rwandan genocide links to population, politics and the back door into the riches of the drc

7/21/2019 Rwandan Genocide Links to Population, Politics and the Back Door Into the Riches of the Drc

1/27

Dxtr`ft arbg> Dxtr`ftdl arbg> LdMdbrmds, X.@.& _dciiy, O.K. ?88:. @ frctcfì dvìu`tcbe

ba fbesdrv`tcbe èl ldvdibpgdet ce Vuo-V`j`rè @arcf`. \jd Dlwce Gdiide Xrdss> Idwcstbe,

Edw Sbrk, ES, TV@. 6,4=?p.

4.3.


2/27

bed rd`sbe abr tjd rdvbiutcbe ce _wèl`sddgs tb od tj`t tjd Jutu wdrd sjbrt

ba ièl abr fuitcv`tcbe odfùsd sb gufj w`s t`kde abr mr`zcem ba \usc (\utsc)

f`ttid. Ct g`y od tj`t \usc j`vd suaadrdl idss tjè tjd pdbpids ba Tmèl` arbg

dpcldgcfs ba rceldrpdst wjcfj j`vd ldfcg`tdl tjd jdrls arbg tcgd tb tcgd.

Ecedty-acvd pdrfdet (34%) ba tjd ièl w`s ueldr fuitcv`tcbe wctj tjd `vdr`md a`gciy ba dcmjt

icvcem `s suoscstdefd a`rgdrs be idss tjè 8.8? j` (8.84 `frds) (Mburdvctfj, 033:).

@s tjd jdìtj ba tjd ièl ldtdrcbr`tdl, sb lcl tj`t ba tjd pdbpid ldpdeldet be

ct. Dvdetuìiy tjdrd w`s scgpiy ebt debumj abbl tb mb `rbuel. @ qucdt

ldspdr`tcbe ldvdibpdl `gbem tjd pdbpid. Ickd ` lrbumjt-àaicftdl fbuetryscld,

ct fbuil od cmectdl wctj ` scemid g`tfj. \j`t g`tfj w`s tjd fr`sj ba ` pièd be

@prci 1, 033 G`ttjdw, Jìid & Vwctzdr, ?88?)

mbds cetb mrd`t ldt`ci ce dxpi`cecem jbw pbpui`tcbe prdssurds èl devcrbegdetì sf`rfctcds

(d.m., ièl èl acrdwbbl) fbgocedl wctj lrbumjt, a`gced èl fcvci w`r audidl tjd 033 G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?)>


3/27

03:=, cefrd`scem icvdstbfk ldesctcds èl bvdr-mr`zcem be tjd rdg`cecem p`sturd. \jdsd

ò`tcelcwdrd o`scfìiy ièlidss, wctj eb dluf`tcbe skciis br nbos, èl wdrd pusjdl tb

fuitcv`tcem g`rmceì, rbfky èl batde `fclcf sbcis, odst gè`mdl `s e`turì abrdst br

fuitcv`tdl ce td`, `s bppbsdl tb cetdescvd frbppcem. Vcgci`r tb tjd t`p`ldsce Muced`-

Fbe`kry (Vdftcbe 4.3.6.?, Ibss ba aìibw turecem wcilicad cetb ` sjbrt-tdrg rdsburfd,

Abut` Lnìibe Gbuet`ces, Muced`-Fbe`kry), beiy jcmjiy gèurdl m`rldes `rbuel tjd

jbgdstd`ls wdrd prbluftcvd.

Oy 03:@F\V, ?884).

@s ` rdsuit, 11% ba tjd pbpui`tcbe w`s ueòid tb gddt tjd gcecgug dedrmy rdqucrdgdets ba

?,088 fìbrcds/pdrsbe/l`y0 èl rurì uedgpibygdet `gbem `luits rd`fjdl 68%. \jcs

uedquì `ffdss tb tjd odst ièl j`l odde icekdl tb pbictcfì pbwdr èl edpbtcsg scefd tjd

03=8s. \jdsd pbictcfì dictds, obtj Jutu èl \utsc, kebwe `s ò`ry(d`tdrs) cectcìiy fùsdl

tjd cssud tb od sdde `s rcfj vdrsus pbbr, ìbem wctj è `mrcfuiturìiy rcfjdr

ebrtj/`mrcfuiturìiy pbbrdr sbutj jcmjièls lcvcld, èl ebt Jutu vdrsus \utsc. \jdsd dictds

dvde usdl pbvdrty `s ` rdsburfd, f`pturcem abrdcme `cl èl lcrdftcem ct tb tjdcr rdmcbe èl/br

puttcem pdbpid arbg tjdcr mrbup ce fj`rmd (M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?). @ii ba

tjcs w`s fbgpbueldl oy ` sjbrt`md ba acrdwbbl rdsuitcem ce è dstcg`tdl :,888 j` (:8 kg?)

ba abrdst/yd`r lcs`ppd`rcem, wjcfj ce ture abrfdl a`rgdrs tb usd frbp rdscluds abr audiwbbl

rdsuitcem ce ` ibss ba 0.= tbes ba brmècf g`ttdr/j`/yd`r. \jcs mrd`tiy fbetrcoutdl tb tjd ibss ba

sbci adrtcicty, è dqucvìdet ibss ba 14,888 tbes/yd`r ba fdrdìs (M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt.

ì.,?88?).

Oy 033


4/27

(=18/gc?), jcmjdr tjè tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg ba ?61 cejòctèts/kg?èl `pprb`fjcem tj`t ba

Jbiièl `t 61= cejòctèts/kg?.

@ ocm lcaadrdefd odtwdde _wèl` èl tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg/Jbiièl cs tj`t gbst ba _wèl`s

pbpui`tcbe icvds ` rurì suoscstdefd icadstyid, wjcid tjbsd ba tjd Tectdl Kcemlbg èl Jbiièl

`rd jcmjiy uroèczdl èl celustrcìczdl. \jd ocbpjyscfì f`rrycem f`p`fcty ba _wèl` w`s

dstcg`tdl `t 4,? G`ttjdw, dt.

ì.,?88? & Gus`j`r` & Jummces, ?884 Ce>@F\V, ?884). \jd rdsuitcem ldmr`l`tcbeba tjd

dfbibmcfì f`pctì abrfdl rurì cejòctèts cetb ` vcfcbus fyfid ba pbvdrty èl tjus fùsdlarcftcbe odtwdde tjd j`vds èl j`vd-ebts (M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?). Lc`gbel

(?884`) dstcg`tds tj`t ìi `ròid ièl butscld e`tcbeì p`rks w`s odcem fuitcv`tdl, tjd detcrd

fbuetry ibbkcem ickd ` m`rlde èl oèè` pièt`tcbe, wctj icttid br eb sbci fbesdrv`tcbe

gd`surds odcem cgpidgdetdl (d.m., tdrr`fcem, pibwcem ìbem fbetbur iceds cestd`l ba str`cmjt

up èl lbwe, aìibw fbvdr vdmdt`tcbe odtwdde acdils cestd`l ba o`rd acdils). A`rgdrs fbuil

w`kd up ce tjd gbrecem èl acel tjdcr detcrd acdil ba tbp sbci èl frbps w`sjdl `w`y br tjdcr

edcmjobrs acdil èl rbfks odcem w`sjdl lbwe be tjdcr acdils. Ldabrdst`tcbe rdsuitdl ce w`tdr-

jbilcem f`p`fcty ldficecem èl strd`gs lrycem up.

Mcvde tjd furrdet g`nbr prboidg ba ièl sf`rfcty ce _wèl` , strbem èl

urmdet prbmr`gs abr pbpui`tcbe mrbwtj fbetrbi, baa-a`rg `ftcvctcds, èl

`mrcfuiturd cetdescacf`tcbe sjbuil od cetrblufdl, e`tcbewcld, sb tj`t dvde tjd

dictd fè id`re tb ibbk abr btjdr bppbrtuectcds ba m`cecem wdìtj btjdr tjè nust

mròocem èl purfj`scem ièl K`crò`-Ky`go`lld, ?884Ce> @F\V, ?884).

