t h ac (,t!,t). n- (!t6.!>

.recr,ropLled tolls (se 6r cu) ahd sone copD.. .bso.b.. fork fer

tr!.dlsr€d fo!fs del,.rnlhed vr. Lhe 6cu(o,d&c!

r'fttron 16 rm'nrd.

rom Tl fotls lma.ri.t.d fo! t3 ntn .L so nA lb.

.Fiay d.c!.d,tto^ of eH.-P,.ttcles ln Cu. Tr ..d Oa l'vels 's

.alcul.led s tn rhe csa rndlced .e:cltons lhe rH'

""= ".,";.,.."whlch the excltatlon tuEtioh ts tnovn'-

E.ror rr chss.d ?..ttcr. lnd@.d R.er-l.n c.oss s€cil.h

tn r-h. neaur.d

€sttnal.ed by Laktna squai. loots of lrE

rndrvldut .r.o;s, .Eh € tho.. occuftr|€ rh lr! d'relmlMuon or

r,he thlcthess of e.ch fou and ars.nl./€el'ltjlun l've' (l') tn

(102). and .bsoruL'

or rhe acl-tv:Ltoh to 15 ,.). The

.:.

..lld.Fv or tl- rLGGtqF, cqlruia €$Elrt' $d d.ev -h.r.: lt5 oErar d.at'dr,l6 eku;t,ts d& drrdEd m .a;r, rr- .,

r- .bou! !o5 x.v telo !., Ec' Ed o! I tb' € rbv' da 'Douilo'3 lLv .! hrah.! .m!3I{. oh tL .v.!.e.xctioB .m6!.d lo itr,.

tteso€Ehr oa Fltston .ut'rn s

s.cltoE ror rh. r.*trd4:4!I r.cu' dz,'<np;-c. .a4

nzt <np>txt

Fls3r6n n.ltron

n.sur.d ror Lh' r'lcrtoN oZt<''p>-c-'

oz^<',ortrt It7-3p.c!'dtcoPY r 3 D$r of

ar NEl.a. ch.nltr.v Dtvl.ton PIXSt€Cll kLndrd l*rsrrn'

3.4.1 t.r.dt.troNHIah Durl.v Btur'l zrhc(tg9x Plrtt rszn<4a6x''

prep.r.d ln qu&ui,tes of 2s_'on€ ror

r"' 3'at'd

flur nohtror tdlls (Fe Co and Nl>'

l6.dl"a !o !h. no'iltor re*tlobs "r"<' p>ttn^'

o.nt<^.p>t.co, _rr<..D:-co .nd 4tll(nJ)d t elre

pl*ed rn cvllndrlc.l th' anpodt rn 6'n"'l

!h€ s!re flq sr,$datd E!'rrtr

r,lF .nPoure 4 d.prct'd !h Frt 19 srb',lns l.lF ebv '

o.""..t*"-" of the 'rf'cuv' wlthlD r-h' smpoule

quartz AmPoule

IoitCo

Ni

'\Zn foil

Fl6le. Af.ne,rent

Shor! rrr.dlauons of 2o_3o nlbut.s

th. 3 \t svlnnrna pool !r?e Parr.tan A[onlc R'sedch Reactot

(PIRR-!) at PIiSI€c|l

D.!.rinn.f,lon of tleut.on Frur! D€Ertr.t " k_F&tots

th. fsr- rcut,roD fiux d.Ettl" <rr) 'rt*Llve 'r, the

.npolLs r€ra de!..nltud 6lr€

tn TsbL.6^. Alto alv.n lh TrLrI.6A 'hd Eid valu's

av'r'.'d cro€s

redmftti.d bv deL€'dlnrnt r-he rt'1o \/'tt

l.enFd * k-f:c.o.<d(h> 's also

the rs! b.ur.on

reve..l t..adlar,l!r.s

'- "I '' '",. ,'l- --,';*'

llP lndr(t'luil ;! r-'e b"t'tee" L"d

s x i-h. ;, !.rues

fhts ts dm

ooBtde.lng .ll lhere rs no obvroc

due l5r66lY t,o of measurenenrs'

st6rtrtcanr, d6vtsrtoB rron the fksron

"i r..t """t""" tllx densrLre'

