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AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 3 / May – June 2016

A A M J Anveshana Ayurveda Medical Journal

www.aamj.in ISSN: 2395-4159

Research Article

Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam

Vali Jyothirmai P 1 Badari Narayana V 2 Rama Mohana Rao G 3 Sri Durga Ch 4

A b s t r a c t

Rasa Shastra is a branch of Medicine, which deals with preparation of the drugs with

metals and minerals having higher therapeutic efficacy, possessing innate qualities

like quick action, less dose, etc. Pāradādi Malaharam is one such Rasoushadhi men-

tioned in Rasayogasagara indicated in Duṣṭa vraṇa. Śodhana, Mardana and

Malahara nirmāṇa are the important steps involved in preparation of Pāradādi

Malaharam. In recent times Ayurveda has obstacles in its way to provide quality

treatment because of the unavailability of safe and efficacious drug. so there is a need

for proper standardization of Ayurvedic drugs at various levels starting from the selec-

tion and collection of raw material to the final product . Therefore the present study

has been planned to standardize the method of preparation of an important effica-

cious herbo - mineral external application i.e Pāradādi Malaharam. The detailed

Pharmaceutical study of Pāradādi Malaharam will be discussed in full paper.

Key words: Standardisation, Pāradādi Malaharam, Rasouṣadhi, pharmaceutical study

1 PG Scholar, 2 Lecturer, 3 Professor & Head, 4 Associate Professor, Department of Rasa Śastra

and Bhaiśajya Kalpana, S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati, A.P. (India).

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Dr. VALI JYOTHIRMAI P

PG Scholar, Department of Rasa Śastra and Bhaiśajya Kalpana,

S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati,

Andra Pradesh. (India).

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceutical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam

AAMJ / Vol. 2 / Issue 4 / July – August 2016 845

INTRODUCTION

he nature possesses valuable and potential medi-

cine in the form of metals, minerals and plants to

treat the various diseases. But most of the drugs as

such are not easily absorbable into the biological sys-

tem. To make it absorbable and to bring the therapeutic

effect, some modifications are required through the

specialized techniques called pharmaceutical process-

es. Acharya Charaka has named such pharmaceutical

processing as “Samskāra”. According to him,

Samskāra brings ‘Guṇāntarādhāna’, which means as-

similation of newer properties. Śodhana, Marana,

swedana, Bhāvana, Mardana , etc are the pharmaceu-

tical procedures comes under Samskāra. By undergo-

ing through these pharmaceutical procedures we can

convert the toxic substance into Non toxic, absorbable

therapeutic form to combat the diseases. Pāradādi

Malaharam is prepared with the ingredients of Kajjali,

Śodhita Mriddāraśringa, Śodhita Kampillaka, Śodhita

Tuttha and Goghritha.

Aims and Objectives Pharmaceutical standardization of various steps in-

volved in the preparation of Pāradādi Malaharam.

Importance of Present Study

Chronic ulcers are shown to be the most common

cause for hospitalization and prolonged stay for

proper wound care.

Here an attempt was made to make an effective

external application for Duṣṭavraṇa.

As the appropriate parameters for Standardization

of Pāradādi Malaharam are not yet established, an

attempt has been made through the study to stand-

ardize the method of preparation of Pāradādi

Malaharam.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Chief reference: Rasayoga sagara Volume-2, Pākarādi

rasa [sloka no: 553-555, Page no.39]

Total pharmaceutical study was carried out in five stag-

es,

Stage I

Śodhana of Pārada ( R.T 5/27-29)

Śodhana of Gandhaka ( R.R.S 3/20-22)

Stage II Kajjali nirmāṇa (R.R.S 8/52 )

Stage III

Śodhana of Mriddāraśringa (R.S.Si.P.Sa,

Foot notes of Pradarāntaka ras ) , Śodhana

of Kampillaka (B.R 25/81) , Śodhana of

Tuttha (R.T 21/109-111)

Stage

IV Making homogeneous mixture

Stage V

Adding goghrita and triturated till it attains

Malaharam Consistency. ( Pāradādi Mala-

haram )

( R.T- Rasa Tarangini, R.R.S- Rasa Ratna Samucchaya,

R.S.Si.P.Sa – Rasa Tantra Sara va Siddha prayoga

Sangraha, B.R- Basava Rajeeyam )

Pāradādi Malaharam preparation:

Reference

Rasayoga sagara Volume-2,

Pākarādi rasa [sloka no: 553-555,

Page no.39]

Materials

Kajjali–320gms,Shoditha Mriddā-

raśringa- 320 gms, Śodhita Kampil-

laka – 640 gms, Śodhita Tuttha –

10 gms, Goghrita – 5160 gms

Method/Principle Śodhana and Malahara nirmāṇa

Apparatus Khalwa yantra , Darvi, steel vessel,

Gas stove

Procedure:

Śodhana of pārada was carried out by doing Mar-

dana with equal quantity of sudhā cūrṇa for three

days. After Mardana it was filtered through double

layered cloth. Laśuna kalka was added in equal

quantity and saindhava lavaṇa was added in half

the quantity of pārada. After completion of Mar-

dana washing of contents was done with hot water

to obtain Śuddha pārada.