\jd ?880 Xbvdrty _dluftcbe Vtr`tdmy X`pdr (X_VX) `llrdssds tjd ièl cssud rdfbggdelcem0) jbusdjbils fbesbicl`td pibts sb d`fj jbilcem cs ebt idss tjè 0 j`, ?) fdcicem ba 48 j` be

ièl bwedrsjcp, 6) ìi ièl rdmcstdrdl tb cgprbvd tdeurd sdfurcty; @F\V, ?884).

Jbw tjd pbictcfì dictd usdl rdsburfd sf`rfcty, pbvdrty èl uedgpibygdet tb audi tjd

_wèlè mdebfcld, wjcfj ce ture pi`ydl cetb tjd mdbpbictcfì pbwdr strummid odtwdde Arèfd


5/27

èl tjd Tectdl Vt`tds, cs lcsfussdl ce Fj`ptdr 06, Vdftcbe 06.:.1, Abrgdr Fbil ]`r ìicds

vycem abr pbwdr ce tjd Mrd`t I`kds _dmcbe.

Edcmjobrcem Kcvu Xrbvcefd, L_F

\jcs prbvcefd w`s g`ceiy sdttidl oy \utsc èl Jutu fbiidftcvdiy fìidl Oèy`rwèl`, wjb

`rrcvdl odabrd tjd fbibecì dr` (M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì., ?88?). Xrcbr tb

fbibecìcsg, ièl w`s rdmui`tdl oy ` jcdr`rfjcfì `lgcecstr`tcbe o`sdl be fbggueì

tdrrctbrcì bwedrsjcp. \jd Odimcè fbibecì pbwdr pusjdl celcmdebus systdgs ba ièl tdeurd

cetb ` edw rdmcgd ba fustbg`ry i`w tj`t fbet`cedrczdl tjd ibfì pbpui`tcbe. \jcs cevbivdl

tjd rcmclcacf`tcbe èl ce sbgd f`sds ` rd-ldacectcbe ba dtjecf cldetctcds èl ` fblcacf`tcbe ba

fustbgs ce `llctcbe tb frd`tcem ` lbuoid systdg ba prbpdrty rcmjts; fustbg`ry abr ibfì pdbpid

èl ` gbldre systdg ba prcv`td bwedrsjcp oy wjctd sdttidrs tj`t deòidl tjdg tb dstòicsj

tjdcr pièt`tcbes, tjrbumj `ppicf`tcbe tb tjd fdetrì st`td. Q`fèt ièl w`s ldfi`rdl tjd

prbpdrty ba tjd fbibecì st`td èl dxprbprc`tdl abr sdttidr-bwedl fbefdsscbes wctj

fbgpdes`tcbe odcem p`cl tb tjd fustbg`ry id`ldrs (gw`gc), r`tjdr tjè tb tjd pdbpid. Oy

òbut 0308, fbibecìcsg ldacedl èl `ffdetu`tdl lcaadrdefds odtwdde dtjecf mrbups èl tjdcr

rcmjts ba `ffdss tb ièl (d.m., Kcey`rwèl` spd`kcem pdbpid fbescldrdl celcmdebus èl mcvde

fustbg`ry ùtjbrcty bvdr ièl, lcsputdl oy Oèy`rwèl` cggcmrèts tj`t wdrd g`ceiy ba

\utsc-brcmce (Qi`ssderbbt & Jummces, ?884Ce> @F\V, ?884).

Dvde prcbr tb tjd 033< dxblus, tjcs prbvcefd w`s adrtcid out ldesdiy pbpui`tdl. Oy tjd del ba

tjd 03:8s, @F\V, ?884) `ttrcoutd

tjcs prboidg tb fbeaicft odtwdde fustbg`ry i`w èl gbldre i`w o`sdl upbe celcvcluì

bwedrsjcp cetrblufdl ce 03=6 oy tjd celdpdeldet ^`crcè st`td (tbl`ys L_F).

Oèy`rèwèl`, wjb j`l purfj`sdl ièl wctj ` tctid lddl arbg tr`lctcbeì ùtjbrctcds rdausdl

tb p`y trcoutd tb Jueld fjcdas abr tjd usd ba tjd ièl, wjcid fustbg`ry ruids eb ibemdr j`l

idmì st`tus. Gdèwjcid tjd `vdr`md pd`sèt odf`gd cesdfurd bvdr jcs rcmjts ba `ffdss tb

fustbg`ry ièl. Ce Ebrtj Kcvu, pbbr Jutu a`rgdrs arbg G`scsc j`l ibst tjdcr ièl arbg sìd


6/27

oy ibfì fustbg`ry fjcdas tb rurì f`pctìcsts ba Oèy`rwèl` brcmce (Qi`ssderbbt & Jummces,

?884Ce> @F\V, ?884). Oy 0336, cedquctòid ièl lcstrcoutcbe idl tb dtjecf fi`sjds t`rmdtcem

tjd Oèy`rwèl` rdsuitcem ce gbrd tjè 1,888 ld`tjs èl tjd lcspi`fdgdet ba ?48,888 pdbpid

(M`sè`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?).

]jde tjd _wèlè X`trcbtcf Arbet (_XA) ba Xùi K`m`gd ldad`tdl tjd _wèldsd @rgdl

Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _wèl`csds (_@A/A@_) be Nuiy 03, 033 G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?)

èl 0.4 gciicbe (Fjrtcde, ?886) Jutu aiddcem tb ebrtjdre Kcvu Xrbvcefd, L_F.

\jd 033< Jutu rdaumdds ìicdl tjdgsdivds `m`cest tjd Oèy`rwèl` \utsc. Dvdetuìiy tjd

Jueld ad`rdl tjcs g`sscvd eugodr ba Jutu fbuil rdsuit ce tjdcr t`kcem pbictcfì fbetrbi èl ce

tjd frd`tcbe ba ` Jutu st`td. Fbgpdtctcbe abr pbictcfì ceaiudefd ce Kcesj`s` abgdetdl

ècgbscty odtwdde celcmdebus mrbups èl tjd Oèy`rwèl`, rdsuitcem ce tjbusèls ba ld`tjs

èl tjd lcspi`fdgdet ba ?88,888 pdbpid. Dvdetuìiy ueldr Iùrdet Kòci`, tjdrd w`s ` edw

rdsjuaaicem ba ìicèfds odtwdde tjd Jueld, Eèld, Eyèm` èl Jutu, abrfcem tjd \utsc tb

aidd tb tjd tbwe ba Mbg` èl tb _wèl` (sdd Fj`ptdr 06, Vdftcbe 06.:.1.3, tjd Ardefj

fbeedftcbe). Gbrd rdfdetiy, ièl lcsputds ldvdibpdl odtwdde p`stbrìcst Jdg` èl Idelu

pd`sèts. Ièl rdsburfd fbeaicfts ce tjd d`stdre L_F, jdip sust`ce fbeaicft ce tjd rdmcbe

(M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?). Fbeaicft r`mds be ce tjd sbutjdre Kcvu Xrbvcefd

èl wcii ickdiy ebt fd`sd èytcgd sbbe.