^: InforEtlon oh th. th..tt-rd

rlux d.nstt l t3

rucl.s' ..*!tonneuhon flu d.nstrv an'l k_f.ctor

. fltston 'Pecrruh

3.a3 crGrdcar s.p$a on .nd so@c' ?rtDa'!!6b

Irrsdt6t.d Zn $d 5nt .a'h

dksorved tn s tt Hcr' Th. solutlon 'at Psced th'owh

.lreadyl,r..ted

t x lrci r-hrn il core3 dot^ xhtle cu 'rd zn d' eturtd rtrh 03

Hcr .nd o.0o5 x tlcl ..sPecltvelY

dlrer,hvr6lvodno Tha pr'ctPllar'

drted .dd r.t.b.d . Tre chedc.r n'rd

.oupled Lo a c^n6'rra a5 nxltl'hnner

:nalvz.r Th.

or Lh. bar_lrv's

tlua nbntLo'ta6 Nl

cakuratlon of N.ut.on lDduc'd Rt'ctroh cross Se;tloB

The aount r5t.s

srl|i,{iLed id

Radro* wrty .l'6.rn!

\ :, r'a.ri.,r'! t Dlrt -t

teit.nt..dtoralrd.rFdEtt

cf cq .na rbdio...ctlotr

EC.

trl

ttt'

3t1

yt6ld., d...y, ri.t D!..Fhth6, .fftct.rcy or

6r @sLlB, .l:orFLron d|d a.lf .b&rptlob etl*k 6lc, th. deay

d.t. 6.d w.r. t.ken flon th. lter.Lure 5rd *. x3t6d th

T.1,L.7. FFn lh. dlstnL.B..tron rar.. oblatn.d th. n,ot.oh flq

&EtLtes ,.!e c.lclLt.d crhc lh. G!.r *lrvrlron ro.Nr..

A'! n rrfi l f <t

A. E:rrDl. oa d! .rs4.mnt

rm.7€ d), E '€to k v.

v!,3i.hr or I{r fdll . i.. m.

Fe*rton cr6*_&c1,ton trB nb

(9

= 6--ttit"-r5oi-.'7

o.oo?a$.o23xtottxo 5??6rrr3x

61

/|n EranpL or tti x.€@Grnl-

aI .3.27 \t, E rttr3 l'v l rcaa6 *r

R.adllon clo*_t cr,ton -s7 b

.-uri ..t. .fLcr 20 il'B or EoBr'on d'r*lor'

Deri4r,o. sff,dtencv 5t llv'n dlst'E'

,-r*"o" - d,, "*

- ifi*-..,.*r\n Ex.nPra or clos-S€crlon rl'€ol€mtrL

"'znr..f,rd'cu

Dokcfor .ffrcl.my .r, atv.n dlsl.Fe {t.o35 : '0000'6I!Ert,t.€ tile !.r@s tn .qrEl,lon (11) t' €ei:

. r.! r r.3t3^ ' 6:6{t?T.ffi

- s1a76..2 qa

CrE nlcal f.rd oa c! pFctDti't€d tc 7t x

. srtr'a 2 xth...ror. ror.t ^ ' -1|---

"'

tns.rlln; th.

1'5316'=0 0,66 x6 oz3r'o';: 1i61?

r !o''x 0"6 r d(l.i+*=)

rigmrt3.3?6xtor!ra

r- L.ul'ron I6dE d Rtlctroi cnos s'crroh

the reln sourcet of tr'6tr Invorv'd

&6r!r.. (- s"> sd thcolur''

or,h.r 3ou.a.3 trel1 :'d "'e

unc.rlalntte. tn lhe ^uhb'! of !4"' nucr'l (<12) rt *'ll * tn

rl!.dr.Lton .nd €@ltna ttres (_tx) Tht 6v'rall

ob!:tmd bv lumnln' the |tdrvtdEr

E:crt.rroh Func[roh or:'^r(prn)/: /t ?:se Re.crl'h3

the .k[.tlo^ <p,n) ra&tloN on A"'hlc'

re.dln6 to !h. f6rEuon of "se. '!se. .nd "se *ere re*'o"a

r.h!e oa 3 to at H.V lh. cro3s

.tov. mntloh.d dltfer.ht ltuid6hL

Fla 4 l,oaether stth Lh' e:ilt€r refltts (rer'

u.. i.o$d 15-

r.o "s". "S", 5nd 600'00 nb

.esp"cLtrelv The 'r '-'" "rL<p ro"rt'os' "r

''rs,.t,".r" -"'s. "ea"ttoeEx.rtatlon Fuhctloc or

lea,tlr'r to lhe fornarlon or

r.ac{lobs ar' grv'n in Tables'

ahd lc ttie! ror or ;'s.. 7's€. and

...."'*.".

