Download - Rwandan Genocide Links to Population, Politics and the Back Door Into the Riches of the Drc
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7/21/2019 Rwandan Genocide Links to Population, Politics and the Back Door Into the Riches of the Drc
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Dxtr`ft arbg> Dxtr`ftdl arbg> LdMdbrmds, X.@.& _dciiy, O.K. ?88:. @ frctcf`i dv`iu`tcbe
ba fbesdrv`tcbe `el ldvdibpgdet ce Vuo-V`j`r`e @arcf`. \jd Dlwce Gdiide Xrdss> Idwcstbe,
Edw Sbrk, ES, TV@. 6,4=?p.
4.3.
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7/21/2019 Rwandan Genocide Links to Population, Politics and the Back Door Into the Riches of the Drc
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bed rd`sbe abr tjd rdvbiutcbe ce _w`el`sddgs tb od tj`t tjd Jutu wdrd sjbrt
ba i`el abr fuitcv`tcbe odf`usd sb gufj w`s t`kde abr mr`zcem ba \usc (\utsc)
f`ttid. Ct g`y od tj`t \usc j`vd suaadrdl idss tj`e tjd pdbpids ba Tm`el` arbg
dpcldgcfs ba rceldrpdst wjcfj j`vd ldfcg`tdl tjd jdrls arbg tcgd tb tcgd.
Ecedty-acvd pdrfdet (34%) ba tjd i`el w`s ueldr fuitcv`tcbe wctj tjd `vdr`md a`gciy ba dcmjt
icvcem `s suoscstdefd a`rgdrs be idss tj`e 8.8? j` (8.84 `frds) (Mburdvctfj, 033:).
@s tjd jd`itj ba tjd i`el ldtdrcbr`tdl, sb lcl tj`t ba tjd pdbpid ldpdeldet be
ct. Dvdetu`iiy tjdrd w`s scgpiy ebt debumj abbl tb mb `rbuel. @ qucdt
ldspdr`tcbe ldvdibpdl `gbem tjd pdbpid. Ickd ` lrbumjt-`aaicftdl fbuetryscld,
ct fbuil od cmectdl wctj ` scemid g`tfj. \j`t g`tfj w`s tjd fr`sj ba ` pi`ed be
@prci 1, 033 G`ttjdw, J`iid & Vwctzdr, ?88?)
mbds cetb mrd`t ldt`ci ce dxpi`cecem jbw pbpui`tcbe prdssurds `el devcrbegdet`i sf`rfctcds
(d.m., i`el `el acrdwbbl) fbgocedl wctj lrbumjt, a`gced `el fcvci w`r audidl tjd 033 G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?)>
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03:=, cefrd`scem icvdstbfk ldesctcds `el bvdr-mr`zcem be tjd rdg`cecem p`sturd. \jdsd
`o`tcelcwdrd o`scf`iiy i`elidss, wctj eb dluf`tcbe skciis br nbos, `el wdrd pusjdl tb
fuitcv`tcem g`rmce`i, rbfky `el batde `fclcf sbcis, odst g`e`mdl `s e`tur`i abrdst br
fuitcv`tdl ce td`, `s bppbsdl tb cetdescvd frbppcem. Vcgci`r tb tjd t`p`ldsce Muced`-
Fbe`kry (Vdftcbe 4.3.6.?, Ibss ba a`iibw turecem wcilicad cetb ` sjbrt-tdrg rdsburfd,
Abut` Ln`iibe Gbuet`ces, Muced`-Fbe`kry), beiy jcmjiy g`eurdl m`rldes `rbuel tjd
jbgdstd`ls wdrd prbluftcvd.
Oy 03:@F\V, ?884).
@s ` rdsuit, 11% ba tjd pbpui`tcbe w`s ue`oid tb gddt tjd gcecgug dedrmy rdqucrdgdets ba
?,088 f`ibrcds/pdrsbe/l`y0 `el rur`i uedgpibygdet `gbem `luits rd`fjdl 68%. \jcs
uedqu`i `ffdss tb tjd odst i`el j`l odde icekdl tb pbictcf`i pbwdr `el edpbtcsg scefd tjd
03=8s. \jdsd pbictcf`i dictds, obtj Jutu `el \utsc, kebwe `s `o`ry(d`tdrs) cectc`iiy f`usdl
tjd cssud tb od sdde `s rcfj vdrsus pbbr, `ibem wctj `e `mrcfuitur`iiy rcfjdr
ebrtj/`mrcfuitur`iiy pbbrdr sbutj jcmji`els lcvcld, `el ebt Jutu vdrsus \utsc. \jdsd dictds
dvde usdl pbvdrty `s ` rdsburfd, f`pturcem abrdcme `cl `el lcrdftcem ct tb tjdcr rdmcbe `el/br
puttcem pdbpid arbg tjdcr mrbup ce fj`rmd (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?). @ii ba
tjcs w`s fbgpbueldl oy ` sjbrt`md ba acrdwbbl rdsuitcem ce `e dstcg`tdl :,888 j` (:8 kg?)
ba abrdst/yd`r lcs`ppd`rcem, wjcfj ce ture abrfdl a`rgdrs tb usd frbp rdscluds abr audiwbbl
rdsuitcem ce ` ibss ba 0.= tbes ba brm`ecf g`ttdr/j`/yd`r. \jcs mrd`tiy fbetrcoutdl tb tjd ibss ba
sbci adrtcicty, `e dqucv`idet ibss ba 14,888 tbes/yd`r ba fdrd`is (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt.
`i.,?88?).
Oy 033
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(=18/gc?), jcmjdr tj`e tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg ba ?61 cej`oct`ets/kg?`el `pprb`fjcem tj`t ba
Jbii`el `t 61= cej`oct`ets/kg?.
@ ocm lcaadrdefd odtwdde _w`el` `el tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg/Jbii`el cs tj`t gbst ba _w`el`s
pbpui`tcbe icvds ` rur`i suoscstdefd icadstyid, wjcid tjbsd ba tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg `el Jbii`el
`rd jcmjiy uro`eczdl `el celustrc`iczdl. \jd ocbpjyscf`i f`rrycem f`p`fcty ba _w`el` w`s
dstcg`tdl `t 4,? G`ttjdw, dt.
`i.,?88? & Gus`j`r` & Jummces, ?884 Ce>@F\V, ?884). \jd rdsuitcem ldmr`l`tcbeba tjd
dfbibmcf`i f`pct`i abrfdl rur`i cej`oct`ets cetb ` vcfcbus fyfid ba pbvdrty `el tjus f`usdlarcftcbe odtwdde tjd j`vds `el j`vd-ebts (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?). Lc`gbel
(?884`) dstcg`tds tj`t `ii `r`oid i`el butscld e`tcbe`i p`rks w`s odcem fuitcv`tdl, tjd detcrd
fbuetry ibbkcem ickd ` m`rlde `el o`e`e` pi`et`tcbe, wctj icttid br eb sbci fbesdrv`tcbe
gd`surds odcem cgpidgdetdl (d.m., tdrr`fcem, pibwcem `ibem fbetbur iceds cestd`l ba str`cmjt
up `el lbwe, a`iibw fbvdr vdmdt`tcbe odtwdde acdils cestd`l ba o`rd acdils). A`rgdrs fbuil
w`kd up ce tjd gbrecem `el acel tjdcr detcrd acdil ba tbp sbci `el frbps w`sjdl `w`y br tjdcr
edcmjobrs acdil `el rbfks odcem w`sjdl lbwe be tjdcr acdils. Ldabrdst`tcbe rdsuitdl ce w`tdr-
jbilcem f`p`fcty ldficecem `el strd`gs lrycem up.
Mcvde tjd furrdet g`nbr prboidg ba i`el sf`rfcty ce _w`el` , strbem `el
urmdet prbmr`gs abr pbpui`tcbe mrbwtj fbetrbi, baa-a`rg `ftcvctcds, `el
`mrcfuiturd cetdescacf`tcbe sjbuil od cetrblufdl, e`tcbewcld, sb tj`t dvde tjd
dictd f`e id`re tb ibbk abr btjdr bppbrtuectcds ba m`cecem wd`itj btjdr tj`e nust
mr`oocem `el purfj`scem i`el K`cr`o`-Ky`go`lld, ?884Ce> @F\V, ?884).