\jdrd `rd abur idssbes tj`t fè od id`redl arbg tjcs tr`mcf fj`ptdr ce @arcf`s jcstbry>

0) r`pcl pbpui`tcbe mrbwtj cs tjd g`nbr lrcvcem abrfd odjcel tjd vcfcbus

fcrfid ba devcrbegdetì sf`rfctcds èl rurì pbvdrty (èl fbeaicft), ?)fbesdrvcem tjd devcrbegdet cs dssdetcì abr ibem-tdrg pbvdrty rdluftcbe, 6) tb

ord`k tjd iceks odtwdde devcrbegdetì sf`rfctcds èl fbeaicft, wce-wce

sbiutcbesprbvclcem ìi sbfcbibmcfì mrbups wctj `ffdss tb e`turì

rdsburfds rd dssdetcì, èl G`ttjdw, dt. ì., ?88?). \jd

ùtjbrs odicdvd tj`t ` fbgoce`tcbe ba cetrblufcem gbldre cetdescvd a`rgcem èl sbci

fbesdrv`tcbe gd`surds fbgocedl wctj ìtdre`tcvd icvdicjbbls g`ceiy ce uroè fdetdrs `s `


7/27

gdès ba t`kcem prdssurd baa tjd ièl èl rdsburfd o`sd `rd kdys tb auturd stòcicty èl abbl

sdfurcty ce Vuo-V`j`rè @arcf`. Gdèwjcid, wj`t icttid abrdst cs idat, wcii fbetceud tb

lcs`ppd`r `t è `ffdidr`tdl p`fd.

06.:.1 Abrgdr Fbil ]`r ìicds vycem abr pbwdr ce tjd Mrd`t I`kds _dmcbe

Ca tjdrd cs bed tjcem surd ce tjcs wbril, ct cs fdrt`ceiy tj`t ct wcii ebt j`ppde `

sdfbel tcgd(Xrcgb Idvc, 034:, @usfjwctz VurvcvbrCe>Mburdvctfj, 033:).

06.:.1.0 Fbibecì brcmces ba dtjecfcty ce _wèl`

@s lcsfussdl ce Fj`ptdr 0, Durbpdè oc`sds ba ` supdrcbr wjctd-ce-brcmce r`fd, tjd \utsc,ruicem bvdr è ceadrcbr Oètu r`fd, tjd Jutu, cestctutcbeìczdl èl idmctcgczdl ` mrbwcem

fid`v`md odtwdde tjdsd sbfcb-dfbebgcf mrbups. \r`lctcbeìiy, tjd iceds odtwdde tjd f`ttid-

bwecem `rcstbfr`tcf \utsc br g`rkdt lbgceèt gcebrcty èl tjd Jutu g`nbrcty wdrd

pdrgdòid, obtj spd`kcem tjd s`gd ièmu`md, cetdr-g`rrycem èl wctj dfbebgcf gbocicty,

wjdrd ` suffdssaui Jutu fbuil odfbgd ` \utsc. (Mburdvctfj, 033:; Fjrtcde, ?886; Fju`

?886).

\jdrd cs ebw `gpid dvcldefd ba wj`t j`s odde fìidl tjd cevdetcbe ba

dtjecfcty oy wjcfj cs gdèt tjd w`ys ce wjcfj ct w`s fbestruftdl èl

cestrugdetìczdl lurcem tjd fbibecì pdrcbltjd cevdetcbe ba gbldre

dtjecfcty w`s fbcefcldetì ce tcgd wctj tjd cgpbsctcbe be tjd fbetcedet ba tjd

fbibecì pbictcfì strufturd ctsdia gbldidl be tjd Durbpdè st`td. Vb ct w`s

tjd fbibecì st`td wjcfj abrgìczdl tjd dtjecf g`p èl fbespcrdl tb ldaced tjd

rdi`tcbesjcp odtwdde dtjecfcty èl pbictcfs]j`t j`s j`ppdedl scefd

celdpdeldefd, j`s odde tjd wbrkcem tjrbumj ba tjd pr`ftcfì fbesdqudefds ba

tjd fbibecì pbictcfcz`tcbe ba cevdetdl dtjecfctcds (Fjòì & Lìbz, 0333).

_`fcì cldetcty f`rls wdrd cssudl o`sdl be pjyscfì fj`r`ftdrcstcfs (Mburdvctfj, 033:;

Fjrtcde, ?886; Fju`, ?886), wjcfj jdipdl tb fdgdet èy lcaadrdefds odtwdde \utsc èl

Jutu, frd`tcem dtjecf lcvclds èl dvdetuìiy ` ordwcem j`trdl tj`t fbuil beiy del ce bed w`y,

ldstruftcbe. Mburdvctfj, (033:) fìis tjcs ` nbcet vdeturd odtwdde tjd Odimcè mbvdregdet

èl tjd F`tjbicf Fjurfj tb r`lcfìiy rd-demceddr _wèlè Vbfcdty ìbem sb-fìidl dtjecf

iceds. \jdy wdet sb a`r `s tb sdel ce sfcdetcsts tb t`kd frècì, icp èl ebsd gd`surdgdets `s `

o`scs abr cssucem dtjecf cldetcty f`rls. \jd \utsc wdrd prbvcldl wctj ` supdrcbr dluf`tcbe


8/27

èl a`vbrdl pbsctcbes ce mbvdregdet, wjcid tjd Jutu sdrvdl `s ` iòbr pbbi (Mburdvctfj,

033:; Fjrtcde, ?886).

Ce prd-mdebfcld _wèl`, ldvdibpgdet `sscstèfd rdceabrfdl dtjecf tdescbes.

Celcvcluì prbndfts èl prbmr`gs j`vd ìsb fùsdl trbuoid oy rdceabrfcem br

dx`fdro`tcem dxcstcem cedquìctcds `t ibfì idvdi (Fbggcsscbe abr @arcf`,

?884).

Ce tjd gcl-0388s, `vdr`md a`gciy rdvdeuds abr obtj _wèlè Jutu èl \utsc wdrd ìgbst tjd

s`gd. Dtjcf bosdsscbe tbbk jbil ce ` sgìi str`tug ba dictd dvbius dluf`tdl oy tjd

Durbpdè/F`tjbicf Fjurfj fbgpidx, rdsuitcem ce ` g`nbrcty-dluf`tdl \utsc dictd (` gcebrcty

ba _wèl`s pbpui`tcbe) a`vbrdl oy Ardefj-spd`kcem prcdsts èl ` gcebrcty-dluf`tdl Jutu

fbuetdr-dictd (g`kcem up tjd g`nbrcty ba _wèl`s pbpui`tcbe) a`vbrdl oy Aidgcsj -spd`kcem

prcdsts; g`yod sdvdrì tjbusèl pdbpid (G`lsde, 0333; Fjrtcde, ?886), tjcs trèsctcbe

odmceecem ce tjd i`td 0368s. Vbgd fìidl tjdsd dictd tjd aburtj dtjecf mrbup; Jutu, \utsc,

O`tw` Xymgcds èl tjd dluf`tdl dictd gcebrcty. Ce 034=, wctj suppbrt arbg tjd ]jctd

A`tjdrs, ` F`tjbicf brldr, eced Jutu cetdiidftuìs arbg tjd sdgce`ry cssudl tjd Gècadstb ba

tjd O`jutu, r`cscem tjd cssud ba tjd celcmdebusr`fcì prboidg èl tjd gbebpbiy bvdr `ffdss

tb tjd odst dluf`tcbe èl id`ldrsjcp rbids oy \utsc èl ldebuefdl tjdg `s odedacfc`rcds ba

J`gctcf lbgce`tcbe. Oy 034:, \utsc ebtòids puoicsjdl lbfugdets `ttrcoutcem tjd

abuelcem ba _wèl` tb tjd \utsc èl ldeycem èy rdi`tcbesjcp tb tjd Jutu. ]ctj

celdpdeldefd `rbuel tjd fbredr, tjd \utsc frd`tdl tjd _wèlè E`tcbeì Tecbe/Tecbe

E`tcbeìd _wèl`csd (TE@_) èl tjd Jutu _wèlè Ldgbfr`tcf _ìiy

(@ssdgoiy)/_`ssdgoidgdet Lgbfr`tcqud _wèl`csd (_@LD_). Oy 0343, dtjecf-o`sdl

siùmjtdr bffurrdl be obtj sclds ce tjd ebrtj èl fdetdr ba tjd fbuetry (Fjrtcde, ?886).

