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Reviewing the literature
András István Kun
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An 8 step model of research processes
0. Identify broad area of research• discipline, school
1. Formulating the research problem (specification)2. Conceptualising
• valid, workable, managable
3. Constructing an instrument for data collection4. Selecting a sample (sampling)5. Writing a research proposal
• ‘Final’ research questions
6. Collecting data7. Processing data8. Writing a report
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Cyclic (‘never-ending’) process of research
Inductive
Deductive
Dataanalysis
Empirical data
Conceptstheory
Researchquestion
Where is the place of literature reviewing?
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Functions of reviewing literature
• Knowledge basis• Theoretical background• Help to find a research problem:
– What is known and what is unknown– How can you contribute to the existing knowledge
body of your profession– Finding the appropriate hyptheses (abduction)
• Help to find out what methodology to use– Formal hypotheses, research techniqe, sampling…
• Enables you to contextualize your findings
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Paradox of literature review
• You read to know, but
• You have to know what to read (and you have to have some knowledge to understand)
• Solution: iterative process of research reviewing
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Improving methodology
• What are the accepted methodologies
• Methodological problems and solutions
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Knowledge basis
• To some extent it is needed to show the context of your research and your findings
• Obligatory chapter of Master and PhD theses
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5 steps of reviewing literature
1. Search for existing literature in your of study;
2. Review the literature selected;
3. Develop a theoretical framework;
4. Develop a conceptual framework;
5. Writing up the literature reviewed.
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Main sources
• Books
• Journals
• Grey literature
• Statistical data
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Books
• Availability– Libraries– Bookshops– Bibliographies (!)– Internet: computer catalogs (keywords, subject)
• Advantages: greater likelihood of importance, relevance, quality
• Disadvantages: not up to date, price, avaliability, quality-control (bibliography!)
• They serve best as starters
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Journals
• Advantages: up-to-date (depends on the journal), area-specific journals
• Disadvantages: need more knowledge to understand
• They serve best for focused study• Availability:
– Libraries– Electronic databases (!)– Internet
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Gray literature
• Grey literature (or gray literature) is a term used variably by the intelligence community, librarians, and medical and research professionals to refer to a body of materials that cannot be found easily through conventional channels such as publishers, "but which is frequently original and usually recent„– Working papers– Theses– Company documents– Magazines– etc.
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Where to start…
• Electronic databases:– www.jstor.org– search.epnet.com (EBSCO database)– www.eisz.hu (many databases)– http://www.nber.com/– http://econpapers.repec.org/
• University pages• Pages of libraries• Library…
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Thanks for your attention