\jd ?880 Xbvdrty _dluftcbe Vtr`tdmy X`pdr (X_VX) `llrdssds tjd i`el cssud rdfbggdelcem0) jbusdjbils fbesbicl`td pibts sb d`fj jbilcem cs ebt idss tj`e 0 j`, ?) fdcicem ba 48 j` be
i`el bwedrsjcp, 6) `ii i`el rdmcstdrdl tb cgprbvd tdeurd sdfurcty; @F\V, ?884).
Jbw tjd pbictcf`i dictd usdl rdsburfd sf`rfcty, pbvdrty `el uedgpibygdet tb audi tjd
_w`el`e mdebfcld, wjcfj ce ture pi`ydl cetb tjd mdbpbictcf`i pbwdr strummid odtwdde Ar`efd
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`el tjd Tectdl Vt`tds, cs lcsfussdl ce Fj`ptdr 06, Vdftcbe 06.:.1, Abrgdr Fbil ]`r `iicds
vycem abr pbwdr ce tjd Mrd`t I`kds _dmcbe.
Edcmjobrcem Kcvu Xrbvcefd, L_F
\jcs prbvcefd w`s g`ceiy sdttidl oy \utsc `el Jutu fbiidftcvdiy f`iidl O`ey`rw`el`, wjb
`rrcvdl odabrd tjd fbibec`i dr` (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i., ?88?). Xrcbr tb
fbibec`icsg, i`el w`s rdmui`tdl oy ` jcdr`rfjcf`i `lgcecstr`tcbe o`sdl be fbggue`i
tdrrctbrc`i bwedrsjcp. \jd Odimc`e fbibec`i pbwdr pusjdl celcmdebus systdgs ba i`el tdeurd
cetb ` edw rdmcgd ba fustbg`ry i`w tj`t fbet`cedrczdl tjd ibf`i pbpui`tcbe. \jcs cevbivdl
tjd rcmclcacf`tcbe `el ce sbgd f`sds ` rd-ldacectcbe ba dtjecf cldetctcds `el ` fblcacf`tcbe ba
fustbgs ce `llctcbe tb frd`tcem ` lbuoid systdg ba prbpdrty rcmjts; fustbg`ry abr ibf`i pdbpid
`el ` gbldre systdg ba prcv`td bwedrsjcp oy wjctd sdttidrs tj`t de`oidl tjdg tb dst`oicsj
tjdcr pi`et`tcbes, tjrbumj `ppicf`tcbe tb tjd fdetr`i st`td. Q`f`et i`el w`s ldfi`rdl tjd
prbpdrty ba tjd fbibec`i st`td `el dxprbprc`tdl abr sdttidr-bwedl fbefdsscbes wctj
fbgpdes`tcbe odcem p`cl tb tjd fustbg`ry id`ldrs (gw`gc), r`tjdr tj`e tb tjd pdbpid. Oy
`obut 0308, fbibec`icsg ldacedl `el `ffdetu`tdl lcaadrdefds odtwdde dtjecf mrbups `el tjdcr
rcmjts ba `ffdss tb i`el (d.m., Kcey`rw`el` spd`kcem pdbpid fbescldrdl celcmdebus `el mcvde
fustbg`ry `utjbrcty bvdr i`el, lcsputdl oy O`ey`rw`el` cggcmr`ets tj`t wdrd g`ceiy ba
\utsc-brcmce (Qi`ssderbbt & Jummces, ?884Ce> @F\V, ?884).
Dvde prcbr tb tjd 033< dxblus, tjcs prbvcefd w`s adrtcid out ldesdiy pbpui`tdl. Oy tjd del ba
tjd 03:8s, @F\V, ?884) `ttrcoutd
tjcs prboidg tb fbeaicft odtwdde fustbg`ry i`w `el gbldre i`w o`sdl upbe celcvclu`i
bwedrsjcp cetrblufdl ce 03=6 oy tjd celdpdeldet ^`crc`e st`td (tbl`ys L_F).
O`ey`r`ew`el`, wjb j`l purfj`sdl i`el wctj ` tctid lddl arbg tr`lctcbe`i `utjbrctcds rdausdl
tb p`y trcoutd tb Jueld fjcdas abr tjd usd ba tjd i`el, wjcid fustbg`ry ruids eb ibemdr j`l
idm`i st`tus. Gd`ewjcid tjd `vdr`md pd`s`et odf`gd cesdfurd bvdr jcs rcmjts ba `ffdss tb
fustbg`ry i`el. Ce Ebrtj Kcvu, pbbr Jutu a`rgdrs arbg G`scsc j`l ibst tjdcr i`el arbg s`id
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oy ibf`i fustbg`ry fjcdas tb rur`i f`pct`icsts ba O`ey`rw`el` brcmce (Qi`ssderbbt & Jummces,
?884Ce> @F\V, ?884). Oy 0336, cedquct`oid i`el lcstrcoutcbe idl tb dtjecf fi`sjds t`rmdtcem
tjd O`ey`rw`el` rdsuitcem ce gbrd tj`e 1,888 ld`tjs `el tjd lcspi`fdgdet ba ?48,888 pdbpid
(M`s`e`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?).
]jde tjd _w`el`e X`trcbtcf Arbet (_XA) ba X`ui K`m`gd ldad`tdl tjd _w`eldsd @rgdl
Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _w`el`csds (_@A/A@_) be Nuiy 03, 033 G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?)
`el 0.4 gciicbe (Fjrtcde, ?886) Jutu aiddcem tb ebrtjdre Kcvu Xrbvcefd, L_F.
\jd 033< Jutu rdaumdds `iicdl tjdgsdivds `m`cest tjd O`ey`rw`el` \utsc. Dvdetu`iiy tjd
Jueld ad`rdl tjcs g`sscvd eugodr ba Jutu fbuil rdsuit ce tjdcr t`kcem pbictcf`i fbetrbi `el ce
tjd frd`tcbe ba ` Jutu st`td. Fbgpdtctcbe abr pbictcf`i ceaiudefd ce Kcesj`s` abgdetdl
`ecgbscty odtwdde celcmdebus mrbups `el tjd O`ey`rw`el`, rdsuitcem ce tjbus`els ba ld`tjs
`el tjd lcspi`fdgdet ba ?88,888 pdbpid. Dvdetu`iiy ueldr I`urdet K`oci`, tjdrd w`s ` edw
rdsjuaaicem ba `iic`efds odtwdde tjd Jueld, E`eld, Ey`em` `el Jutu, abrfcem tjd \utsc tb
aidd tb tjd tbwe ba Mbg` `el tb _w`el` (sdd Fj`ptdr 06, Vdftcbe 06.:.1.3, tjd Ardefj
fbeedftcbe). Gbrd rdfdetiy, i`el lcsputds ldvdibpdl odtwdde p`stbr`icst Jdg` `el Idelu
pd`s`ets. I`el rdsburfd fbeaicfts ce tjd d`stdre L_F, jdip sust`ce fbeaicft ce tjd rdmcbe
(M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?). Fbeaicft r`mds be ce tjd sbutjdre Kcvu Xrbvcefd
`el wcii ickdiy ebt fd`sd `eytcgd sbbe.