Vbgd 688 pdbpid lcdl ce tjd vcbidefd, kebwe `s tjd Guy`m` G`ss`frds, `s tjdsd twb

dtjecfìiy lcvcldl p`rtcds vcdl abr pbwdr. ]ctj tjd ]cels ba Fjèmd audicem tjd acrd, tjdOdimd wètdl but (G`lsde, 0333).

06.:.1.? Celdpdeldefd, fbetrbi oy è cgpbvdrcsjdl g`nbrcty

Odimcè p`r`trbbpdrs arbg tjd Fbemb gbvdl ce èl Odimcug rdvdrsdl tr`lctcbeì \utsc/Jutu

rdi`tcbesjcps, wjcfj ct jdipdl abrgìczd, Ld-TE@_czcem tjd fbuetry oy rdpi`fcem jìa tjd

\utsc fjcdas èl 688 ba 488 suo-fjcdas wctj Jutu, abiibwdl oy fbggueì didftcbes mcvcem tjd

Jutu tjd g`nbrcty. \jcs w`s fìidl ` rdvbiutcbe ueldr trustddsjcp br è `sscstdl bed, wctj


9/27

tjd ruicem p`rty X`rty ba tjd Gbvdgdet ba Dgèfcp`tcbe ba tjd O`jutu /X`rtc lu Gbuvdgdet

dt ld iDggèfcp`tcbeJutu (X@_GDJT\T) odcem r`fcst tb tjd pbcet tj`t btjdr Jutu p`rtcds

ldebuefdl ct ce v`ce. X@_GDJT\T fi`cgdl tb rdstbrd _wèl` tb cts bwedrs èl cevctdl tjd

\utsc tb rdture tb @oysscec`. \jd 0343-10 sbfcì rdvbiutcbe wbuil sj`pd _wèl`s pbictcfs

abr tjd edxt tjrdd ldf`lds (Fjrtcde, ?886).

\jd 0318 didftcbes, rdsuitcem ce tjd Jutu wceecem 38% ba tjd pbictcfì pbsts, m`vd è

cgpbvdrcsjdl g`nbrcty pbictcfì fbetrbi bvdr è dfbebgcfìiy pbwdraui gcebrcty (Fjòì &

Lìbz, 0333), wjcfj Fju` (?886) j`s sjbwe cs ` rdfcpd abr lcs`stdr (sdd Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe

00.1.6, Edb-X`trcgbecì Ficdetdicsg, \jd Ocm Gè èl Fbsgdtcf Ldgbfr`fy) tj`t w`s

dx`spdr`tdl oy sf`rfd rdsburfds ièl (sdd Fj`ptdr 4, Vdftcbe 4.3.


10/27

oidsscem arbg tjd F`tjbicf jcdr`rfjy. Jutu suspdftdl ba odcem fibsdiy tcdl tb \utsc wdrd

fbescldrdl `s jyorcls br tjbsd wjb j`l swctfjdl dtjecf mrbups. _dmcbeì ce-acmjtcem wctjce

tjd Jutu pbictcfì strufturd rdsuitdl ce ` 03=6 fbup ldt`tgbvcem tjd Jutu pbwdr arbg tjd

fdetdr tb tjd ebrtjdre p`rt ba tjd fbuetry, puttcem ce pbwdr Mdedrì Jòy`rcgè` èl

dvdetuìiy ` edw p`rty ba pbwdr, tjd E`tcbeì _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr

Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet _vbiutcbee`crd E`tcbeì pbur id Lvdibppdgdet (G_EL)

(Fjrtcde, ?886). Cectcìiy, tjcs bffurrdl `t tjd jdcmjt ba tjd Fbil ]`r, wctj tjd ]dst o`fkcem

tjd Jutu, wjcid tjd \utsc rdaumdds wdrd o`fkdl oy tjd fbgguecsts (M`sè`, ?88? Ce>

G`ttjdw, Jìid & Vwctzdr, ?88?). Dvdetuìiy, wctj tjd del ba tjd Fbil ]`r, tjd Ardefj

wbuil o`fk tjd Jutu èl tjd @gdrcfès tjd \utsc, beiy tjcs tcgd ebt abr cldbibmcfì rd`sbes,

out abr wdìtj èl mrddl `s usuì `t tjd dxpdesd ba @arcf` èl cts pdbpid. Jòy`rcgè`s

Vdfbel _dpuoicf rdprdsdetdl ebrtjdre dictd, out w`s r`pcliy ueldrgcedl oy eugdrbus

luìctcds> 0) _urì pbvdrty, ?) \jd ebrtj/sbutj lcvcld, 6) \jd Jutu/\utsc Lcvcld èl


11/27

Ldabrdst`tcbe abr @mrcfuiturd èl Xbictcfì Ldstòcicz`tcbe) èl tjdrd w`s icttid rbbg abr

dxpèscbe, Jòy`rcgè` ldfi`rdl _wèl` auii, dxfiulcem tjd cld` ba \utsc rdaumdds odcem

rdp`trc`tdl tb tjdcr jbgdièl (Mburdvctfj, 033:). Oy 0338, tjdrd w`s è dstcg`tdl 0=Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888) èl Tmèl` (BOrcde, ?888 Ce>


13/27

Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888), wjcid Arèfd prbvcldl gcict`ry tr`cecem tb _wèl`s Jutu `rgy, `

prbxy w`r abumjt oy @arcfès abr fbetrbi ba e`turì rdsburfds ce Fdetrì @arcf` oy tjd

supdrpbwdrs (G`lsde, 0333), tjdsd rdsburfds odcem gbstiy edxt lbbr ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf

_dpuoicf ba Fbemb. Arèfd aueedidl jumd sjcpgdets ba `rg`gdets tb _wèl` rcmjt tjrbumj

tjd kciicems ce 033< (Mburdvctfj, 033:).

Ce ldspdr`tcbe, oy @prci 033?, Jòy`rcgè` w`s boicmdl tb gbvd tbw`rls ` guitc-p`rty

pbwdr sj`rcem systdg wctj abur bppbsctcbe p`rtcds ce frd`tcem ` fbìctcbe mbvdregdet tj`t

wbuil gbvd tbw`rls ` ldgbfr`tcf trèsctcbe. Ct cs odicdvdl tj`t tjcs guitc-p`rty systdg

w`s mcvde ocrtj ce Jòy`rcgè`s `ttdgpt tb rdt`ce fbetrbi uel dr tdescbes fùsdl oy

devcrbegdetì sf`rfctcds, w`r, dtjecfcty èl rdmcbeì a`ftcbes. Jbwdvdr, tjcs rdsuitdl ce `

ibss ba st`td fbetrbi èl tjd r`pcl dgpbwdrgdet ba r`lcfì a`ftcbes, frd`tcem trc-pbi`r pbictcfs

ba Jòy`rcgè`s p`rty E`tcbeì _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet

_vbiutcbee`crd E`tcbeì pbur id Lvdibppdgdet(G_EL), bppbsctcbe p`rtcds èl tjd _XA,

wctj ueldrtbeds ba ièlidss rurì ybutj wjbsd gdgodrsjcp w`s fburtdl oy v`rcbus pbictcfì

p`rtcds (M`sè`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?).