52 oo, 1g5.oo .nd 600oo n'b

Irllq a

lbr..tDrd .F !l' (L\.,

fu:#'${ii-Tiit-1t*,4ffiEe - io-ao tl.v

orc. rectroE for the rSdtoa.r.nluh (nrbt

lo. 0h. fo.'Elroh

sr*k-rrr-(JULrc)

sr&r- rv-(JULIc,

t.ble: 9 .6tr.r^€d,

E-..!x

S|'-l-tl I l- <(:vL)

E

fyrrc.r ..sr

. T.bl.r 10

cross-s*tlo6 of (d,!n) ...ctrdcr.dro&r.hrs (nb)

sr*k-r-<JULtc)

for th. rorEllon

s.!.t!l:guJ:.Ul

LDl.! lD.a^lt^{d,

12.5U

!,6tsr&r-rl- (oY-ita,

I t.!2

Exctrruon Fhct.roE of "".c"<a,rnl'2-2,'ose t.cuorErclr,ariori ruelloB

r..ctlore ov.rThe n.6ur€d

or "s. u ue d-parl.r.s wrf,h "",ce rs

erth th. Ir..5rs. *""-. tt- "*"""",". .urtt.n forFra.e and conpared vlr,h rhe

s..'ho|d.n.l.v

of ,|s.' 7,se .nd

?xcrr,:ilon f'mction of :Jse tn er& p.rrlclelnduced ...crloE slb,n th frs.e toa.rher rtrh thexr.r.ru.€ daL:

"."",oe &..*,,",",.s"€tv.n th lable.a Th. E--- rtes

lnt.!

Ir!

nE7,?5n|ritnr !-F.lil. rffig' ll{.V,

rre.6 Ercrt.croh ahctton of the -'o.(ennr7's. pFoci^ss, th...*urf,s of ornrrsr'm .r ar (R.f. 62) tor '"o€(.,ht

t/,,ir"

t't

E

x

5ttr'

lr.n t Frh. rEgt tH.Vl

Frctt.ctoh runcr,l6b ror rhe rorrurron or 7's. tD 6-.nd-ll.- plrf,lcle rFduc.d huct.* re.cuoh, oh Eoe. Th.'lrl,. fo. th€ -tt€-F..rtct. r.drEcd ,.oc..r r!.we t..n..rr.d br . f'cr6. of io

32

F.lt;tl-"'-'*'{,)'i,,.^,,*

ldi15 D,5!

!'drr FrId. .Ev oLvl

Excrr.rton r,rcrloh or '.s" tn ,- ..a-t.- rt.]ttct. tlrdE.d tut.*lr.-D.rt.tcr. hdtE.d

r*.or of tO.

nt

3*iA

l!'

:6

31

t.bl.:11Eft..[rr .roas+.c1,!on! of (d, xn> r..ctr6m o^ n.rO.

tor th. rolclroi of rdr€.l.dm <nb)

:!:9!1

s-!s!:]I

s::!::\]-!!

S!:r:.t!

n o r.",,'L-*r[.X,-t

Fla.g Ercra.uoh aft.ron or lte -,o.<rrcrn>,rs. p.ef,.

T.ble: l2Eaa*tlE ..oss*e.tto6 of ('rle,xnt ..kl rft oh ^otO.

ror th. lo.@ttotr ol radtGer.ntuh <i|bt

-:!:s!:q

sl.ck-rv

T.bl.:12..nr!^r.d,..

t!4!.lr.rirh (nb,

ss

crrcr sr,lon ol thlct t..a.t Yleldr

""'ge<'tt.,*>'"'" "s.r.specriv.lY The crGt

.t dlrfe!.nt, lncldobr

sei,loB of ItFta" ...rat". "r"

Y_ i;'rr<1_"-rr'

nEu& t3 arv€n

L',rd.-L,-, ",D re

rah. €r Lo E.rn

ue alv€n ln 15br.s.13-2{.

vt.Fta lo, 11, t2 shd 13

i,h. proj.cur.