\jdrd `rd abur idssbes tj`t f`e od id`redl arbg tjcs tr`mcf fj`ptdr ce @arcf`s jcstbry>
0) r`pcl pbpui`tcbe mrbwtj cs tjd g`nbr lrcvcem abrfd odjcel tjd vcfcbus
fcrfid ba devcrbegdet`i sf`rfctcds `el rur`i pbvdrty (`el fbeaicft), ?)fbesdrvcem tjd devcrbegdet cs dssdetc`i abr ibem-tdrg pbvdrty rdluftcbe, 6) tb
ord`k tjd iceks odtwdde devcrbegdet`i sf`rfctcds `el fbeaicft, wce-wce
sbiutcbesprbvclcem `ii sbfcbibmcf`i mrbups wctj `ffdss tb e`tur`i
rdsburfds rd dssdetc`i, `el G`ttjdw, dt. `i., ?88?). \jd
`utjbrs odicdvd tj`t ` fbgoce`tcbe ba cetrblufcem gbldre cetdescvd a`rgcem `el sbci
fbesdrv`tcbe gd`surds fbgocedl wctj `itdre`tcvd icvdicjbbls g`ceiy ce uro`e fdetdrs `s `
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gd`es ba t`kcem prdssurd baa tjd i`el `el rdsburfd o`sd `rd kdys tb auturd st`ocicty `el abbl
sdfurcty ce Vuo-V`j`r`e @arcf`. Gd`ewjcid, wj`t icttid abrdst cs idat, wcii fbetceud tb
lcs`ppd`r `t `e `ffdidr`tdl p`fd.
06.:.1 Abrgdr Fbil ]`r `iicds vycem abr pbwdr ce tjd Mrd`t I`kds _dmcbe
Ca tjdrd cs bed tjcem surd ce tjcs wbril, ct cs fdrt`ceiy tj`t ct wcii ebt j`ppde `
sdfbel tcgd(Xrcgb Idvc, 034:, @usfjwctz VurvcvbrCe>Mburdvctfj, 033:).
06.:.1.0 Fbibec`i brcmces ba dtjecfcty ce _w`el`
@s lcsfussdl ce Fj`ptdr 0, Durbpd`e oc`sds ba ` supdrcbr wjctd-ce-brcmce r`fd, tjd \utsc,ruicem bvdr `e ceadrcbr O`etu r`fd, tjd Jutu, cestctutcbe`iczdl `el idmctcgczdl ` mrbwcem
fid`v`md odtwdde tjdsd sbfcb-dfbebgcf mrbups. \r`lctcbe`iiy, tjd iceds odtwdde tjd f`ttid-
bwecem `rcstbfr`tcf \utsc br g`rkdt lbgce`et gcebrcty `el tjd Jutu g`nbrcty wdrd
pdrgd`oid, obtj spd`kcem tjd s`gd i`emu`md, cetdr-g`rrycem `el wctj dfbebgcf gbocicty,
wjdrd ` suffdssaui Jutu fbuil odfbgd ` \utsc. (Mburdvctfj, 033:; Fjrtcde, ?886; Fju`
?886).
\jdrd cs ebw `gpid dvcldefd ba wj`t j`s odde f`iidl tjd cevdetcbe ba
dtjecfcty oy wjcfj cs gd`et tjd w`ys ce wjcfj ct w`s fbestruftdl `el
cestrugdet`iczdl lurcem tjd fbibec`i pdrcbltjd cevdetcbe ba gbldre
dtjecfcty w`s fbcefcldet`i ce tcgd wctj tjd cgpbsctcbe be tjd fbetcedet ba tjd
fbibec`i pbictcf`i strufturd ctsdia gbldidl be tjd Durbpd`e st`td. Vb ct w`s
tjd fbibec`i st`td wjcfj abrg`iczdl tjd dtjecf g`p `el fbespcrdl tb ldaced tjd
rdi`tcbesjcp odtwdde dtjecfcty `el pbictcfs]j`t j`s j`ppdedl scefd
celdpdeldefd, j`s odde tjd wbrkcem tjrbumj ba tjd pr`ftcf`i fbesdqudefds ba
tjd fbibec`i pbictcfcz`tcbe ba cevdetdl dtjecfctcds (Fj`o`i & L`ibz, 0333).
_`fc`i cldetcty f`rls wdrd cssudl o`sdl be pjyscf`i fj`r`ftdrcstcfs (Mburdvctfj, 033:;
Fjrtcde, ?886; Fju`, ?886), wjcfj jdipdl tb fdgdet `ey lcaadrdefds odtwdde \utsc `el
Jutu, frd`tcem dtjecf lcvclds `el dvdetu`iiy ` ordwcem j`trdl tj`t fbuil beiy del ce bed w`y,
ldstruftcbe. Mburdvctfj, (033:) f`iis tjcs ` nbcet vdeturd odtwdde tjd Odimc`e mbvdregdet
`el tjd F`tjbicf Fjurfj tb r`lcf`iiy rd-demceddr _w`el`e Vbfcdty `ibem sb-f`iidl dtjecf
iceds. \jdy wdet sb a`r `s tb sdel ce sfcdetcsts tb t`kd fr`ec`i, icp `el ebsd gd`surdgdets `s `
o`scs abr cssucem dtjecf cldetcty f`rls. \jd \utsc wdrd prbvcldl wctj ` supdrcbr dluf`tcbe
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`el a`vbrdl pbsctcbes ce mbvdregdet, wjcid tjd Jutu sdrvdl `s ` i`obr pbbi (Mburdvctfj,
033:; Fjrtcde, ?886).
Ce prd-mdebfcld _w`el`, ldvdibpgdet `sscst`efd rdceabrfdl dtjecf tdescbes.
Celcvclu`i prbndfts `el prbmr`gs j`vd `isb f`usdl trbuoid oy rdceabrfcem br
dx`fdro`tcem dxcstcem cedqu`ictcds `t ibf`i idvdi (Fbggcsscbe abr @arcf`,
?884).
Ce tjd gcl-0388s, `vdr`md a`gciy rdvdeuds abr obtj _w`el`e Jutu `el \utsc wdrd `igbst tjd
s`gd. Dtjcf bosdsscbe tbbk jbil ce ` sg`ii str`tug ba dictd dvbius dluf`tdl oy tjd
Durbpd`e/F`tjbicf Fjurfj fbgpidx, rdsuitcem ce ` g`nbrcty-dluf`tdl \utsc dictd (` gcebrcty
ba _w`el`s pbpui`tcbe) a`vbrdl oy Ardefj-spd`kcem prcdsts `el ` gcebrcty-dluf`tdl Jutu
fbuetdr-dictd (g`kcem up tjd g`nbrcty ba _w`el`s pbpui`tcbe) a`vbrdl oy Aidgcsj -spd`kcem
prcdsts; g`yod sdvdr`i tjbus`el pdbpid (G`lsde, 0333; Fjrtcde, ?886), tjcs tr`esctcbe
odmceecem ce tjd i`td 0368s. Vbgd f`iidl tjdsd dictd tjd aburtj dtjecf mrbup; Jutu, \utsc,
O`tw` Xymgcds `el tjd dluf`tdl dictd gcebrcty. Ce 034=, wctj suppbrt arbg tjd ]jctd
A`tjdrs, ` F`tjbicf brldr, eced Jutu cetdiidftu`is arbg tjd sdgce`ry cssudl tjd G`ecadstb ba
tjd O`jutu, r`cscem tjd cssud ba tjd celcmdebusr`fc`i prboidg `el tjd gbebpbiy bvdr `ffdss
tb tjd odst dluf`tcbe `el id`ldrsjcp rbids oy \utsc `el ldebuefdl tjdg `s odedacfc`rcds ba
J`gctcf lbgce`tcbe. Oy 034:, \utsc ebt`oids puoicsjdl lbfugdets `ttrcoutcem tjd
abuelcem ba _w`el` tb tjd \utsc `el ldeycem `ey rdi`tcbesjcp tb tjd Jutu. ]ctj
celdpdeldefd `rbuel tjd fbredr, tjd \utsc frd`tdl tjd _w`el`e E`tcbe`i Tecbe/Tecbe
E`tcbe`id _w`el`csd (TE@_) `el tjd Jutu _w`el`e Ldgbfr`tcf _`iiy
(@ssdgoiy)/_`ssdgoidgdet Lgbfr`tcqud _w`el`csd (_@LD_). Oy 0343, dtjecf-o`sdl
si`umjtdr bffurrdl be obtj sclds ce tjd ebrtj `el fdetdr ba tjd fbuetry (Fjrtcde, ?886).