\jdrd w`s ` tbtì ba abur g`nbr cefurscbes oy tjd _wèlè X`trcbtcf Arbet (_XA), d`fj bed

pusjcem Cetdreìiy Lcspi`fdl Xdrsbes (CLXs), g`ceiy Jutu aurtjdr sbutj, frbwlcem tjdg cetb

ìrd`ly rdsburfd sf`rfd `rd`s, jdcmjtdecem tjd tdescbe odtwdde rurì pdbpid, wjcid frd`tcem

tjd odmceecem ba dtjecf j`trdl `s Jutu wdrd pusjdl baa tjdcr ièl oy ` _wèlè X`trcbtcf

Arbet (_XA) fbgprcsdl prcg`rciy ba \utsc (M`sè`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?)>

Bftbodr-Ldfdgodr, 0338, 68,888 cejòctèts ba Guvugo` èl Em`r`g` aidl tjdcr

jbgds;

Oy del ba 0330, ct rbsd tb 648,888 CLXs;

Oy Nuiy 033?, 488,888 CLXs; èl

Oy Adoru`ry 0336 50 gciicbe CLXs `s _XA vcbi`tds fd`sd-acrd èl rdsugds w`r,

abiibwdl oy èbtjdr 648,888 Jutu rdaumdds fbgcem but ba Ouruelc àtdr tjd

`ss`ssce`tcbe ba Xrdscldet El`l`yd.

\jd w`r fùsdl ` g`nbr abbl frcscs, obtj ce ibfì prbluftcbe èl trèspbrt ba abbl `cl è

dfbibmcfì èl ibmcstcfì lcs`stdr, rdsuitcem ce tjd `vdr`md `v`ciòid dedrmy ba 0,088


14/27

fìbrcds/pdrsbe/l`y (M`sè`, ?88? Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?), òbut jìa tjd gcecgì l`ciy

rdqucrdgdet tb suoscst abr è `luit. Ce dssdefd, oy 033< tjd w`r w`s fùscem :88,888 pdbpid

tb st`rvd tb ld`tj, wjcid pbictcfì dictds strummidl abr pbwdr èl fbetrbi ba st`td rdsburfds.

Jòy`rcgè` idt ct od kebwe tj`t pbictcfì lcsbrldr wbuil id`l tb cetdrdtjecf vcbidefd. Be

tjd mrbuel, tjdrd wdrd eb spbetèdbus rdprcsìs `m`cest tjd \utsc dxfdpt abr tj`t wjcfj w`s

pbictcfìiy brfjdstr`tdl. @s edw bppbsctcbe p`rtcds dgdrmdl èl prbp`mèl` ce tjd abrg ba

tjd Jutu \de Fbggèlgdets `m`cest tjd \utsc fbfkrb`fjds (ceydezc) èl tjdcr Jutu

`ffbgpicsjds(coyctsb), oibblo`tjs odmè oy 033? icekdl tb tjd Jutu Cetdr`j`gwd, ` gcictc`

ba tjd E`tcbeì _dvbiutcbe`ry Gbvdgdet abr Ldvdibpgdet/Gbuvdgdet _vbiutcbee`crd

E`tcbeì pbur id Lvdibppdgdet(G_EL). \jd Cetdr`j`gwdw`s i`rmdiy g`ld ba ièlidss,

uedluf`tdl ybutj arbg CLX f`gps èl uroè pbbr, wjb j`l eb rdì cldbibmcfì fbggctgdet,

out tb sdrvd tjbsd wjb p`cl tjdg èl adl tjdg (M`sè`, ?88?Ce> G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?)ce

dssdefd, ybuem fjcil sbilcdrs gdrfde`rcds abr jcrd. \jd Jutu \de Fbggèlgdets

cefiuldl (Mudst, ?88 0) Jutu gde sjbuil edvdr g`rry br odarcdel \utsc wbgde, ?) Dvdry

\utsc w`s ` fjd`t èl èy Jutu lbcem ouscedss wctj ` \utsc w`s ` tr`ctbr, 6) @ii str`tdmcf

pbsctcbes, cefiulcem pbictcfì, `lgcecstr`tcvd, dfbebgcf, gcict`ry èl sdfurcty sjbuil od

bffupcdl oy ` Jutu èl


15/27

Ouruelc rdg`cecem arcdeliy tb Odimcug, tjd btjdr suppbrtcem celdpdeldefd. _`fcsg w`s

ebt è cssud. Ce a`ft, tjd p`rty ba celdpdeldefd, tjd X`rty ba E`tcbeì Tecty èl

Xrbmrdss/Tect Xbur id Xrbmrs E`tcbeì (TX_BE@), w`s pbpui`r `gbem Jutu, \utsc,

Gusicg èl Fjrcstcè èl j`l ` g`nbrcty gdgodrsjcp g`ld ba Jutu. \jd Tectdl E`tcbes

supdrvcsdl idmcsi`tcvd didftcbes ce 0310 èl jèldl fbetrbi tb TX_BE@. Celdpdeldefd w`s

ldfi`rdl be Nuiy 0, 031?, wctj tjd pbictcfì fi`ss ba dluf`tdl dictds spicttcem cetb twb a`ftcbes

o`sdl be ce wjcfj sfjbbi tjdy wdrd dluf`tdl. Didftcbes ce 031< fbetceudl tb mcvd TX_BE@

` g`nbrcty. Jbwdvdr, wctj 1=% (?/6rls) ba p`ric`gdet odcem Jutu, wctj tjd `ppbcetgdet ba `

\utsc prcgd gcecstdr, tjd Jutu id`ldr ce fbiiòbr`tcbe wctj tjd mdel`rgdrcd, brmèczdl ` fbup

ldt`tce Bftbodr 0314 èl \utsc g`ss`frds odmè, wctj rdprcsìs be tjd Jutu pbictcfì fi`ss

arbg tjd \utsc lbgce`tdl gcict`ry. Arbg tjde be, ` oibfk abrgdl `gbem tjd \utsc wjb wdrd

ldtdrgcedl tb fbetrbi tjd mbvdregdet èl `rgy wctj i`w-èl-brldr ètc-Jutu pbicfcds. \jd

gbe`rfjy w`s òbicsjdl, abiibwdl oy ` edw pbictcf ba rdvdemd. Jutu fcvcicè èl gcict`ry

id`ldrs wdrd `ss`ssce`tdl ce 0313, abiibwdl oy icodrì \utsc rbyìcsts ce 03=0. Ce @prci

03=?, ` Jutu rdodiicbe sfburmd brmèczdl oy dxcidl id`ldrs ce D`st @arcf` , rdsuitdl ce

sdvdrì tjbusèl \utsc ce tjd sbutj odcem kciidl, abiibwdl oy ` mdebfcld ba Jutu dictds oy

\utsc ce G`y èl Nued, id`vcem 048,888 ld`l èl 688,888 `s rdaumdds ce _wèl` èl

\èzèc` (Fjrtcde, ?886). \jd ord`k odtwdde Jutu èl \utsc odf`gd `s `futd `s ct w`s ce

_wèl`, abueldl be bgecprdsdet ad`r,

]j`t cs ct tb od Jutubr \utsc2 Ct cs odcem edctjdr Oètu br J`gctd ebr sdra br

g`stdr! Ct cs tb rdgdgodr wjb kciidl bed ba ybur fibsd rdi`tcbes 04 yd`rs `mb

br tb wbeldr wjb wcii kcii ybur fjcil ce 08 yd`rs, d`fj tcgd wctj ` lcaadrdet

èswdr (Fjrtcde, ?886).

Ce _wèl` èl Ouruelc ce tjd i`td 03:8s, twb ficfjs wdrd cedsf`pòid, ldgbfr`fyba tjd

Jutu g`nbrcty ce Kcmìc èl e`tcbeì uecty wctj strbem \utsc i`w-èl-brldr ce Ounugour`(Fjrtcde, ?886). Fju` (?886) odicdvds ct w`s pbictcfì icodrìcz`tcbe ìbem wctj Odimcug

r`fcsg èl a`vbrctcsg, `s wdii `s ldf`lds ba fbrrupt lcft`tbrsjcp, tj`t ueid`sjdl ibem-

supprdssdl dtjecf tdescbes èl tjus, i`cl tjd mrbuelwbrk abr mdebfcld ba wj`t sjd fìis `

lddpiy rdsdetdl, lcsprbpbrtcbe`tdiy wdìtjy butscldr gcebrcty, tjd \utsc.