opcrtu Emray !.. c. ro. rh. P.odctroh oas. wr. a(ptht

. ' tDln 13

Th6r.ttcd thlct t.rg.l ,l.ld f@ tt^.(D, ah)t's. r.&t!o

)dedE Dlfa.lnt,l.l lnl sMiyl.ld yl.lA<tnvt*,> <tavrN

. .tE(F

!r,

90

. T.bler 1a

(F)oEdE

9l

. 7.t1., 13

T}|o..trc.r rntcl rr.g.t,r.ld for "'^s(p, h)7rs. ...ctl.n

a(nbt R.n!e(a/cn:> (d)rEdE

riF/ ;t:c

o ?"0

a<nb) R.i!.(a/cht t (

yt.rd r.r 7']\s(.r,znr7tsb r..crloh

o(nh>R.'Ee<./.n|) ( # ) oEdE

l.bl.t r7

Drft.rhr, t.l tnr.6rar<!c!/!^h)

t bl.: la .a.r,ud.r(nb) lrt (3/.d', DlfL$ttd tht a!.1il.ld rr.ld<ror/ltat1, <,tcr/uat\t

.E

z.lf t.lt9

T.bt.t 1s

lh.dr.tr..l r.htct ra.o.r,,t.ld ro. ^.to.ra,rot.se,e."tro,

"(hb) Rr'6.<s/c-. ) t tf i'"e c Drrf.!6tt.r rnbar.lyr.ld yt.rd.<trtr/u{lrt <t\:l/r|||t

43

r.ht.. 20

Th@retr..l Lhlct r..g.t yt.td for ^"r(r€(d,rn)7rS€ .e.ctto.

z(nb) R.tEr(.7.r. ) ( i:;'* *

2a.a

(#)aEdE

Ii€oier 1r.l thrcl t.rqer /.rd

(;)aEdEyr!1d

9fit/yAn> <ec\/P^6>

n€or.tlc.l !h1.* t.rs.t tr.r.r ro n"iCec*,xOt'Sr ..ectron

r<rb) toa.(a/..r ) Dlaf.hll.l lrr.ar.tyt.ld ?t.ld -qar,/rAD <trtl/,l,,r>

(s

?a t. o!t. ot

0, lraa0,t!0

7. tta.! L,ta

11.41

t2.to

2C.L

t0,6t

alm. ! |loa.aa

rh+.r,rt..l tl,rcr I srq.t 5e r...r lon

a<nb) l-|t€(6zch' ) < i! i'"" o"

J@

rrl.tld ttr.rt owr -

tla.ro c.lGrrl.t.d t,htd( r{ta.r, ttclilr or is., ts. ma '!sr -. r|m|r6 aa !Ead.ri, If6rn d'ay .h ArDr{6

ti.,.g

!ct

Ii'oilcT

c.r@r.t rt r,hllk t 4.ti trc.roh ot tFtd.nt

1"3Ild,IIrI

d Dd -lrtsF}.td.S,|r.ulrl,.d ihrck |,al..t yr.H.

,r.v Pa rheleroli,

For|hefi.*rnun

to oi 3.il lO

C'o" ". "s..o o" "tt. p.otr.t.r> vodd rncr.s. th. ;ese yt.ld

Ulllrz5u.n of

It.utron lhd@d Crcr- s.ctlon D.r:lh. ooss 3.ctloB of th. thre.

valu* found In the

tr"-,lyqt'*'a,."

crGs ..ctlo! r."rrort rndG'd oh

+o.7966 0.07!10.ooe

+o.2r2a o.t95.o?n.o{. t (t.oa!o tl) 1at

o,t6to.0a? ( t. t il:o ll)o.!2!o.oa (t.tt!o oc>

o-o2 (O.O.tt 2o1

o.063!l).004 (o. o?!l!o oo7t re.

o.o7?io.ot (o. o?!iD ott> ,oo

''S. IN CYCLOTRON

prodcl,toh of ;rs. vr! r5^.<erh> or ?'^.(drh> R.x.roB.r Jnl-lc $. <5!^,

a F ll'r r' 12

prol*rr. !r.!e.a.s

sn.r. l! d.pe!!s t. coored .rrlo"s '!r.r. Dorsrbry *ruEc.d ,r5

'er€ t!'5(r1.t.d

.horL_|re.d .c!rvaeroh

orrdr2.d 1-o r!s(!)

flclws.ddid'Ic,E

Dos.x lf(Ct rorn).

v5s hot 5dsorb.d

$rc r:dr6&l.d6

rllor pst or i'1" or t tl

HOl. A lvprcrr tt'l{ Th' s€psr'lron

foud 1,6 b. - 75'