Śodhana of Gandhaka was carried out by placing

it in an iron ladle along with sufficient quantity of

ghrita. It was heated up to melting and poured in a

vessel was tied with cloth which was smeared with

ghrita. It was heated up to melting and poured in a

vessel of milk. The mouth of vessel was tied with

cloth which was smeared with ghrita. Then it was

washed with hot water and powdered. This proce-

dure was repeated for seven times to obtain Śud-

dha Gandhaka.

Equal quantity of Pārada and Gandhaka are taken

and titurated till it attains the properties (siddha lak-

shanaks) of kajjali.

Mriddāraśringa was triturated for three hours with

1/4th Part of Saindhava lavaṇa and 4 times of

water was added and kept un disturbed for whole

night. On the next day water was removed care-

fully. Again on the second day addition of Saind-

hava lavaṇa, triturating and addition of water (The

same procedure) was done. This procedure was

T



done for 21 days totally. The method here applied

was Mardana and nimajjana.

Kampillaka was made into pottali and it was boiled

in Harītaki kaśāya for 3 hours. The method applied

here was swedana.

Tuttha cūrṇa was arranged in a pottali and boiled

in gomūtra in dolāyantra for 3 hours. After immedi-

ate quenching of Tuttha pottali in gomūtra, gomūtra

turns into green colour. After 10 minutes total con-

tent of Tuttha in pottali was dissolved in gomūtra

and cloth of pottali floated on the gomūtra. The

cloth of pottali was removed when it was totally

empty. After 3 hours of boiling Tuttha dissolved in

gomūtra and gomūtra turned into thick semisolid

material, later it was dried and preserved.

All the components of Pāradādi Malaharam are

taken in their specified quantity and made into ho-

mogeneous mixture. This Homogeneous mixture

was added to molten go ghrita in khalwa yantra

and triturated up to the Malaharam consistency.

OBSERVATIONS

During filtering through cloth, Pārada came out of

the cloth and was collected in a vessel, whereas

Sudhacūrṇa was left with in the cloth itself.

At the time of washing, Laśuna kalka got mixed

with water while Pārada settled at the base.

On complete melting Gandhaka appeared like oil.

After Śodhana colour of Gandhaka appeared

bright yellow.

In Kajjali nirmāṇa Mixture turned black after three

hours of mardana.

After complete loss of shine, mixture turned very

smooth.

During Mriddāraśringa Śodhana After adding wa-

ter drug was sedimented during course of time and

water was in light cream colour

After 10 days, the luster of Mriddāraśringa was

absent, colour was changed into cream colour.

During Kampillaka Śodhana, Harītaki kaśāya be-

comes slight thick in consistency after the Śodhana.

After Śodhana, red coloured Kampillaka

was changed into dark brown colour.

After 5 minutes of heating Tuttha was dissolved

in gomūtra & the colour of gomūtra totally changed

into sky blue colour.

After 30 minutes colour changed into thick blue

colour

After 3 hours gomūtra evaporated completely and

light green colour ṣodhita Tuttha remained.

IMAGES SHOWING THE PREPARATION OF

PĀRADĀDI MALAHARAM

1. AŚuddha Pārada

2. Pārada with Sudha cūrṇa

3. Filtrering through cloth

4. Pārada with laśuna kalka



5. Washing pārada

6. Śuddha Pārada

7. Ashoditha Gandhaka

8. Melting Gandhaka

9. Pouring melted Gandhaka

10. Shoditha Gandhaka

11. Mardana of Pārada with Dwiguna Gandhaka

12. Kajjali



13. AŚuddha Mriddāraśringa

14. Trituration of Mriddāraśringa with saindhava

lavaṇa

15. Addition of water to Mixture

16. Removal of water with Syringe

17. Colour change after 15 days

18. Shoditha Mriddāraśringa

19. Harītaki Phala twak

20. Harītaki Kaśāya Nirmāṇa



21. AŚuddha Kampillaka

22. Dolā yantra swedana in Harītaki Kaśāya

23. Shoditha Kampillaka

24. AŚuddha Tuttha

25. Dipping of Tuttha Pottali in gomūtra

26. Colour change after dipping of Tuttha pottali

27.Efeervescence of Tuttha during of swedana

28. Colour change at the end stage swedana



29. Shoditha Tuttha

30. Goghrita

31. Adding of Homogeneous mixture to Goghrita

32. Pāradādi Malaharam

33. Packing of Pāradādi Malaharam

Precautions:

In Mriddāraśringa śodhana Triturating was done

carefully to avoid spilling

Water should not be distributed during night

Water should be removed carefully with syringe

After complete melting of Tuttha, the pottali was

removed out.