16/27

06.:.1.1 Idt tjd mdebfcld odmce, @gdrcf` stbps pbtdetcì cetdrvdetcbe tjrbumj tjd

Tectdl E`tcbes

\jd str`w tj`t aceìiy orbkd tjd f`gdis o`fk ce tjd id`l up tb mdebfcld w`s be @prci 1, 033 G`ttjdw, dt. ì., ?88?;

Fjrtcde, ?886). \jcs dvdet tbbk pi`fd `t ` gbgdet ba dxtrdgd dtjecf tdescbe ce obtj _wèl`

èl Ouruelc ce wjcfj tjrdd Jutu Xrdscldets (Jòy`rcgè`, Et`ry`gcr` èl El`l`yd) j`l

odde `ss`ssce`tdl wctjce scx gbetjs. Jutu dictds ce tjd prdscldetcì mu`rl èl gcictc`s usdl

tjcs cefcldet ce brldr tb g`cet`ce fbetrbi ba tjd _wèlè st`td oy rìiycem tjd pbbr èl

rdsburfd st`rvdl g`ssds `m`cest tjd \utsc èl tjd \utsc-lbgce`tdl _XA. Oy Nuiy 03, 033

G`ttjdw, dt. ì., ?88?). ]jcid tjd _XA `rgy w`s lcsfcpicedl, ct stcii ueldrtbbk rdprcsì

kciicems ba arbg ?4,888 tb 18,888 pdbpid (Lc`gbel, ?884).

Vbgd odicdvd tjcs pièd fr`sj w`s brfjdstr`tdl oy dxtrdgcst Jutu arbg tjd ebrtj, wjb tjde

gcict`rciy sdczdl pbwdr (Fjrtcde, ?886), wjcid btjdrs odicdvd tj`t tjcs w`s ueldrt`kde oy

K`m`gd èl jcs T.V. o`fkdl _XA abrfds, wctj @gdrcfè lcsceabrg`tcbe odcem usdl tb i`y tjd

oi`gd be gcictèt Jutus (G`lsde, 0333). J`ggbel (0331) st`tds tj`t Odimcug trbbps wctj

tjd Tectdl E`tcbes @sscstèfd Gcsscbe ce _wèl` (TE@GC_) cldetcacdl tjd gcsscids fbgcem

arbg tjd Jutu _wèldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _wèl`csds (_@A/A@_) gcict`ry

o`sd `t Kbebgod. G`lsde (0333) cgpicds tj`t @gdrcf` g`y j`vd ebt beiy odde `w`rd, out

w`s pbsscoiy odjcel tjcs `ftcbe. Gdèwjcid, ce G`rfj ?88


17/27

ce pd`fd èl j`rgbey wdrd sulldeiy ldgbecf; Ousj fid`rcem rdadrrdl tb j`fkcem gde tb

ld`tj èl puiicem rbbts rdadrrdl tb kciicem wbgde èl fjcilrde (Mudst, ?88


18/27

abrdsts, _wèl`, Bvdr-Xbpui`tcbe èl Ièl Ldmr`l`tcbe Icekdl tb Ldabrdst`tcbe abr

@mrcfuiturd èl Xbictcfì Ldstòcicz`tcbe). \jd uitcg`td fùsds ba tjd _wèlè mdebfcld wdrd

pbpui`tcbe prdssurd, jugè devcrbegdetì cgp`fts èl lrbumjt abrgcem tjd pbwldr cescld

tjd kdm; wctj tjd prbxcg`td fùsds - tjd g`tfj tj`t ict tjd kdm odcem dtjecf j`trdl wjcppdl up

oy pbictcfcès èl tjd lbwecem ba tjd `crpièd. Ce `llctcbe tb pbpui`tcbe prdssurds, btjdr

a`ftbrs fbetrcoutcem tb tjcs mdebfcld cefiuld (Lc`gbel, ?884)>

\utsc lbgce`tcbe ba tjd Jutu;

\utsc i`rmd-sfìd kciicems ba Jutu ce Ouruelc èl sgìi-sfìd beds ce _wèl`;

\utsc cev`scbes ba _wèl`;

_wèl`s dfbebgcf frcscs;

Lrbumjt;

]bril A`ftbrs, cefiulcem aìicem fbaadd prcfds èl ]bril Oèk ùstdrcty gd`surds

(V@X pbicfcds);

Juelrdls ba tjbusèls ba ldspdr`td ybuem _wèlè gde lcspi`fdl `s rdaumdds ce

rdsdttidgdet f`gps, rcpd abr rdfructgdet cetb gcictc`s; èl

Fbgpdtctcbe `gbem rcvì pbictcfì mrbups wciicem tb t`kd pbwdr `t ìi fbsts

Lc`gbel (?884) a`cis tb gdetcbe tjd @gdrcfè/Ardefj mdb-pbictcfì cssuds tj`t f`gd cetb

pi`y.

@e dx`gpid cs mcvde ce tjd ebrtjwdstdre Kè`g` fbggued wjdrd 33% br gbrd ba tjd

pbpui`tcbe cs Jutu èl ièl, ebt dtjecfcty, w`s tjd fùsd ba kciicems. ]ctj pbpui`tcbe

ldesctcds ce 0336 ba =:: cejòctèts/kg?, tjd gdlcè a`rg sczd ce 0336 w`s 8.?3 j` (8.=?

`frds) be `vdr`md, orbkde cetb tde sgìi p`rtcìs ba 8.86 j` d`fj. Sbuem pdbpid wdrd ueòid

tb `fqucrd ièl, g`kcem ct lcaacfuit tb g`rry. @ vdry ocm a`rg w`s òbut 0 j` èl ` vdry sgìi

a`rg 8.?< j`. \jd pdrfdet`md ba vdry ocm a`rgs èl vdry sgìi a`rgs obtj cefrd`sdl odtwdde

03:: èl 0336 arbg 4% tb :% abr vdry ocm a`rgs èl arbg 61% tb


19/27

yd`rs bil, wctjbut baa-a`rg cefbgd, wdrd rdsbrtcem tb vcbidefd èl tjdat. Teabrtue`tdiy, tjd

i`rmdr ièl bwedrs ìsb d`redl tjd i`rmdst baa-a`rg cefbgds, cefrd`scem lcsp`rctcds. Odtwdde

03:? èl 0338, tjd pdrfdet`md ba tjd pbpui`tcbe ce tjd Kè`g` fbggued fbesugcem idss

tjè 0,188 fìbrcds/l`y, fbescldrdl odibw a`gced idvdi, cefrd`sdl arbg 3% tb


20/27

Lìi`crd (?886), tjbumj `lgcttcem @eeè prdvdetdl jcg arbg cetdrvdecem ce tjd mdebfcld, cs

ebt sb j`rsj ` frctcf ba @eeè, ebr lbds jd m`recsj tbb gufj pr`csd be Obutrbs-Mjìc.