:*

II

(*rth 2.t € i' mtrtx).hd ?ts'

rab€Ulr4 wol'< .bo!t' ? h

Ari6-.durt ri.{lqttF

Erutr.n cbv.. fo. 7'4.

t.ons2crO*2.d

!3dlo&r.n,!h .vsll.bl. lor

on .lut-roh nltlr sx gcl. accomD.hled rhe

o x rocm) aav. a

orElrty cohtror or ?'se

'os" rn'putr-rs

'?si ..a "selh'!f't]:.^3

'o. "t'un "" nr-."t""obr.rbed Rr-f5l@ vtch ,r xfo, o.

clFcred Lr. halor

barch rstbar

sMrl sc.r. Produ.tron

ac th' bac* bv

or 2s {.1 rpatlct* .t- sdr| fo' lh (Flars) The

? PA llE Lhtctress

=R-HI

I'e rcn6vtd fron !b

"i'-"n 6r ?ss"

(2cm!x6

5s chtoro-c6hFler

.rz.2. 4 €lu!.d flr-h lo

or 0.5 M NIl.Ol.

Yldd or r.dlos.lenlui

t|. comPl.ted rn :b.u! . tuurs Tne

naJo.

rrerd 6r I's.

p.r.I6pmnt or .n rnf,.rn.l T.ra.r syjr.n fot productton

lh . T.rt..

Cu a er,lEd.Aft.. rs h $luuoh 's ch.na.d .rn

r.npL (o. .t.c.roFbt-d on cu b.crrh.

or 62". t an, .dj$rn.n! w-3

or R.dtor.l.htuh

9.rn,.!o,o.c

!ub,. *nrch v€ lB!

-ll lc a.tdrua orF.tyL6. dtsr aorC. rr.* . D|!al6 oa iHl

|nt.;-r If,t L

a

,^.-{] 9t^rr

l

( t\v_/

rd. dr1 dr.r.rrr.r,lon.r*.r{rLt.i s

out.ld.tt'ov.D'th. ld*h.rret ,t.ld .f ur d.rr {.ro Dr., ,_ -

as t. ldo-r.rd6 r- .*a!-rra rn 6 ,t {cl(st r. tnprsfi.b. 6f .

r.doa.lltq sd n.iltx *lrvrl.ytDy r-lt|. r,ll srd,ro lrslJtr 6 ..ds .rd-ra. 6nDn (Dohxlar. Ct- r$i,2 o a r a o 6tD d{t. t rlo-tdttq !UrrNq$ r,rr ollfu. rdL !.d.ds -t r:d€d!* r.n &!t d

. Tlr t kn yr.rd or ?ts. *hl*.d ,- lr7o ribq (.!ou! roncl). fEr,rir oDur{atta

'rr rr.Er.prd '4r 'r. b.rbd rh rht

D..:id tt G6ltv r-vr tt dE h.v. d.-.r|'.d . ncrFd t. !r||rch $.ndr of C! .nd c. .rb! z h r!!irtt.!to! .l. 60 !A 6urd b.d 16

s nlq -s. (.r DoE),

{cq(.i./)acu

!h.h!cl.!rreellon

enDronn6 rh.

qo]]!:rLs9:LoJ_q! rysr:$,tsl:9i:

rrbl.t e6

ProdEttd .tr "cu rr. rl

.bqxl.E. c$s r.cttd,-.D<A-D.!t,tcl.)

".-,";*"

12t1t2 a9r6ar 7.c.r5tt. ,:ro.

:lttrc.Eo:,,:qxtL,

,! 2 to!' n.";i .ij

,todEt|d.ol ..c|! by Srrrdrah.l-r: Fr-6r,rlrth.l *r.itn.

".*!l::-'Sp.crrt6.cttvtty R.rerr-

I22

-1

t*!."

). v.tah,nB zoo-4oon! wlr .nbd

e.rFom€d 1n

r cRc-5Rr (c^Prt'r.c trc)Nld-^ssa! t,p. 6-10 <nln'

ug.d .or corntln. .dro

rf.!,oFf or p'enr lhd dru.hi,.r,!tr 4.c.y co*eb.. <o6e3lr )

m" d ri." '"d r:,

" - r=r "-;l.&hd. rhe hu'Ib.t

vrLh .6pe.r,1v. h.lf-xv.s

":.r+,

Fr..2rs rd Fr..2iA .h-xo. *'tc, trc .,a -nu:1:r,rn

.1.