During Malahara nirmāṇa fast Triturating is

needed to get proper Malahara consistency.

RESULT

Table showing the Result of Preparation of Pāradādi

Malaharam

Weight of total contents

taken

Quantity of drug

obtained

6450 grams 6430 grams

DISCUSSION

The pharmaceutical procedures adopted in this study

are Śodhana. Mardana, Malahara nirmāṇa. Śodhana

is done for Pārada, Gandhaka, Mriddarshringa,

Kampillaka &Tuttha. Śodhana is done to convert mate-

rials into suitable form for further procedures, to remove

visible & invisible impurities, to reduce the toxicity and

to enhance the therapeutic properties.

Pārada Śodhana:

Pārada śodhana - Substances having uṣṇa, Tīkśna,

kśāra, amla and lavaṇa property are considered as

purifiers (Sarva malaharah Kśāra).[i] Lime is an alkaline

Substance, it is helpful in removing external and inter-

nal impurities of Mercury. Laśuna and Saindhava



lavaṇa also have uṣṇa, tīkśna and viśada property

which is helpful in minimizing the toxic Qualities of

Pārada[ii] .

Garlic has been proved as a best antidote for heavy

metal poisoning. Hence, processed Pārada is augment-

ed with antidote itself. Hence, one-step ahead in safety

Lashuna was selected as a drug for Śodhana of Pārada

Gandhaka Śodhana:

Gandhaka śodhana- ‘Ghee – Milk procedure’ can

effectively separate sulphur granules from external

impurities.

Pure sulphur is neither lipid nor water-soluble, there-

fore, both water and lipid soluble impurities can be

separated from sulphur, as sulphur has to pass

through both media.

Ghee serves as base for uniform spreading of tem-

perature. It layers fine powder crystals of sulphur

and prevents them to get in contact with external

oxygen, which otherwise cause oxidation and con-

siderable weight loss.

Milk and Ghee are Vishahara and Rasayana.

These can remove Vishadoshas of Gandhaka.

Final cleaning with hot water removes greasy rem-

nants of milk and ghee.

Kajjali:

Kajjali was checked for loss of shine at various

stages of preparation and mardana was done up to

it turned to luster less .

After Mardana for 3hours the mixture turned black.

After 15hours Kajjali was checked for shine under

the Sun and small globules of mercury could be

clearly observed. It took 42hours for complete loss

of shine and other characters of Kajjali to develop.

Mriddāraśringa Śodhana:

Mriddāraśringa Śodhana was done according to

the reference of Rasa tantra sara va siddha

prayoga sangraha.. The method here applied was

Mardana and nimajjana

For the total process we recquire to add 5.¼ th

parts of Saindhava lavaṇa. Every time after adding

Saindhava lavaṇa and trituration , 4 times of wa-

ter is added. At this stage maximum part of

Saindhavalavaṇa is dissolved in water, a little

quantity of Saindhava lavaṇa is added to the

weight of Mriddāraśringa.

After 21 times of this procedure 214 grams of

Saindhava lavaṇa was found to be added to

Mriddāraśringa which caused gain in the weight of

Mriddāraśringa after completion of śodhana. The

remaining 2436 grams of Saindhava lavaṇa is dis-

solved in water and it was removed.

As Saindhava lavaṇa is having kapha chedhana

and vilayana property, pus discharge and serous

discharge of Vraṇa may be decreased. By its lek-

hana property it can scrape the putrified debris ma-

terial from chronic ulcers

Kampillaka Śodhana:

Kampillaka Śodhana was done according to the

reference of Basavarajeeyam. Useful part of

Kampillaka is Phalaraja.

Identification Methods:

For determining its genuineness it should be

dropped on the water surface. The pure Kampillaka

floats on the water. Adulterants like sand, mud,

brick powder etc settle down at the bottom .

The wet powder of Kampillaka produces yellow line

on white paper when rubbed with fingertip.

Kampillaka powder when put on fire, it produces

sparkling.

It is very soft, crimson coloured powder.

All the above tests were done while collecting the

raw drug Kampillaka.

Phalaraja contains a brownish red resin composed

of a crystalline substance called rottelerin

(C33H10O9), volatile oil, sugars, starch, tannins, ox-

alic acid and citric acid as main constituents[iii].