Jbwdvdr, Lìi`crd (?886) lbds `lgbecsj tjd TE `s è brmècz`tcbe èl tjd supdrpbwdrs tj`t

fbetrbi tjcs obly abr sdelcem tbb icttid tbb i`td>

Be @prci ??, 033


21/27

Obl`esky, ?880; L`ii`crd, ?886; LdF`pu`, ?88


22/27

033:; G`lsde, 0333; Lìi`crd, ?886). \jd Ardefj jbpdl sbgdjbw tb kddp tjd prb-Ardefj

Jutu mbvdregdet èl cts _wèldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _wèl`csds (_@A/A@_)

ce pbwdr bvdr tjd besiùmjt ba tjd T.V. o`fkdl Demicsj spd`kcem \utsc _XA gbvdgdet

(G`lsde, 0333). Xrdscldet K`m`gd j`s `ffusdl tjd Ardefj mbvdregdet ba ebt beiy tr`cecem

Jutu trbbps èl abrfds tj`t f`rrcdl but tjd g`ss`frds, out ce j`vcem ` lcrdft jèl ce tjd

kciicem (Oryèt, ?88 G`ttjdw, dt. ì.,?88?) èl 0.4 gciicbe (Fjrtcde, ?886) tb ? gciicbe

(Lc`gbel, ?884) Jutu aidl tb ^`crd (tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb) tb dsf`pd rdvdemd

èl tb ` idssdr ldmrdd, tb \èzèc` èl Ouruelc. \jd Jutu rdaumdd f`gps ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf

_dpuoicf ba Fbemb wdrd fbetrbiidl oy `rgdl gdgodrs ba tjd _wèldsd @rgdl

Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds _wèl`csds (_@A/A@_), wjb dxprbprc`tdl up tb 08% ba ìi abrdcme

`cl tb suppbrt tjdcr `ftcbes (Fjrtcde, ?886). Jugèct`rcè `cl EMBs wctj ]dstdre `cl

gbedy, kebwcemiy adl tjdsd Jutu Xbwdr pdrpdtr`tbrs ba mdebfcld . \jd ouscedss w`s tbb

mbbl, `s =8% ba tjd gbedy wdet rcmjt cetb tjd pbfkdts ba tjd `cl td`gs èl tjdcr butacttdrs ce

tjd abrg ba bvdrjd`l, suppicds, dqucpgdet, stàa jbuscem, sì`rcds, btjdr odedacts èl `ssbrtdl

dxpdesds, id`vcem ?4 fdets ` l`y/rdaumdd, ed`riy twcfd tjd pdr f`pct` cefbgd ba tjd `vdr`md

_wèlè. \jd jugèct`rcè EMBs wdrd trd`tdl r`tjdr ickd tjd sdrvcfd stàa `t ` sddly

gàc`-bffupcdl jbtdi, prbvclcem abbl, gdlcfced, jbusd w`rds èl è ùr` ba rdspdftòcicty,

odfbgcem `ffdssbrcds tb tjd Jutu Xbwdr syelcf`td. @ pbictcfì frcscs w`s trd`tdl `s `

jugèct`rcè frcscs, pdrpdtu`tcem tjd pbictcfì frcscs èl tjd suaadrcem, gcsdry èl ld`tjs ba

gèy pdbpid. Lcvdrtdl jugèct`rcè `cl w`s usdl tb purfj`sd `rgs (Mburdvctfj, 033:) (sdd

Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe 00.=.?, Abrdcme @sscstèfd Fbelctcbeìctcds Mbbl Ouscedss abr Lbebr

Fbuety Ebt _dfcpcdet/Jbst Fbuetry).

06.:.1.00 Ardefj èl T.V. `rg prbxcds abr tjd t`kdbvdr ba tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba

Fbemb

Arèfd, wctj Gboutu Vdsd Vdkbs `ffbrl, w`s kebwe tb j`vd odde lcrdftiy èl celcrdftiy

cevbivdl ce suppiycem Jutu rdaumdds wctj `rgs tb fbetceud tjdcr pdrsdfutcbe ba \utsc , obtj

ce _wèl` èl ce tjd Ebrtj/Vbutj Kcvu prbvcefds ba tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb


23/27

(G`lsde, 0333). Ct cs dstcg`tdl tj`t dx-Jutu _wèldsd @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds

_wèl`csds (_@A/A@_), (rd`ssdgoidl ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb), g`ld up

òbut =% ba tjd 0.4 gciicbe rdaumdds aiddcem _wèl`. \jdy fbetceudl tb rd-`rg èl tr`ce

wctj tjd ^`crcè @rgdl Abrfds/Abrfds @rgds ^`rbcsds (A@^), wjcid uscem rdaumdd f`gps

`s iùefjcem p`ls abr A@_ frbss-obrldr r`cls cetb _wèl` èl Ouruelc (Xdfj, ?888 Ce>

Gus`j & A`ydgc, ?888).

\jcs abrfdl tjd @gdrcfè-o`fkdl _XA (\utsc ueldr K`m`gd), wctj o`fkcem arbg Tmèl`, tb

suppbrt Kòci` ueldr tjd @iicèfd ba Ldgbfr`tcf Abrfds abr tjd Icodr`tcbe ba Fbemb

/@iicèfd lds Abrfds ldgbfr`tcqud pbur i` icodr`tcbe lu Fbemb (@ALI/@LAI) tb bvdr-

tjrbw tjd Ardefj-o`fkdl Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb mbvdregdet. Gòutu w`s wj`t Gusdvdec fìidl

è `mdet ba jcs ]dstdre puppdtddrs, wjcid tjd Jutu Xbwdr mdebfcl`crds bwdl tjdcr

sustdeèfd tb tjd gcelidss lcspdes`tcbe ba ]dstdre fj`rcty, wctj tjd aìsd prbgcsds ba

cetdre`tcbeì prbtdftcbe abiibwdl oy swcat òèlbegdet ba juelrdls ba tjbusèls ba fcvcicès

ce tjd a`fd ba dxtrdgd vcbidefd (Mburdvctfj, 033:) (sdd Vdftcbe 06.08.6.0, T.V. mbvdregdet

cevbivdgdet ce tjd L_F èl Vdftcbe 06.08.6.?, T.V. gcict`ry `cl).

06.:.1.0? \jd àtdrg`tj ce _wèl`

Be Nuiy 03, 033


24/27

wceedr f`gp`cmes be ` lcvcscbecst pi`tabrg. Gbst \utscs odicdvd tj`t tjd beiy w`y tb

prdvdet èbtjdr siùmjtdr cs abr tjd _XA tb rdg`ce ce pdrgèdet pbwdr. \jbumj daacfcdet,

wjcid g`cet`cecem pd`fd, tjdrd `rd fbgpi`cets ba fdesbrsjcp èl, `s wcii lcsfussdl odibw (sdd

Vdftcbe, 06.08.6 Fbemb-Kcesj`s` L_F, Vuo-V`j`rè @arcf`s wbril rdsburfd w`r), K`m`gd

èl tjd _XA `rd rutjidss, j`vcem odde cevbivdl ce tjd siùmjtdr ba Jutus nust `frbss tjd

obrldr ce tjd Ldgbfr`tcf _dpuoicf ba Fbemb (Mudst, ?88


25/27

Ouruelc cs ebt dxfiuscvdiy ` fbuetry ba O`jutu wjdrd O`tutsc `rd beiy

mudsts. Ct cs eb ibemdr ` fbuetry ba O`tutsc wjdrd O`jutu `rd beiy sdfbel-fi`ss

fctczdes.

@ Jutu, Gdifjcbr El`l`yd, w`s didftdl tjd acrst fcvcicè jd`l ba Vt`td ce 0336 wctj ` ldscrd

tb dr`lcf`td dtjecf scfkedss, abrgcem ` mbvdregdet tj`t w`s 66% (0/6rl) \utsc . Jbwdvdr, `

gcict`ry t`kdbvdr ce 0336 tjrdw gufj ba tjcs cetb qudstcbe, rdsuitcem ce tjd `ss`ssce`tcbe ba

El`l`yd (Fjrtcde, ?886). Ouyby` w`s icekdl tb tjcs `ss`ssce`tcbe èl tjd si`ycem ba

088,888 Jutus (G`lsde, 0333). \jcs w`s abiibwdl oy ` TE orbkdrdl didftcbe ba Et`ry`gcr`

`s Xrdscldet (Fjrtcde, ?886), wjb lcdl ce tjd pièd fr`sj, abiibwdl oy ` fbup (befd `m`ce oy

Ouyby`) be Nued ?4, 0331, `m`cest ` ldgbfr`tcfìiy didftdl Jutu Xrdscldet, Vyivdstrd

Ectoètuemèy` (G`lsde, 0333).

