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Regolith Materials
Sheila A. Thibeault1, Richard L. Kiefer2, Myung-Hee Y. Kim2,
Janet L. Chapman2, J. Adam Weakley2, and D. Ryan McGlothlin2
1NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA2College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA
2003 National Educators’ Workshop
Hampton and Newport News, VA
October 19 - 22, 2003
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Goals
In-Situ Resource Utilization
- using regolith
In-Space Manufacturing
- fabricating materials
Radiation Protection Methods
- developing habitat concepts
Radiation Physics
- measuring radiation transmission
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ProblemMartian Environment• Low-intensity energetic heavy-ion flux of Galactic Cosmic
Radiation (GCR)• Solar Particle Events (SPE)• Neutron radiation• Global dust storms (wind speed = 17-30 m/sec)
Mars Exploration Fact• Earth return possible at specified times (~ every 26 months)
Need habitat to provide safe haven for human
explorers
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Martian Regolith(Viking Lander Data)
Average Density 1.4 g/cm3
Chemical Composition 58.2% SiO2
23.7% Fe2O3
10.8% MgO 7.3% CaO
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Predicted Annual Dose Equivalent Behind Martian Rocks and Martian Regolith
(cSv/yr)
Thickness g/cm2
Basalt
Lherzolite
Clino-pyroxenite
Ortho-pyroxenite
Dunite
Martian Regolith
1 132.3 132.3 132.4 132.2 132.4 132.3
5 111.5 111.4 111.8 111.1 111.8 111.5
10 94.0 93.8 94.3 93.4 94.3 93.9
30 64.8 64.6 65.2 64.2 65.2 64.8
50 56.5 56.2 56.8 55.9 56.8 56.5
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Predicted Biological ResponsesBehind Martian Regolith and Aluminum
After 1-Year GCR Exposure
Thickness g/cm2
C3H10T1/2 Cell Death Rate, %
C3H10T1/2 Cell Transformation Rate, x 10-3 %
Excess Harderian Gland
Tumor Prevalence, %
Martian regolith 1 3.92 1.74 3.50 5 3.28 1.65 3.28
10 2.74 1.54 3.02 30 1.89 1.34 2.63 50 1.65 1.29 2.56
Aluminum
1 3.94 1.76 3.57 5 3.33 1.70 3.37
10 2.80 1.59 3.12 30 1.91 1.39 2.73 50 1.65 1.33 2.63
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Predicted Biological Responses Behind Various Materials After 1-Year GCR Exposure
x, g/cm2 x, g/cm2
(a) Dose Equivalent (b) Excess Harderian Gland Tumor Prevalence
H,
cSv
/yr
Exc
ess
Pre
vale
nce
, %
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Fabrication of Shielding and Habitat Componentsfor Ground Tests
LaRC-SI RegolithSimulant Powder
Mix De-aerated at 71-77C
under Vacuum
Mold
Mixed Powder
Press or OvenBulk-Molded
Microcomposites
Polymer Regolith Powder
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Habitat Construction/Radiation Shieldingfor Martian Exploration and Development
n, p+,.., ++,.., C+6,.., O+8,.., Mg+12,.., Si+14,.., Fe+26
Regolith/LaRC-SI(80%/20% by weight)microcomposite block
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Manufacturer: PanasonicModel #: NN-S950Oven size: 14" x 23 7/8" x 19 1/2" (h x w x d)Cavity size: 11" x 18 1/2" x 18 1/2" (h x w x d)Output: 1300 W at 2.45 GHz
Microwave Oven
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Ceramic Mold for Microwave Processing
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wt% LaRC-SI
Mas
s L
oss
Tem
per
atu
re,
ºC
Gla
ss T
ran
siti
on
Tem
per
atu
re (
Tg),
ºC
TGA Mass Loss and TMA Glass TransitionTemperatures for Regolith/LaRC-SI Microcomposites
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
5 wt% PE 7 wt% PE 10 wt% PE 15 wt% PE 20 wt% PE Pure PE
Str
en
gth
, ks
iCompressive Yield Strength
for Regolith/PE MicrocompositesCrosshead speed
0.05 in/min
0.008 in/min
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
5 wt% PE 7 wt% PE 10 wt% PE 15 wt% PE 20 wt% PE Pure PE
Str
en
gth
, ks
iUltimate Compressive Strength
for Regolith/PE MicrocompositesCrosshead speed
0.05 in/min
0.008 in/min
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
5 wt% PE 7 wt% PE 10 wt% PE 15 wt% PE 20 wt% PE Pure PE
Mo
du
lus
, ks
iCompressive Modulus
for Regolith/PE MicrocompositesCrosshead speed
0.05 in/min
0.008 in/min
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100
105
110
115
120
125
130
5 wt% PE 7 wt% PE 10 wt% PE 15 wt% PE 20 wt% PE Pure PE
Tg, o
CTMA Glass Transition Temperature
for Regolith/PE Microcomposites
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TMA Softening Temperaturefor Regolith/PE Microcomposites
80
90
100
110
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent Polyethylene
Te
mp
era
ture
(d
eg
. C)
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TGA 5% Mass Loss Temperaturefor Regolith/PE Microcomposites
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent Polyethylene
Te
mp
era
ture
(d
eg
. C)
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BNL-AGS/NASA Shield Test Facility
NASA Beam Line
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Experimental Radiation Shielding Effectiveness of Various Materials for 1.06 GeV Fe Ions
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Al
PE
C
Gr/Ep
Reg/PE
Ep
Fraction dose
reduction per g/cm2
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Experimental Setup of 88" Cyclotron at LBNL
Proton beam line
Lexan collimator d3mm1 Target PSD1X&Y d5mm1
• Nearly Monoenergetic Proton Beam (34.5 0.266 MeV) • E-Spectrum without Target (23.68 0.46 MeV)• Statistics (on the order of 1-2 Million Events)
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Transmitted Differential Proton Energy Spectrumfor 55-MeV Proton Beam (2.01 g/cm2 thick targets)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
E, MeV
f (E
), p
roto
ns
/Me
V
Regolith/LaRC-SI 80/20 wt %Regolith/LaRC-SI 60/40 wt %
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0
100
200
300
400
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10
Fluence of the beam, protons/cm2
Nu
mb
er
of
err
ors
on
SR
AM
Specimen 102
Specimen 101
SEU on Motorola MCM6246-5V SRAM from 55-MeV Proton Beam
Specimen 102: 80% regolith/20% LaRC-SISpecimen 101: 60% regolith/40% LaRC-SI
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Langley Fast Neutron Shield Test Facility
Neutron/GammaSpectrometer
Neutron Absorbing Test Cell
Am-BeNeutron Beam
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Ultimate Compressive Strengthfor Regolith/LaRC-SI Microcomposites
Regolith/LaRC-SI60/40 wt%
Regolith/LaRC-SI80/20 wt%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Baseline Proton exposed Neutron exposed Baseline Proton exposed Neutron exposed
Str
en
gth
, ks
i
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Compressive Modulusfor Regolith/LaRC-SI Microcomposites
Regolith/LaRC-SI60/40 wt%
Regolith/LaRC-SI80/20 wt%
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Baseline Proton exposed Neutron exposed Baseline Proton exposed Neutron exposed
Mo
du
lus
, ks
i
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Multilayered Habitat Concept
Regolith constructionNeutron slowing-down
Neutron stoppingPressure containment