.t..2r:^ D..ay s.q(hrE ot

Fr!-zrB D.c.y-arowrh'rtto

5i. sulErrcur.d rh aq.

desr. rl. .loxrh

"i - "." ":,r.-a

o'!o:t -.-o n!!

'"'l'tc r-- u- d.6r "r

r5d!b.cl,lvjtr a|t,rtbut'.b|

lydrat d rrr.'{6 o{d. lds.b.nr. r.r Ft|o- 6Tc

.,lsolpl.ion ot

a sludy of tl, .t

PEr.r.tlqn ot

s*DL|.n6f'Iadt.t.dMortbd.|.

Hyd..t.d!'eh|un.rrd.'-'

nJo!lh€.qx.o

roo na of hvd.o,E Ttar. ^rro,

or _hydNG o,rt'o qerEf,a,! fs s.rr+..Led

4 372) .nd eiTc(E)

TIE 4rslrti,ur.rur cDel clenr oir) *5s cakur.t.d

-"- *---.!1, "+-

I

I

I

or Hcr conentr.uohrcrybd.f. toE o^ .d

,+r n:de or 3tn!€r.d sl3ssrh. r+d{d

nol*,rf .d lusred rh

addh; 6nl t,c,

h.d corunn !:.nL5niD.

o' i". x€,,5b,f6r .lUt-,9h ,4

-r,o "-" a.r.""c"a

ltm[ of ,Ho thpsrt-y q^ b. arv.n, co,.rd.rtq .nb*rCrdnc r d.rcrt6n trr,ft,

f, Frb pr...6! rr r.- rhs idrx. no rrtvtrri. of €nb 6,-zr v.o. ar|."rca rn u- .rqt. r qr$ r. roled-zr yre <no r!6.t rcrybd.M r

,aaa-

votoNr of rlllra oirn ||. c(r +

f'"I

39r0

€luaron c6r. of '\c , hydr.{,.d

"r.o'-,"--

Nozau .i afr

t,h. <d.2nt i'escllon.

.bov. 25 tt.v r'alon iDv'v'r' th'r' ls

c.rcrd.r.!r. d:.r.D.ncv. ..p.cl.lly vrrh tr- d.t. 6t curu'un' 't

ol r'iort dtt' co 'a'o' t3

ltf, lorDu'n or ?'s'

lrdlc'd Pr@'s

i. ImY *ss;dht on th€

e$e'rnene.i

tr-.!.i,uFdr'.tlr.dl.rlon rh. .r...a. biLclr

rr.r,r .r rrs.

ov.. tt. .mr6y r.ia. or Ed.{3-s3 M.v

!h. *rt.troh rh. ?^.(d...)

y'.rd. or -'o.(d.h)?ts. .nd

rhrci r.i..! rr.rd

son. of rlF toy rt€t& oh*iv.n th hrsh

rr.ld! ir.duc.d

(lll) l.dl.l-loh

r. l. thE obvloE

.rv.tl}ihi|'Metf, .l' rrmnr,. t obr..rFd yr.rd, rn hr6h

.u'!.nr FrcdEu6h ro,.! !h.. ur rh.o!.!tc.r

hrrh Po,.. &Erty

Ev.lucton oa r!s. ploducf,ton vr. s.v.r.t toui.t s.udr.d

yt.tdr rxr rrpu rv t.v.tr ,.tsc.rcut t.d. rh. F ur!. .r. .uh'|$tr.d t^ T.br..r. evtd.nLty rh.tr"<p.r'>'rsc prc... t' rh. mt'hod 6r ch.rc.r u* t!s.;rera rc

bq.r .r tDDstl1.. tow. ru]!h.!mr.. rh. d*nrqt

'.F.r.Lrotr of

nr.er' (..crton.t.r.D .nn |h. i.docr-n{c.t r,t.td b hr.h. tnsnlrlr rr-rrcr. l,h6 !m.r ts!.n!t.l

irr'x,rat txr.r. ttF " de(r[..h) .'d

oh r..!db!roE

6ff .mt.r-drhr, ,.rlonE!&

Pl.dwr,toh of dcu dn dc!

ror tt- *tror -zn<n.o)-c.r---

rahret ?9

n,rcr !Ar..! rt.r.t of ,.ihDu.tt]."s.' x&r (dr ralh {s-.-:k.

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