Vbgd 688 pdbpid lcdl ce tjd vcbidefd, kebwe `s tjd Guy`m` G`ss`frds, `s tjdsd twb
dtjecf`iiy lcvcldl p`rtcds vcdl abr pbwdr. ]ctj tjd ]cels ba Fj`emd audicem tjd acrd, tjdOdimd w`etdl but (G`lsde, 0333).
06.:.1.? Celdpdeldefd, fbetrbi oy `e cgpbvdrcsjdl g`nbrcty
Odimc`e p`r`trbbpdrs arbg tjd Fbemb gbvdl ce `el Odimcug rdvdrsdl tr`lctcbe`i \utsc/Jutu
rdi`tcbesjcps, wjcfj ct jdipdl abrg`iczd, Ld-TE@_czcem tjd fbuetry oy rdpi`fcem j`ia tjd
\utsc fjcdas `el 688 ba 488 suo-fjcdas wctj Jutu, abiibwdl oy fbggue`i didftcbes mcvcem tjd
Jutu tjd g`nbrcty. \jcs w`s f`iidl ` rdvbiutcbe ueldr trustddsjcp br `e `sscstdl bed, wctj
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tjd ruicem p`rty X`rty ba tjd Gbvdgdet ba Dg`efcp`tcbe ba tjd O`jutu /X`rtc lu Gbuvdgdet
dt ld iDgg`efcp`tcbeJutu (X@_GDJT\T) odcem r`fcst tb tjd pbcet tj`t btjdr Jutu p`rtcds
ldebuefdl ct ce v`ce. X@_GDJT\T fi`cgdl tb rdstbrd _w`el` tb cts bwedrs `el cevctdl tjd
\utsc tb rdture tb @oysscec`. \jd 0343-10 sbfc`i rdvbiutcbe wbuil sj`pd _w`el`s pbictcfs
abr tjd edxt tjrdd ldf`lds (Fjrtcde, ?886).
\jd 0318 didftcbes, rdsuitcem ce tjd Jutu wceecem 38% ba tjd pbictcf`i pbsts, m`vd `e
cgpbvdrcsjdl g`nbrcty pbictcf`i fbetrbi bvdr `e dfbebgcf`iiy pbwdraui gcebrcty (Fj`o`i &
L`ibz, 0333), wjcfj Fju` (?886) j`s sjbwe cs ` rdfcpd abr lcs`stdr (sdd Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe
00.1.6, Edb-X`trcgbec`i Ficdetdicsg, \jd Ocm G`e `el Fbsgdtcf Ldgbfr`fy) tj`t w`s
dx`spdr`tdl oy sf`rfd rdsburfds i`el (sdd Fj`ptdr 4, Vdftcbe 4.3.
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oidsscem arbg tjd F`tjbicf jcdr`rfjy. Jutu suspdftdl ba odcem fibsdiy tcdl tb \utsc wdrd
fbescldrdl `s jyorcls br tjbsd wjb j`l swctfjdl dtjecf mrbups. _dmcbe`i ce-acmjtcem wctjce
tjd Jutu pbictcf`i strufturd rdsuitdl ce ` 03=6 fbup ldt`tgbvcem tjd Jutu pbwdr arbg tjd
fdetdr tb tjd ebrtjdre p`rt ba tjd fbuetry, puttcem ce pbwdr Mdedr`i J`oy`rcg`e` `el
dvdetu`iiy ` edw p`rty ba pbwdr, tjd E`tcbe`i _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr
Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet _vbiutcbee`crd E`tcbe`i pbur id Lvdibppdgdet (G_EL)
(Fjrtcde, ?886). Cectc`iiy, tjcs bffurrdl `t tjd jdcmjt ba tjd Fbil ]`r, wctj tjd ]dst o`fkcem
tjd Jutu, wjcid tjd \utsc rdaumdds wdrd o`fkdl oy tjd fbgguecsts (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce>
G`ttjdw, J`iid & Vwctzdr, ?88?). Dvdetu`iiy, wctj tjd del ba tjd Fbil ]`r, tjd Ardefj
wbuil o`fk tjd Jutu `el tjd @gdrcf`es tjd \utsc, beiy tjcs tcgd ebt abr cldbibmcf`i rd`sbes,
out abr wd`itj `el mrddl `s usu`i `t tjd dxpdesd ba @arcf` `el cts pdbpid. J`oy`rcg`e`s
Vdfbel _dpuoicf rdprdsdetdl ebrtjdre dictd, out w`s r`pcliy ueldrgcedl oy eugdrbus
lu`ictcds> 0) _ur`i pbvdrty, ?) \jd ebrtj/sbutj lcvcld, 6) \jd Jutu/\utsc Lcvcld `el
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Ldabrdst`tcbe abr @mrcfuiturd `el Xbictcf`i Ldst`ocicz`tcbe) `el tjdrd w`s icttid rbbg abr
dxp`escbe, J`oy`rcg`e` ldfi`rdl _w`el` auii, dxfiulcem tjd cld` ba \utsc rdaumdds odcem
rdp`trc`tdl tb tjdcr jbgdi`el (Mburdvctfj, 033:). Oy 0338, tjdrd w`s `e dstcg`tdl 0=Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888) `el Tm`el` (BOrcde, ?888 Ce>
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Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888), wjcid Ar`efd prbvcldl gcict`ry tr`cecem tb _w`el`s Jutu `rgy, `
prbxy w`r abumjt oy @arcf`es abr fbetrbi ba e`tur`i rdsburfds ce Fdetr`i @arcf` oy tjd
supdrpbwdrs (G`lsde, 0333), tjdsd rdsburfds odcem gbstiy edxt lbbr ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf
_dpuoicf ba Fbemb. Ar`efd aueedidl jumd sjcpgdets ba `rg`gdets tb _w`el` rcmjt tjrbumj
tjd kciicems ce 033< (Mburdvctfj, 033:).
Ce ldspdr`tcbe, oy @prci 033?, J`oy`rcg`e` w`s boicmdl tb gbvd tbw`rls ` guitc-p`rty
pbwdr sj`rcem systdg wctj abur bppbsctcbe p`rtcds ce frd`tcem ` fb`ictcbe mbvdregdet tj`t
wbuil gbvd tbw`rls ` ldgbfr`tcf tr`esctcbe. Ct cs odicdvdl tj`t tjcs guitc-p`rty systdg
w`s mcvde ocrtj ce J`oy`rcg`e`s `ttdgpt tb rdt`ce fbetrbi uel dr tdescbes f`usdl oy
devcrbegdet`i sf`rfctcds, w`r, dtjecfcty `el rdmcbe`i a`ftcbes. Jbwdvdr, tjcs rdsuitdl ce `
ibss ba st`td fbetrbi `el tjd r`pcl dgpbwdrgdet ba r`lcf`i a`ftcbes, frd`tcem trc-pbi`r pbictcfs
ba J`oy`rcg`e`s p`rty E`tcbe`i _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet
_vbiutcbee`crd E`tcbe`i pbur id Lvdibppdgdet(G_EL), bppbsctcbe p`rtcds `el tjd _XA,
wctj ueldrtbeds ba i`elidss rur`i ybutj wjbsd gdgodrsjcp w`s fburtdl oy v`rcbus pbictcf`i
p`rtcds (M`s`e`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?).
