AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 3 / May – June 2016
A A M J Anveshana Ayurveda Medical Journal
www.aamj.in ISSN: 2395-4159
Research Article
Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
Vali Jyothirmai P 1 Badari Narayana V 2 Rama Mohana Rao G 3 Sri Durga Ch 4
A b s t r a c t
Rasa Shastra is a branch of Medicine, which deals with preparation of the drugs with
metals and minerals having higher therapeutic efficacy, possessing innate qualities
like quick action, less dose, etc. Pāradādi Malaharam is one such Rasoushadhi men-
tioned in Rasayogasagara indicated in Duṣṭa vraṇa. Śodhana, Mardana and
Malahara nirmāṇa are the important steps involved in preparation of Pāradādi
Malaharam. In recent times Ayurveda has obstacles in its way to provide quality
treatment because of the unavailability of safe and efficacious drug. so there is a need
for proper standardization of Ayurvedic drugs at various levels starting from the selec-
tion and collection of raw material to the final product . Therefore the present study
has been planned to standardize the method of preparation of an important effica-
cious herbo - mineral external application i.e Pāradādi Malaharam. The detailed
Pharmaceutical study of Pāradādi Malaharam will be discussed in full paper.
Key words: Standardisation, Pāradādi Malaharam, Rasouṣadhi, pharmaceutical study
1 PG Scholar, 2 Lecturer, 3 Professor & Head, 4 Associate Professor, Department of Rasa Śastra
and Bhaiśajya Kalpana, S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati, A.P. (India).
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dr. VALI JYOTHIRMAI P
PG Scholar, Department of Rasa Śastra and Bhaiśajya Kalpana,
S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati,
Andra Pradesh. (India).
Email: [email protected]
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 845
INTRODUCTION
he nature possesses valuable and potential medi-
cine in the form of metals, minerals and plants to
treat the various diseases. But most of the drugs as
such are not easily absorbable into the biological sys-
tem. To make it absorbable and to bring the therapeutic
effect, some modifications are required through the
specialized techniques called pharmaceutical process-
es. Acharya Charaka has named such pharmaceutical
processing as “Samskāra”. According to him,
Samskāra brings ‘Guṇāntarādhāna’, which means as-
similation of newer properties. Śodhana, Marana,
swedana, Bhāvana, Mardana , etc are the pharmaceu-
tical procedures comes under Samskāra. By undergo-
ing through these pharmaceutical procedures we can
convert the toxic substance into Non toxic, absorbable
therapeutic form to combat the diseases. Pāradādi
Malaharam is prepared with the ingredients of Kajjali,
Śodhita Mriddāraśringa, Śodhita Kampillaka, Śodhita
Tuttha and Goghritha.
Aims and Objectives Pharmaceutical standardization of various steps in-
volved in the preparation of Pāradādi Malaharam.
Importance of Present Study
Chronic ulcers are shown to be the most common
cause for hospitalization and prolonged stay for
proper wound care.
Here an attempt was made to make an effective
external application for Duṣṭavraṇa.
As the appropriate parameters for Standardization
of Pāradādi Malaharam are not yet established, an
attempt has been made through the study to stand-
ardize the method of preparation of Pāradādi
Malaharam.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Chief reference: Rasayoga sagara Volume-2, Pākarādi
rasa [sloka no: 553-555, Page no.39]
Total pharmaceutical study was carried out in five stag-
es,
Stage I
Śodhana of Pārada ( R.T 5/27-29)
Śodhana of Gandhaka ( R.R.S 3/20-22)
Stage II Kajjali nirmāṇa (R.R.S 8/52 )
Stage III
Śodhana of Mriddāraśringa (R.S.Si.P.Sa,
Foot notes of Pradarāntaka ras ) , Śodhana
of Kampillaka (B.R 25/81) , Śodhana of
Tuttha (R.T 21/109-111)
Stage
IV Making homogeneous mixture
Stage V
Adding goghrita and triturated till it attains
Malaharam Consistency. ( Pāradādi Mala-
haram )
( R.T- Rasa Tarangini, R.R.S- Rasa Ratna Samucchaya,
R.S.Si.P.Sa – Rasa Tantra Sara va Siddha prayoga
Sangraha, B.R- Basava Rajeeyam )
Pāradādi Malaharam preparation:
Reference
Rasayoga sagara Volume-2,
Pākarādi rasa [sloka no: 553-555,
Page no.39]
Materials
Kajjali–320gms,Shoditha Mriddā-
raśringa- 320 gms, Śodhita Kampil-
laka – 640 gms, Śodhita Tuttha –
10 gms, Goghrita – 5160 gms
Method/Principle Śodhana and Malahara nirmāṇa
Apparatus Khalwa yantra , Darvi, steel vessel,
Gas stove
Procedure:
Śodhana of pārada was carried out by doing Mar-
dana with equal quantity of sudhā cūrṇa for three
days. After Mardana it was filtered through double
layered cloth. Laśuna kalka was added in equal
quantity and saindhava lavaṇa was added in half
the quantity of pārada. After completion of Mar-
dana washing of contents was done with hot water
to obtain Śuddha pārada.