Rottlerin and its major biological activities – Anti

microbial, Anti tuberculous activity, Anti allergic ac-

tivity, Anti proliferative activity, Anti parasitic [iv].

As Harītaki is having Vraṇaropana property, Harī-

taki kaśāya was selected for Kampillaka Śodhana.

Recent researches reveal that Terminalia chebula

extract applied topically promotes healing of

wound in alloxan induced diabetic rats where heal-

ing is delayed.

Terminlia chebula facilitates healing by increasing

the rate and extent of wound contraction.

Pharmacological activities of Harītaki are anti bac-

terial, anti fungal, anti ulcer and wound healing. By

doing swedana with Harītaki kaśāya Vraṇa Ro-

pana activity of kampillaka may be increased [v].

Tuttha Śodhana:

Tuttha Śodhana was done according to the refer-

ence of Rasa Tarangini.



After immediate quenching of Tuttha pottali in go-

mūtra, gomūtra turns into green colour. After 10

minutes total content of Tuttha in pottali was dis-

solved in gomūtra and cloth of pottali floated in the

gomūtra. The cloth of pottali was removed when it

was totally empty.

After dipping pottali of Tuttha into Gomūtra, effer-

vescence was observed. There was liberation of

gaseous bubbles observed even before heating is

initiated. The probable reason could be explained

as: Urine of cow is generally alkaline in nature (8 –

8.5 pH).

Alkalinity of mammal’s urine is due to presence of

large amounts of carbonates and phosphates of

sodium and potassium. Copper reacts with these to

form Copper phosphate and Copper carbonate

and liberating Hydrogen gas. Perhaps this gas was

the reason for immediate effervescence.

Copper carbonate and phosphates are green in

colour and this proves possibility of above reaction.

Here the material taken in pottali dissolves in the

liquid which is out side the pottali in the container

of dolāyantra. The liquid in the dolāyantra along

with dissolved material is further boiled to thicker

state, dried and preserved.

Recent researches shown that cow urine has anti-

bacterial, Anti fungal, Wound healing property.[vi]

Experimentally it has been concluded that cow’s

urine possess anti microbial property. Cow’s urine

enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages &

thus helpful against bacterial infections.

It also facilitates the synthesis of interleukin-1 and

interleukin-2,augments, B&T Lymphocyte blastogen-

isis & IgA, IgM, IgG antibody titers [vii].

Goghrita:

This lipophilic nature of ghrita facilitates entry of

formulation in to the cell and its delivery to mito-

chondria, microsome and nuclear membrane be-

cause cell membrane also contains lipids.

When herbs and minerals are processed or mixed

with ghrita their activity, utility and rate of absorp-

tion is potentiated.

In saturated fatty acids PUFA are essential fatty ac-

ids which carry medicament to penetrate in any

normal cell.

Formulations having ghee, oil as Malahara base

which symbolize this facilitate enhanced drug Pene-

tration for easy and uncomplicated wound healing.

CONCLUSION

Pharmaceutical Standardization is the first step towards

Standardization of any drug. So it should be done with

utmost accuracy. This leads to reproducibility of drug

and production of safe and efficacious drug.

Pāradādi Malaharam is one of the Malahara

preparations in which Kajjali, other mineral &

herbal drugs are taken for the Malahara prepara-

tion.

Malahara prepared in presence of sneha i. e

goghritha as a base has given better results as

goghritha is also having vraṇa Ropana property

The combination of all these drugs synergistically

acts together to pacify the symptomps of

Duṣṭavraṇa as all are having the Vraṇa Śodhana

and Vraṇa Ropana properties.

ΛΛΛΛ



REFERENCES

i. Rsarnava5/43

ii. Charaka Samhitha sutra sthana 1/88,89

iii. Bio med research international volume2014, Article

ID213973, http.//dx.doij.org/10,

1155/2014/213973

iv. AnnalsAy.Med.2013:2(3), A Review of kampillaka

(Mallotus philippinensis muell) from Ayurvedic perspec-

tive

v. Li.et.al .BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine

2011. ( Tanin extracts from immature fruits of

Terminalia chebula fructus Retz . promotes cutaneous

wound healing in rats.)

vi. European Journal of pharmaceutical and medical re-

search .ISSN -3294-3211, 2016, 3(4), 118-124, Biolog-

ical activities of cow’s urine an Ayurvedic elixir.

vii. International journal of pharmacy & Pharmaceutical sci-

ences vol-6, issue3, 2014. ISSN-0975-1491, Diversified

uses of cow urine

Source of Support: Nil.

Conflict of Interest: None declared

ΛΛΛΛ

How to cite this article: Jyothirmayi et.al,.: Pharmaceu-

tical Standardization of Pāradādi Malaharam .AAMJ

2016; 4:844 – 853

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