\jdrd w`s ` tbt`i ba abur g`nbr cefurscbes oy tjd _w`el`e X`trcbtcf Arbet (_XA), d`fj bed
pusjcem Cetdre`iiy Lcspi`fdl Xdrsbes (CLXs), g`ceiy Jutu aurtjdr sbutj, frbwlcem tjdg cetb
`ird`ly rdsburfd sf`rfd `rd`s, jdcmjtdecem tjd tdescbe odtwdde rur`i pdbpid, wjcid frd`tcem
tjd odmceecem ba dtjecf j`trdl `s Jutu wdrd pusjdl baa tjdcr i`el oy ` _w`el`e X`trcbtcf
Arbet (_XA) fbgprcsdl prcg`rciy ba \utsc (M`s`e`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?)>
Bftbodr-Ldfdgodr, 0338, 68,888 cej`oct`ets ba Guvugo` `el Em`r`g` aidl tjdcr
jbgds;
Oy del ba 0330, ct rbsd tb 648,888 CLXs;
Oy Nuiy 033?, 488,888 CLXs; `el
Oy Adoru`ry 0336 50 gciicbe CLXs `s _XA vcbi`tds fd`sd-acrd `el rdsugds w`r,
abiibwdl oy `ebtjdr 648,888 Jutu rdaumdds fbgcem but ba Ouruelc `atdr tjd
`ss`ssce`tcbe ba Xrdscldet El`l`yd.
\jd w`r f`usdl ` g`nbr abbl frcscs, obtj ce ibf`i prbluftcbe `el tr`espbrt ba abbl `cl `e
dfbibmcf`i `el ibmcstcf`i lcs`stdr, rdsuitcem ce tjd `vdr`md `v`ci`oid dedrmy ba 0,088
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f`ibrcds/pdrsbe/l`y (M`s`e`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?), `obut j`ia tjd gcecg`i l`ciy
rdqucrdgdet tb suoscst abr `e `luit. Ce dssdefd, oy 033< tjd w`r w`s f`uscem :88,888 pdbpid
tb st`rvd tb ld`tj, wjcid pbictcf`i dictds strummidl abr pbwdr `el fbetrbi ba st`td rdsburfds.
J`oy`rcg`e` idt ct od kebwe tj`t pbictcf`i lcsbrldr wbuil id`l tb cetdrdtjecf vcbidefd. Be
tjd mrbuel, tjdrd wdrd eb spbet`edbus rdprcs`is `m`cest tjd \utsc dxfdpt abr tj`t wjcfj w`s
pbictcf`iiy brfjdstr`tdl. @s edw bppbsctcbe p`rtcds dgdrmdl `el prbp`m`el` ce tjd abrg ba
tjd Jutu \de Fbgg`elgdets `m`cest tjd \utsc fbfkrb`fjds (ceydezc) `el tjdcr Jutu
`ffbgpicsjds(coyctsb), oibblo`tjs odm`e oy 033? icekdl tb tjd Jutu Cetdr`j`gwd, ` gcictc`
ba tjd E`tcbe`i _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet _vbiutcbee`crd
E`tcbe`i pbur id Lvdibppdgdet(G_EL). \jd Cetdr`j`gwdw`s i`rmdiy g`ld ba i`elidss,
uedluf`tdl ybutj arbg CLX f`gps `el uro`e pbbr, wjb j`l eb rd`i cldbibmcf`i fbggctgdet,
out tb sdrvd tjbsd wjb p`cl tjdg `el adl tjdg (M`s`e`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?)ce
dssdefd, ybuem fjcil sbilcdrs gdrfde`rcds abr jcrd. \jd Jutu \de Fbgg`elgdets
cefiuldl (Mudst, ?88 0) Jutu gde sjbuil edvdr g`rry br odarcdel \utsc wbgde, ?) Dvdry
\utsc w`s ` fjd`t `el `ey Jutu lbcem ouscedss wctj ` \utsc w`s ` tr`ctbr, 6) @ii str`tdmcf
pbsctcbes, cefiulcem pbictcf`i, `lgcecstr`tcvd, dfbebgcf, gcict`ry `el sdfurcty sjbuil od
bffupcdl oy ` Jutu `el
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Ouruelc rdg`cecem arcdeliy tb Odimcug, tjd btjdr suppbrtcem celdpdeldefd. _`fcsg w`s
ebt `e cssud. Ce a`ft, tjd p`rty ba celdpdeldefd, tjd X`rty ba E`tcbe`i Tecty `el
Xrbmrdss/Tect Xbur id Xrbmrs E`tcbe`i (TX_BE@), w`s pbpui`r `gbem Jutu, \utsc,
Gusicg `el Fjrcstc`e `el j`l ` g`nbrcty gdgodrsjcp g`ld ba Jutu. \jd Tectdl E`tcbes
supdrvcsdl idmcsi`tcvd didftcbes ce 0310 `el j`eldl fbetrbi tb TX_BE@. Celdpdeldefd w`s
ldfi`rdl be Nuiy 0, 031?, wctj tjd pbictcf`i fi`ss ba dluf`tdl dictds spicttcem cetb twb a`ftcbes
o`sdl be ce wjcfj sfjbbi tjdy wdrd dluf`tdl. Didftcbes ce 031< fbetceudl tb mcvd TX_BE@
` g`nbrcty. Jbwdvdr, wctj 1=% (?/6rls) ba p`ric`gdet odcem Jutu, wctj tjd `ppbcetgdet ba `
\utsc prcgd gcecstdr, tjd Jutu id`ldr ce fbii`obr`tcbe wctj tjd mdel`rgdrcd, brm`eczdl ` fbup
ldt`tce Bftbodr 0314 `el \utsc g`ss`frds odm`e, wctj rdprcs`is be tjd Jutu pbictcf`i fi`ss
arbg tjd \utsc lbgce`tdl gcict`ry. Arbg tjde be, ` oibfk abrgdl `gbem tjd \utsc wjb wdrd
ldtdrgcedl tb fbetrbi tjd mbvdregdet `el `rgy wctj i`w-`el-brldr `etc-Jutu pbicfcds. \jd
gbe`rfjy w`s `obicsjdl, abiibwdl oy ` edw pbictcf ba rdvdemd. Jutu fcvcic`e `el gcict`ry
id`ldrs wdrd `ss`ssce`tdl ce 0313, abiibwdl oy icodr`i \utsc rby`icsts ce 03=0. Ce @prci
03=?, ` Jutu rdodiicbe sfburmd brm`eczdl oy dxcidl id`ldrs ce D`st @arcf` , rdsuitdl ce
sdvdr`i tjbus`el \utsc ce tjd sbutj odcem kciidl, abiibwdl oy ` mdebfcld ba Jutu dictds oy
\utsc ce G`y `el Nued, id`vcem 048,888 ld`l `el 688,888 `s rdaumdds ce _w`el` `el
\`ez`ec` (Fjrtcde, ?886). \jd ord`k odtwdde Jutu `el \utsc odf`gd `s `futd `s ct w`s ce
_w`el`, abueldl be bgecprdsdet ad`r,
]j`t cs ct tb od Jutubr \utsc2 Ct cs odcem edctjdr O`etu br J`gctd ebr sdra br
g`stdr! Ct cs tb rdgdgodr wjb kciidl bed ba ybur fibsd rdi`tcbes 04 yd`rs `mb
br tb wbeldr wjb wcii kcii ybur fjcil ce 08 yd`rs, d`fj tcgd wctj ` lcaadrdet
`eswdr (Fjrtcde, ?886).
Ce _w`el` `el Ouruelc ce tjd i`td 03:8s, twb ficfjs wdrd cedsf`p`oid, ldgbfr`fyba tjd
Jutu g`nbrcty ce Kcm`ic `el e`tcbe`i uecty wctj strbem \utsc i`w-`el-brldr ce Ounugour`(Fjrtcde, ?886). Fju` (?886) odicdvds ct w`s pbictcf`i icodr`icz`tcbe `ibem wctj Odimcug
r`fcsg `el a`vbrctcsg, `s wdii `s ldf`lds ba fbrrupt lcft`tbrsjcp, tj`t ueid`sjdl ibem-
supprdssdl dtjecf tdescbes `el tjus, i`cl tjd mrbuelwbrk abr mdebfcld ba wj`t sjd f`iis `
lddpiy rdsdetdl, lcsprbpbrtcbe`tdiy wd`itjy butscldr gcebrcty, tjd \utsc.