Śodhana of Gandhaka was carried out by placing
it in an iron ladle along with sufficient quantity of
ghrita. It was heated up to melting and poured in a
vessel was tied with cloth which was smeared with
ghrita. It was heated up to melting and poured in a
vessel of milk. The mouth of vessel was tied with
cloth which was smeared with ghrita. Then it was
washed with hot water and powdered. This proce-
dure was repeated for seven times to obtain Śud-
dha Gandhaka.
Equal quantity of Pārada and Gandhaka are taken
and titurated till it attains the properties (siddha lak-
shanaks) of kajjali.
Mriddāraśringa was triturated for three hours with
1/4th Part of Saindhava lavaṇa and 4 times of
water was added and kept un disturbed for whole
night. On the next day water was removed care-
fully. Again on the second day addition of Saind-
hava lavaṇa, triturating and addition of water (The
same procedure) was done. This procedure was
T
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 846
done for 21 days totally. The method here applied
was Mardana and nimajjana.
Kampillaka was made into pottali and it was boiled
in Harītaki kaśāya for 3 hours. The method applied
here was swedana.
Tuttha cūrṇa was arranged in a pottali and boiled
in gomūtra in dolāyantra for 3 hours. After immedi-
ate quenching of Tuttha pottali in gomūtra, gomūtra
turns into green colour. After 10 minutes total con-
tent of Tuttha in pottali was dissolved in gomūtra
and cloth of pottali floated on the gomūtra. The
cloth of pottali was removed when it was totally
empty. After 3 hours of boiling Tuttha dissolved in
gomūtra and gomūtra turned into thick semisolid
material, later it was dried and preserved.
All the components of Pāradādi Malaharam are
taken in their specified quantity and made into ho-
mogeneous mixture. This Homogeneous mixture
was added to molten go ghrita in khalwa yantra
and triturated up to the Malaharam consistency.
OBSERVATIONS
During filtering through cloth, Pārada came out of
the cloth and was collected in a vessel, whereas
Sudhacūrṇa was left with in the cloth itself.
At the time of washing, Laśuna kalka got mixed
with water while Pārada settled at the base.
On complete melting Gandhaka appeared like oil.
After Śodhana colour of Gandhaka appeared
bright yellow.
In Kajjali nirmāṇa Mixture turned black after three
hours of mardana.
After complete loss of shine, mixture turned very
smooth.
During Mriddāraśringa Śodhana After adding wa-
ter drug was sedimented during course of time and
water was in light cream colour
After 10 days, the luster of Mriddāraśringa was
absent, colour was changed into cream colour.
During Kampillaka Śodhana, Harītaki kaśāya be-
comes slight thick in consistency after the Śodhana.
After Śodhana, red coloured Kampillaka
was changed into dark brown colour.
After 5 minutes of heating Tuttha was dissolved
in gomūtra & the colour of gomūtra totally changed
into sky blue colour.
After 30 minutes colour changed into thick blue
colour
After 3 hours gomūtra evaporated completely and
light green colour ṣodhita Tuttha remained.
IMAGES SHOWING THE PREPARATION OF
PĀRADĀDI MALAHARAM
1. AŚuddha Pārada
2. Pārada with Sudha cūrṇa
3. Filtrering through cloth
4. Pārada with laśuna kalka
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 847
5. Washing pārada
6. Śuddha Pārada
7. Ashoditha Gandhaka
8. Melting Gandhaka
9. Pouring melted Gandhaka
10. Shoditha Gandhaka
11. Mardana of Pārada with Dwiguna Gandhaka
12. Kajjali
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 848
13. AŚuddha Mriddāraśringa
14. Trituration of Mriddāraśringa with saindhava
lavaṇa
15. Addition of water to Mixture
16. Removal of water with Syringe
17. Colour change after 15 days
18. Shoditha Mriddāraśringa
19. Harītaki Phala twak
20. Harītaki Kaśāya Nirmāṇa
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 849
21. AŚuddha Kampillaka
22. Dolā yantra swedana in Harītaki Kaśāya
23. Shoditha Kampillaka
24. AŚuddha Tuttha
25. Dipping of Tuttha Pottali in gomūtra
26. Colour change after dipping of Tuttha pottali
27.Efeervescence of Tuttha during of swedana
28. Colour change at the end stage swedana
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 850
29. Shoditha Tuttha
30. Goghrita
31. Adding of Homogeneous mixture to Goghrita
32. Pāradādi Malaharam
33. Packing of Pāradādi Malaharam
Precautions:
In Mriddāraśringa śodhana Triturating was done
carefully to avoid spilling
Water should not be distributed during night
Water should be removed carefully with syringe
After complete melting of Tuttha, the pottali was
removed out.