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06.:.1.1 Idt tjd mdebfcld odmce, @gdrcf` stbps pbtdetc`i cetdrvdetcbe tjrbumj tjd
Tectdl E`tcbes
\jd str`w tj`t ace`iiy orbkd tjd f`gdis o`fk ce tjd id`l up tb mdebfcld w`s be @prci 1, 033 G`ttjdw, dt. `i., ?88?;
Fjrtcde, ?886). \jcs dvdet tbbk pi`fd `t ` gbgdet ba dxtrdgd dtjecf tdescbe ce obtj _w`el`
`el Ouruelc ce wjcfj tjrdd Jutu Xrdscldets (J`oy`rcg`e`, Et`ry`gcr` `el El`l`yd) j`l
odde `ss`ssce`tdl wctjce scx gbetjs. Jutu dictds ce tjd prdscldetc`i mu`rl `el gcictc`s usdl
tjcs cefcldet ce brldr tb g`cet`ce fbetrbi ba tjd _w`el`e st`td oy r`iiycem tjd pbbr `el
rdsburfd st`rvdl g`ssds `m`cest tjd \utsc `el tjd \utsc-lbgce`tdl _XA. Oy Nuiy 03, 033
G`ttjdw, dt. `i., ?88?). ]jcid tjd _XA `rgy w`s lcsfcpicedl, ct stcii ueldrtbbk rdprcs`i
kciicems ba arbg ?4,888 tb 18,888 pdbpid (Lc`gbel, ?884).
Vbgd odicdvd tjcs pi`ed fr`sj w`s brfjdstr`tdl oy dxtrdgcst Jutu arbg tjd ebrtj, wjb tjde
gcict`rciy sdczdl pbwdr (Fjrtcde, ?886), wjcid btjdrs odicdvd tj`t tjcs w`s ueldrt`kde oy
K`m`gd `el jcs T.V. o`fkdl _XA abrfds, wctj @gdrcf`e lcsceabrg`tcbe odcem usdl tb i`y tjd
oi`gd be gcict`et Jutus (G`lsde, 0333). J`ggbel (0331) st`tds tj`t Odimcug trbbps wctj
tjd Tectdl E`tcbes @sscst`efd Gcsscbe ce _w`el` (TE@GC_) cldetcacdl tjd gcsscids fbgcem
arbg tjd Jutu _w`eldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _w`el`csds (_@A/A@_) gcict`ry
o`sd `t Kbebgod. G`lsde (0333) cgpicds tj`t @gdrcf` g`y j`vd ebt beiy odde `w`rd, out
w`s pbsscoiy odjcel tjcs `ftcbe. Gd`ewjcid, ce G`rfj ?88
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ce pd`fd `el j`rgbey wdrd sulldeiy ldgbecf; Ousj fid`rcem rdadrrdl tb j`fkcem gde tb
ld`tj `el puiicem rbbts rdadrrdl tb kciicem wbgde `el fjcilrde (Mudst, ?88
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abrdsts, _w`el`, Bvdr-Xbpui`tcbe `el I`el Ldmr`l`tcbe Icekdl tb Ldabrdst`tcbe abr
@mrcfuiturd `el Xbictcf`i Ldst`ocicz`tcbe). \jd uitcg`td f`usds ba tjd _w`el`e mdebfcld wdrd
pbpui`tcbe prdssurd, jug`e devcrbegdet`i cgp`fts `el lrbumjt abrgcem tjd pbwldr cescld
tjd kdm; wctj tjd prbxcg`td f`usds - tjd g`tfj tj`t ict tjd kdm odcem dtjecf j`trdl wjcppdl up
oy pbictcfc`es `el tjd lbwecem ba tjd `crpi`ed. Ce `llctcbe tb pbpui`tcbe prdssurds, btjdr
a`ftbrs fbetrcoutcem tb tjcs mdebfcld cefiuld (Lc`gbel, ?884)>
\utsc lbgce`tcbe ba tjd Jutu;
\utsc i`rmd-sf`id kciicems ba Jutu ce Ouruelc `el sg`ii-sf`id beds ce _w`el`;
\utsc cev`scbes ba _w`el`;
_w`el`s dfbebgcf frcscs;
Lrbumjt;
]bril A`ftbrs, cefiulcem a`iicem fbaadd prcfds `el ]bril O`ek `ustdrcty gd`surds
(V@X pbicfcds);
Juelrdls ba tjbus`els ba ldspdr`td ybuem _w`el`e gde lcspi`fdl `s rdaumdds ce
rdsdttidgdet f`gps, rcpd abr rdfructgdet cetb gcictc`s; `el
Fbgpdtctcbe `gbem rcv`i pbictcf`i mrbups wciicem tb t`kd pbwdr `t `ii fbsts
Lc`gbel (?884) a`cis tb gdetcbe tjd @gdrcf`e/Ardefj mdb-pbictcf`i cssuds tj`t f`gd cetb
pi`y.
@e dx`gpid cs mcvde ce tjd ebrtjwdstdre K`e`g` fbggued wjdrd 33% br gbrd ba tjd
pbpui`tcbe cs Jutu `el i`el, ebt dtjecfcty, w`s tjd f`usd ba kciicems. ]ctj pbpui`tcbe
ldesctcds ce 0336 ba =:: cej`oct`ets/kg?, tjd gdlc`e a`rg sczd ce 0336 w`s 8.?3 j` (8.=?
`frds) be `vdr`md, orbkde cetb tde sg`ii p`rtc`is ba 8.86 j` d`fj. Sbuem pdbpid wdrd ue`oid
tb `fqucrd i`el, g`kcem ct lcaacfuit tb g`rry. @ vdry ocm a`rg w`s `obut 0 j` `el ` vdry sg`ii
a`rg 8.?< j`. \jd pdrfdet`md ba vdry ocm a`rgs `el vdry sg`ii a`rgs obtj cefrd`sdl odtwdde
03:: `el 0336 arbg 4% tb :% abr vdry ocm a`rgs `el arbg 61% tb
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yd`rs bil, wctjbut baa-a`rg cefbgd, wdrd rdsbrtcem tb vcbidefd `el tjdat. Teabrtue`tdiy, tjd
i`rmdr i`el bwedrs `isb d`redl tjd i`rmdst baa-a`rg cefbgds, cefrd`scem lcsp`rctcds. Odtwdde
03:? `el 0338, tjd pdrfdet`md ba tjd pbpui`tcbe ce tjd K`e`g` fbggued fbesugcem idss
tj`e 0,188 f`ibrcds/l`y, fbescldrdl odibw a`gced idvdi, cefrd`sdl arbg 3% tb
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L`ii`crd (?886), tjbumj `lgcttcem @ee`e prdvdetdl jcg arbg cetdrvdecem ce tjd mdebfcld, cs
ebt sb j`rsj ` frctcf ba @ee`e, ebr lbds jd m`recsj tbb gufj pr`csd be Obutrbs-Mj`ic.
Jbwdvdr, L`ii`crd (?886) lbds `lgbecsj tjd TE `s `e brm`ecz`tcbe `el tjd supdrpbwdrs tj`t
fbetrbi tjcs obly abr sdelcem tbb icttid tbb i`td>
Be @prci ??, 033
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Obl`esky, ?880; L`ii`crd, ?886; LdF`pu`, ?88
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033:; G`lsde, 0333; L`ii`crd, ?886). \jd Ardefj jbpdl sbgdjbw tb kddp tjd prb-Ardefj
Jutu mbvdregdet `el cts _w`eldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _w`el`csds (_@A/A@_)
ce pbwdr bvdr tjd besi`umjt ba tjd T.V. o`fkdl Demicsj spd`kcem \utsc _XA gbvdgdet
(G`lsde, 0333). Xrdscldet K`m`gd j`s `ffusdl tjd Ardefj mbvdregdet ba ebt beiy tr`cecem
Jutu trbbps `el abrfds tj`t f`rrcdl but tjd g`ss`frds, out ce j`vcem ` lcrdft j`el ce tjd
kciicem (Ory`et, ?88 G`ttjdw, dt. `i.,?88?) `el 0.4 gciicbe (Fjrtcde, ?886) tb ? gciicbe
(Lc`gbel, ?884) Jutu aidl tb ^`crd (tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb) tb dsf`pd rdvdemd
`el tb ` idssdr ldmrdd, tb \`ez`ec` `el Ouruelc. \jd Jutu rdaumdd f`gps ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf
_dpuoicf ba Fbemb wdrd fbetrbiidl oy `rgdl gdgodrs ba tjd _w`eldsd @rgdl
Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _w`el`csds (_@A/A@_), wjb dxprbprc`tdl up tb 08% ba `ii abrdcme
`cl tb suppbrt tjdcr `ftcbes (Fjrtcde, ?886). Jug`ect`rc`e `cl EMBs wctj ]dstdre `cl
gbedy, kebwcemiy adl tjdsd Jutu Xbwdr pdrpdtr`tbrs ba mdebfcld . \jd ouscedss w`s tbb
mbbl, `s =8% ba tjd gbedy wdet rcmjt cetb tjd pbfkdts ba tjd `cl td`gs `el tjdcr butacttdrs ce
tjd abrg ba bvdrjd`l, suppicds, dqucpgdet, st`aa jbuscem, s`i`rcds, btjdr odedacts `el `ssbrtdl
dxpdesds, id`vcem ?4 fdets ` l`y/rdaumdd, ed`riy twcfd tjd pdr f`pct` cefbgd ba tjd `vdr`md
_w`el`e. \jd jug`ect`rc`e EMBs wdrd trd`tdl r`tjdr ickd tjd sdrvcfd st`aa `t ` sddly
g`ac`-bffupcdl jbtdi, prbvclcem abbl, gdlcfced, jbusd w`rds `el `e `ur` ba rdspdft`ocicty,
odfbgcem `ffdssbrcds tb tjd Jutu Xbwdr syelcf`td. @ pbictcf`i frcscs w`s trd`tdl `s `
jug`ect`rc`e frcscs, pdrpdtu`tcem tjd pbictcf`i frcscs `el tjd suaadrcem, gcsdry `el ld`tjs ba
g`ey pdbpid. Lcvdrtdl jug`ect`rc`e `cl w`s usdl tb purfj`sd `rgs (Mburdvctfj, 033:) (sdd
Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe 00.=.?, Abrdcme @sscst`efd Fbelctcbe`ictcds Mbbl Ouscedss abr Lbebr
Fbuety Ebt _dfcpcdet/Jbst Fbuetry).
06.:.1.00 Ardefj `el T.V. `rg prbxcds abr tjd t`kdbvdr ba tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba
Fbemb
Ar`efd, wctj Gboutu Vdsd Vdkbs `ffbrl, w`s kebwe tb j`vd odde lcrdftiy `el celcrdftiy
cevbivdl ce suppiycem Jutu rdaumdds wctj `rgs tb fbetceud tjdcr pdrsdfutcbe ba \utsc , obtj
ce _w`el` `el ce tjd Ebrtj/Vbutj Kcvu prbvcefds ba tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb
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(G`lsde, 0333). Ct cs dstcg`tdl tj`t dx-Jutu _w`eldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds
_w`el`csds (_@A/A@_), (rd`ssdgoidl ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb), g`ld up
`obut =% ba tjd 0.4 gciicbe rdaumdds aiddcem _w`el`. \jdy fbetceudl tb rd-`rg `el tr`ce
wctj tjd ^`crc`e @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds ^`rbcsds (A@^), wjcid uscem rdaumdd f`gps
`s i`uefjcem p`ls abr A@_ frbss-obrldr r`cls cetb _w`el` `el Ouruelc (Xdfj, ?888 Ce>
Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888).
\jcs abrfdl tjd @gdrcf`e-o`fkdl _XA (\utsc ueldr K`m`gd), wctj o`fkcem arbg Tm`el`, tb
suppbrt K`oci` ueldr tjd @iic`efd ba Ldgbfr`tcf Abrfds abr tjd Icodr`tcbe ba Fbemb
/@iic`efd lds Abrfds ldgbfr`tcqud pbur i` icodr`tcbe lu Fbemb (@ALI/@LAI) tb bvdr-
tjrbw tjd Ardefj-o`fkdl Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb mbvdregdet. G`outu w`s wj`t Gusdvdec f`iidl
`e `mdet ba jcs ]dstdre puppdtddrs, wjcid tjd Jutu Xbwdr mdebfcl`crds bwdl tjdcr
sustde`efd tb tjd gcelidss lcspdes`tcbe ba ]dstdre fj`rcty, wctj tjd a`isd prbgcsds ba
cetdre`tcbe`i prbtdftcbe abiibwdl oy swcat `o`elbegdet ba juelrdls ba tjbus`els ba fcvcic`es
ce tjd a`fd ba dxtrdgd vcbidefd (Mburdvctfj, 033:) (sdd Vdftcbe 06.08.6.0, T.V. mbvdregdet
cevbivdgdet ce tjd L_F `el Vdftcbe 06.08.6.?, T.V. gcict`ry `cl).
06.:.1.0? \jd `atdrg`tj ce _w`el`
Be Nuiy 03, 033
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wceedr f`gp`cmes be ` lcvcscbecst pi`tabrg. Gbst \utscs odicdvd tj`t tjd beiy w`y tb
prdvdet `ebtjdr si`umjtdr cs abr tjd _XA tb rdg`ce ce pdrg`edet pbwdr. \jbumj daacfcdet,
wjcid g`cet`cecem pd`fd, tjdrd `rd fbgpi`cets ba fdesbrsjcp `el, `s wcii lcsfussdl odibw (sdd
Vdftcbe, 06.08.6 Fbemb-Kcesj`s` L_F, Vuo-V`j`r`e @arcf`s wbril rdsburfd w`r), K`m`gd
`el tjd _XA `rd rutjidss, j`vcem odde cevbivdl ce tjd si`umjtdr ba Jutus nust `frbss tjd
obrldr ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb (Mudst, ?88
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Ouruelc cs ebt dxfiuscvdiy ` fbuetry ba O`jutu wjdrd O`tutsc `rd beiy
mudsts. Ct cs eb ibemdr ` fbuetry ba O`tutsc wjdrd O`jutu `rd beiy sdfbel-fi`ss
fctczdes.
@ Jutu, Gdifjcbr El`l`yd, w`s didftdl tjd acrst fcvcic`e jd`l ba Vt`td ce 0336 wctj ` ldscrd
tb dr`lcf`td dtjecf scfkedss, abrgcem ` mbvdregdet tj`t w`s 66% (0/6rl) \utsc . Jbwdvdr, `
gcict`ry t`kdbvdr ce 0336 tjrdw gufj ba tjcs cetb qudstcbe, rdsuitcem ce tjd `ss`ssce`tcbe ba
El`l`yd (Fjrtcde, ?886). Ouyby` w`s icekdl tb tjcs `ss`ssce`tcbe `el tjd si`ycem ba
088,888 Jutus (G`lsde, 0333). \jcs w`s abiibwdl oy ` TE orbkdrdl didftcbe ba Et`ry`gcr`
`s Xrdscldet (Fjrtcde, ?886), wjb lcdl ce tjd pi`ed fr`sj, abiibwdl oy ` fbup (befd `m`ce oy
Ouyby`) be Nued ?4, 0331, `m`cest ` ldgbfr`tcf`iiy didftdl Jutu Xrdscldet, Vyivdstrd
Ecto`etuem`ey` (G`lsde, 0333).