During Malahara nirmāṇa fast Triturating is
needed to get proper Malahara consistency.
RESULT
Table showing the Result of Preparation of Pāradādi
Malaharam
Weight of total contents
taken
Quantity of drug
obtained
6450 grams 6430 grams
DISCUSSION
The pharmaceutical procedures adopted in this study
are Śodhana. Mardana, Malahara nirmāṇa. Śodhana
is done for Pārada, Gandhaka, Mriddarshringa,
Kampillaka &Tuttha. Śodhana is done to convert mate-
rials into suitable form for further procedures, to remove
visible & invisible impurities, to reduce the toxicity and
to enhance the therapeutic properties.
Pārada Śodhana:
Pārada śodhana - Substances having uṣṇa, Tīkśna,
kśāra, amla and lavaṇa property are considered as
purifiers (Sarva malaharah Kśāra).[i] Lime is an alkaline
Substance, it is helpful in removing external and inter-
nal impurities of Mercury. Laśuna and Saindhava
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 851
lavaṇa also have uṣṇa, tīkśna and viśada property
which is helpful in minimizing the toxic Qualities of
Pārada[ii] .
Garlic has been proved as a best antidote for heavy
metal poisoning. Hence, processed Pārada is augment-
ed with antidote itself. Hence, one-step ahead in safety
Lashuna was selected as a drug for Śodhana of Pārada
Gandhaka Śodhana:
Gandhaka śodhana- ‘Ghee – Milk procedure’ can
effectively separate sulphur granules from external
impurities.
Pure sulphur is neither lipid nor water-soluble, there-
fore, both water and lipid soluble impurities can be
separated from sulphur, as sulphur has to pass
through both media.
Ghee serves as base for uniform spreading of tem-
perature. It layers fine powder crystals of sulphur
and prevents them to get in contact with external
oxygen, which otherwise cause oxidation and con-
siderable weight loss.
Milk and Ghee are Vishahara and Rasayana.
These can remove Vishadoshas of Gandhaka.
Final cleaning with hot water removes greasy rem-
nants of milk and ghee.
Kajjali:
Kajjali was checked for loss of shine at various
stages of preparation and mardana was done up to
it turned to luster less .
After Mardana for 3hours the mixture turned black.
After 15hours Kajjali was checked for shine under
the Sun and small globules of mercury could be
clearly observed. It took 42hours for complete loss
of shine and other characters of Kajjali to develop.
Mriddāraśringa Śodhana:
Mriddāraśringa Śodhana was done according to
the reference of Rasa tantra sara va siddha
prayoga sangraha.. The method here applied was
Mardana and nimajjana
For the total process we recquire to add 5.¼ th
parts of Saindhava lavaṇa. Every time after adding
Saindhava lavaṇa and trituration , 4 times of wa-
ter is added. At this stage maximum part of
Saindhavalavaṇa is dissolved in water, a little
quantity of Saindhava lavaṇa is added to the
weight of Mriddāraśringa.
After 21 times of this procedure 214 grams of
Saindhava lavaṇa was found to be added to
Mriddāraśringa which caused gain in the weight of
Mriddāraśringa after completion of śodhana. The
remaining 2436 grams of Saindhava lavaṇa is dis-
solved in water and it was removed.
As Saindhava lavaṇa is having kapha chedhana
and vilayana property, pus discharge and serous
discharge of Vraṇa may be decreased. By its lek-
hana property it can scrape the putrified debris ma-
terial from chronic ulcers
Kampillaka Śodhana:
Kampillaka Śodhana was done according to the
reference of Basavarajeeyam. Useful part of
Kampillaka is Phalaraja.
Identification Methods:
For determining its genuineness it should be
dropped on the water surface. The pure Kampillaka
floats on the water. Adulterants like sand, mud,
brick powder etc settle down at the bottom .
The wet powder of Kampillaka produces yellow line
on white paper when rubbed with fingertip.
Kampillaka powder when put on fire, it produces
sparkling.
It is very soft, crimson coloured powder.
All the above tests were done while collecting the
raw drug Kampillaka.
Phalaraja contains a brownish red resin composed
of a crystalline substance called rottelerin
(C33H10O9), volatile oil, sugars, starch, tannins, ox-
alic acid and citric acid as main constituents[iii].
Rottlerin and its major biological activities – Anti
microbial, Anti tuberculous activity, Anti allergic ac-
tivity, Anti proliferative activity, Anti parasitic [iv].
As Harītaki is having Vraṇaropana property, Harī-
taki kaśāya was selected for Kampillaka Śodhana.
Recent researches reveal that Terminalia chebula
extract applied topically promotes healing of
wound in alloxan induced diabetic rats where heal-
ing is delayed.
Terminlia chebula facilitates healing by increasing
the rate and extent of wound contraction.
Pharmacological activities of Harītaki are anti bac-
terial, anti fungal, anti ulcer and wound healing. By
doing swedana with Harītaki kaśāya Vraṇa Ro-
pana activity of kampillaka may be increased [v].
Tuttha Śodhana:
Tuttha Śodhana was done according to the refer-
ence of Rasa Tarangini.
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 852
After immediate quenching of Tuttha pottali in go-
mūtra, gomūtra turns into green colour. After 10
minutes total content of Tuttha in pottali was dis-
solved in gomūtra and cloth of pottali floated in the
gomūtra. The cloth of pottali was removed when it
was totally empty.
After dipping pottali of Tuttha into Gomūtra, effer-
vescence was observed. There was liberation of
gaseous bubbles observed even before heating is
initiated. The probable reason could be explained
as: Urine of cow is generally alkaline in nature (8 –
8.5 pH).
Alkalinity of mammal’s urine is due to presence of
large amounts of carbonates and phosphates of
sodium and potassium. Copper reacts with these to
form Copper phosphate and Copper carbonate
and liberating Hydrogen gas. Perhaps this gas was
the reason for immediate effervescence.
Copper carbonate and phosphates are green in
colour and this proves possibility of above reaction.
Here the material taken in pottali dissolves in the
liquid which is out side the pottali in the container
of dolāyantra. The liquid in the dolāyantra along
with dissolved material is further boiled to thicker
state, dried and preserved.
Recent researches shown that cow urine has anti-
bacterial, Anti fungal, Wound healing property.[vi]
Experimentally it has been concluded that cow’s
urine possess anti microbial property. Cow’s urine
enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages &
thus helpful against bacterial infections.
It also facilitates the synthesis of interleukin-1 and
interleukin-2,augments, B&T Lymphocyte blastogen-
isis & IgA, IgM, IgG antibody titers [vii].
Goghrita:
This lipophilic nature of ghrita facilitates entry of
formulation in to the cell and its delivery to mito-
chondria, microsome and nuclear membrane be-
cause cell membrane also contains lipids.
When herbs and minerals are processed or mixed
with ghrita their activity, utility and rate of absorp-
tion is potentiated.
In saturated fatty acids PUFA are essential fatty ac-
ids which carry medicament to penetrate in any
normal cell.
Formulations having ghee, oil as Malahara base
which symbolize this facilitate enhanced drug Pene-
tration for easy and uncomplicated wound healing.
CONCLUSION
Pharmaceutical Standardization is the first step towards
Standardization of any drug. So it should be done with
utmost accuracy. This leads to reproducibility of drug
and production of safe and efficacious drug.
Pāradādi Malaharam is one of the Malahara
preparations in which Kajjali, other mineral &
herbal drugs are taken for the Malahara prepara-
tion.
Malahara prepared in presence of sneha i. e
goghritha as a base has given better results as
goghritha is also having vraṇa Ropana property
The combination of all these drugs synergistically
acts together to pacify the symptomps of
Duṣṭavraṇa as all are having the Vraṇa Śodhana
and Vraṇa Ropana properties.
ΛΛΛΛ
Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam
AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 853
REFERENCES
i. Rsarnava5/43
ii. Charaka Samhitha sutra sthana 1/88,89
iii. Bio med research international volume2014, Article
ID213973, http.//dx.doij.org/10,
1155/2014/213973
iv. AnnalsAy.Med.2013:2(3), A Review of kampillaka
(Mallotus philippinensis muell) from Ayurvedic perspec-
tive
v. Li.et.al .BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine
2011. ( Tanin extracts from immature fruits of
Terminalia chebula fructus Retz . promotes cutaneous
wound healing in rats.)
vi. European Journal of pharmaceutical and medical re-
search .ISSN -3294-3211, 2016, 3(4), 118-124, Biolog-
ical activities of cow’s urine an Ayurvedic elixir.
vii. International journal of pharmacy & Pharmaceutical sci-
ences vol-6, issue3, 2014. ISSN-0975-1491, Diversified
uses of cow urine
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared
ΛΛΛΛ
How to cite this article: Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceu-
tical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam .AAMJ
2016; 4:844 – 853