\jd \utscs odicdvdl tj`t Ecto`etuem`ey` w`s prbvclcem fbvdr abr gcict`et Jutus. ]ctjce
tjrdd wddks `atdr Ouyby` sdczdl pbwdr, 1,888 Jutu fcvcic`es wdrd kciidl. Ecto`etuem`ey`s
mbvdregdet w`s `isb sdde `s prb-Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb `el tjus, prb-Ardefj. Ouyby` act cetb
tjd pi`es ba tjd Ficetbe @lgcecstr`tcbe, icekdl tb tjd \utsc `iicds ce _w`el`, Tm`el` `el
d`stdre ^`crd tj`t wbuil od usdl tb t`kd Kcesj`s`, bvdrtjrbwcem Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb, wjcid
pi`fcem I`urdet K`oci` ce pbwdr `s `e @gdrcf`e puppdt. Oy @umust 0331, Ouruelc`e \utsc
trbbps fbeluftdl nbcet bpdr`tcbes wctj _w`el`e _XA abrfds be Ouruelc Jutu rdaumdd f`gps
ce tjd Vbutj Kcvu Xrbvcefd wjdrd tjd Ouruelc`e Jutu rdodi mrbup, Abrfds Abr tjd Ldadesd ba
Ldgbfr`fy/Abrfds ld Ldadesd ld i` Lgbfr`tcd (ALL), j`l cts jd`lqu`rtdrs (G`lsde 0333).
Oy 033:, tjdrd wdrd twb vcfd-prdscldets ce Ouruelc, ` Jutu `el \utsc (Fjrtcde, ?886). \jcs
p`rtedrsjcp cs fbescldrdl ar`mcid `el ciiuscbe`ry, wctj Ouruelc odcem tr`ppdl ce twb dxtrdgcst
f`gps, 0) \jd \utsc fbemibgdr`td tj`t fbetrbis tjd `rgy `el ?) \jd Jutu fbemibgdr`td
jbpcem abr ` _w`el`e gbldi (Fjrtcde, ?886). Lbgctcde El`yczdyd, ` Jutu, suffddldl
Xcdrrd Ouyby`, ` \utsc, `s jd`l ba ` tjrdd-yd`r tr`esctcbe`i mbvdregdet be 68 @prci ?886,
d`fj sdrvcem abr ` pdrcbl ba 0: gbetjs. Jd j`l sdrvdl `s Qcfd-Xrdscldet lurcem Gr. Ouyby`'s
0:-gbetj tdrg. \jd mbvdregdet w`s sdt up ce Ebvdgodr ?880 `s p`rt ba daabrts tb del tde
yd`rs ba fcvci w`r odtwdde tjd \utsc gcebrcty, wjcfj j`s tr`lctcbe`iiy ruidl tjd fbuetry, `el
tjd Jutu g`nbrcty (OOF Gbectbrcem, ?886). @t tjd del ba tjcs tjrdd-yd`r pdrcbl, didftcbes
wcii od jdil. \jd acrst dvdr @arcf`e Tecbe pd`fd kddpcem abrfd w`s dst`oicsjdl ce @prci ?886,
fbescstcem ba Vbutj @arcf`e, Gbz`gocf`e `el Dtjcbpc`e trbbps ce `ttdgpts tb `rr`emd fd`sd
acrds odtwdde tjd mbvdregdet `el v`rcbus rdodi mrbups (@arcf` Beiced, ?886) sufj `s Abrfds
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ba E`tcbe`i Icodr`tcbe `el Abrfds Abr tjd Ldadesd ba Ldgbfr`fy/Abrfds ld Ldadesd ld i`
Lgbfr`tcd (ALL) (Lbumjdrty, ?886). Jbwdvdr, oy Ldfdgodr ?886, tjd TE Vdfurcty
Fbuefci `mrddl tb sdel ce ` pd`fd kddpcem abrfd, `s tjd @T lcl ebt j`vd suaacfcdet auels tb
fbetceud tjd prbfdss (@arcf` Beiced, ?886).
Fjrtcde (?886) mbds be tb dxpi`ce jbw tjd pbictcf`i-gcict`ry dictd arbg tjd jciis ba _w`el`
ce 0343 tb tjd abrdsts ba ^`crd ce 033= `el tjrbumjbut tjd Mrd`t I`kds rdmcbe tbl`y, dxpibct
tjd g`ssds tjrbumj ` str`tdmy ba dtjecf fbesfcbus r`cscem `el rdi`tdl t`ftcfs ba dxfctdgdet.
Vbgd f`ii tjcs pbictcf`i trco`icsg, aibwcem lbwe arbg jcmj-pbictcf`i cetrcmud tjrbumj
dxtdre`i fbgpdtctcbe, `s bppbsdl tb pbictcf`iiy fbestruftcvd gbr`i dtjecfcty tj`t frd`tds
fbgguectcds arbg wctjce tjrbumj lbgdstcf fbetrbvdrsy bvdr fcvcf vcrtud (Fj`o`i `el L`ibz,
0333) (sdd Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe 00.6, EDB-CGXD_C@ICVG CE VTO-V@J@_@E @A_CF@
`el Vdftcbe, 00.1.6, Edb-X`trcgbec`i Ficdetdicsg, \jd Ocm G`e `el Fbsgdtcf
Ldgbfr`fy). \jd gcsusd ba dtjecfcty tjrbumj pbictcf`i trco`icsg cs ebt uecqud tb Vuo-
V`j`r`e @arcf`, odcem sdde rdfdetiy ce tjd abrgdr Sumbsi`vc`.
Lc`gbel (?884) fbefiulds,
bvdrpbpui`tcbe, devcrbegdet`i cgp`ft `el ficg`td fj`emd f`eebt pdrscst
celdacectdiy> sbbedr br i`tdr tjdy `rd ickdiy tb rdsbivd tjdgsdivds, wjdtjdr ce
tjd g`eedr ba _w`el` br ce sbgd btjdr g`eedr ebt ba bur ldvcscem, ca wd
lbet suffddl ce sbivcem tjdg oy bur bwe `ftcbesscgci`r gbtcvdsg`y
bpdr`td `m`ce ce _w`el` ctsdia, wjdrd pbpui`tcbe tbl`y cs mrbwcem 6%/yd`r,
wbgde `rd mcvcem ocrtj tb tjdcr acrst fjcil `t `md 04, tjd `vdr`md a`gciy j`s
odtwdde 4-: fjcilrde `el ` vcsctbr j`s tjd sdesd ba odcem surrbueldl oy ` sd`
ba fjcilrde.
Vcgci`riy, Mdedr`i L`ii`crd (?886) st`tds,
_w`el`w`s ` w`recem abr `ii ba us ba wj`t icds ce stbrd ca wd fbetceud tb
cmebrd jug`e rcmjts, jug`e sdfurcty `el `ondft pbvdrtyOut g`ey scmes
pbcet tb tjd a`ft tj`t tjd ybutj ba tjd \jcrl ]bril wcii eb ibemdr tbidr`td icvcem
ce fcrfugst`efds tj`t mcvd tjdg eb jbpd abr tjd auturdwd f`e eb ibemdr
`aabrl tb cmebrd tjdgtjd mibo`i vcii`md cs ldtdrcbr`tcem `t ` r`pcl p`fd `el ce
tjd fjcilrde ba tjd wbril tjd rdsuit cs r`mdJug`e odcems wjb j`vd eb
rcmjts, eb sdfurcty, eb auturd, eb jbpd `el eb gd`es tb survcvd `rd ` ldspdr`td
mrbup wjb wcii lb ldspdr`td tjcems tb t`kd wj`t tjdy odicdvd tjdy eddl `el
ldsdrvdca wd lb ebt cggdlc`tdiy `llrdss tjd ueldriycem (dvde ca gcsmucldl)
f`usds ba tjbsd ybuem tdrrbrcsts r`md (rdadrrcem tb 300 obgocem ba tjd ]bril\r`ld Fdetdr, Edw Sbrk), wd wcii ebt wce tjd w`r\jd i`fk ba jbpd ce tjd
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auturd cs tjd rbbt f`usd ba r md. Ca wd f`eebt prbvcld jbpd abr tjd uetbil
g`ssds ba tjd wbril, tjde tjd auturd wcii od ebtjcem out ` rdpd`t ba _w`el`,
Vcdrr` Idbed, \jd Fbemb `el Vdptdgodr 00tjcs edw fdetury gust odfbgd `
Fdetury ba Jug`ectyXdux fd qud vdux. @iibes-y.