\jd \utscs odicdvdl tj`t Ectoètuemèy` w`s prbvclcem fbvdr abr gcictèt Jutus. ]ctjce

tjrdd wddks àtdr Ouyby` sdczdl pbwdr, 1,888 Jutu fcvcicès wdrd kciidl. Ectoètuemèy`s

mbvdregdet w`s ìsb sdde `s prb-Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb èl tjus, prb-Ardefj. Ouyby` act cetb

tjd piès ba tjd Ficetbe @lgcecstr`tcbe, icekdl tb tjd \utsc ìicds ce _wèl`, Tmèl` èl

d`stdre ^`crd tj`t wbuil od usdl tb t`kd Kcesj`s`, bvdrtjrbwcem Gboutu Vdsd Vdkb, wjcid

pi`fcem Iùrdet Kòci` ce pbwdr `s è @gdrcfè puppdt. Oy @umust 0331, Ouruelcè \utsc

trbbps fbeluftdl nbcet bpdr`tcbes wctj _wèlè _XA abrfds be Ouruelc Jutu rdaumdd f`gps

ce tjd Vbutj Kcvu Xrbvcefd wjdrd tjd Ouruelcè Jutu rdodi mrbup, Abrfds Abr tjd Ldadesd ba

Ldgbfr`fy/Abrfds ld Ldadesd ld i` Lgbfr`tcd (ALL), j`l cts jd`lqu`rtdrs (G`lsde 0333).

Oy 033:, tjdrd wdrd twb vcfd-prdscldets ce Ouruelc, ` Jutu èl \utsc (Fjrtcde, ?886). \jcs

p`rtedrsjcp cs fbescldrdl ar`mcid èl ciiuscbe`ry, wctj Ouruelc odcem tr`ppdl ce twb dxtrdgcst

f`gps, 0) \jd \utsc fbemibgdr`td tj`t fbetrbis tjd `rgy èl ?) \jd Jutu fbemibgdr`td

jbpcem abr ` _wèlè gbldi (Fjrtcde, ?886). Lbgctcde El`yczdyd, ` Jutu, suffddldl

Xcdrrd Ouyby`, ` \utsc, `s jd`l ba ` tjrdd-yd`r trèsctcbeì mbvdregdet be 68 @prci ?886,

d`fj sdrvcem abr ` pdrcbl ba 0: gbetjs. Jd j`l sdrvdl `s Qcfd-Xrdscldet lurcem Gr. Ouyby`'s

0:-gbetj tdrg. \jd mbvdregdet w`s sdt up ce Ebvdgodr ?880 `s p`rt ba daabrts tb del tde

yd`rs ba fcvci w`r odtwdde tjd \utsc gcebrcty, wjcfj j`s tr`lctcbeìiy ruidl tjd fbuetry, èl

tjd Jutu g`nbrcty (OOF Gbectbrcem, ?886). @t tjd del ba tjcs tjrdd-yd`r pdrcbl, didftcbes

wcii od jdil. \jd acrst dvdr @arcfè Tecbe pd`fd kddpcem abrfd w`s dstòicsjdl ce @prci ?886,

fbescstcem ba Vbutj @arcfè, Gbz`gocfè èl Dtjcbpcè trbbps ce `ttdgpts tb `rrèmd fd`sd

acrds odtwdde tjd mbvdregdet èl v`rcbus rdodi mrbups (@arcf` Beiced, ?886) sufj `s Abrfds


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ba E`tcbeì Icodr`tcbe èl Abrfds Abr tjd Ldadesd ba Ldgbfr`fy/Abrfds ld Ldadesd ld i`

Lgbfr`tcd (ALL) (Lbumjdrty, ?886). Jbwdvdr, oy Ldfdgodr ?886, tjd TE Vdfurcty

Fbuefci `mrddl tb sdel ce ` pd`fd kddpcem abrfd, `s tjd @T lcl ebt j`vd suaacfcdet auels tb

fbetceud tjd prbfdss (@arcf` Beiced, ?886).

Fjrtcde (?886) mbds be tb dxpi`ce jbw tjd pbictcfì-gcict`ry dictd arbg tjd jciis ba _wèl`

ce 0343 tb tjd abrdsts ba ^`crd ce 033= èl tjrbumjbut tjd Mrd`t I`kds rdmcbe tbl`y, dxpibct

tjd g`ssds tjrbumj ` str`tdmy ba dtjecf fbesfcbus r`cscem èl rdi`tdl t`ftcfs ba dxfctdgdet.

Vbgd fìi tjcs pbictcfì trcoìcsg, aibwcem lbwe arbg jcmj-pbictcfì cetrcmud tjrbumj

dxtdreì fbgpdtctcbe, `s bppbsdl tb pbictcfìiy fbestruftcvd gbrì dtjecfcty tj`t frd`tds

fbgguectcds arbg wctjce tjrbumj lbgdstcf fbetrbvdrsy bvdr fcvcf vcrtud (Fjòì èl Lìbz,

0333) (sdd Fj`ptdr 00, Vdftcbe 00.6, EDB-CGXD_C@ICVG CE VTO-V@J@_@E @A_CF@

èl Vdftcbe, 00.1.6, Edb-X`trcgbecì Ficdetdicsg, \jd Ocm Gè èl Fbsgdtcf

Ldgbfr`fy). \jd gcsusd ba dtjecfcty tjrbumj pbictcfì trcoìcsg cs ebt uecqud tb Vuo-

V`j`rè @arcf`, odcem sdde rdfdetiy ce tjd abrgdr Sumbsi`vc`.

Lc`gbel (?884) fbefiulds,

bvdrpbpui`tcbe, devcrbegdetì cgp`ft èl ficg`td fjèmd fèebt pdrscst

celdacectdiy> sbbedr br i`tdr tjdy `rd ickdiy tb rdsbivd tjdgsdivds, wjdtjdr ce

tjd gèedr ba _wèl` br ce sbgd btjdr gèedr ebt ba bur ldvcscem, ca wd

lbet suffddl ce sbivcem tjdg oy bur bwe `ftcbesscgci`r gbtcvdsg`y

bpdr`td `m`ce ce _wèl` ctsdia, wjdrd pbpui`tcbe tbl`y cs mrbwcem 6%/yd`r,

wbgde `rd mcvcem ocrtj tb tjdcr acrst fjcil `t `md 04, tjd `vdr`md a`gciy j`s

odtwdde 4-: fjcilrde èl ` vcsctbr j`s tjd sdesd ba odcem surrbueldl oy ` sd`

ba fjcilrde.

Vcgci`riy, Mdedrì Lìi`crd (?886) st`tds,

_wèl`w`s ` w`recem abr ìi ba us ba wj`t icds ce stbrd ca wd fbetceud tb

cmebrd jugè rcmjts, jugè sdfurcty èl òndft pbvdrtyOut gèy scmes

pbcet tb tjd a`ft tj`t tjd ybutj ba tjd \jcrl ]bril wcii eb ibemdr tbidr`td icvcem

ce fcrfugstèfds tj`t mcvd tjdg eb jbpd abr tjd auturdwd fè eb ibemdr

àabrl tb cmebrd tjdgtjd miboì vcii`md cs ldtdrcbr`tcem `t ` r`pcl p`fd èl ce

tjd fjcilrde ba tjd wbril tjd rdsuit cs r`mdJugè odcems wjb j`vd eb

rcmjts, eb sdfurcty, eb auturd, eb jbpd èl eb gdès tb survcvd `rd ` ldspdr`td

mrbup wjb wcii lb ldspdr`td tjcems tb t`kd wj`t tjdy odicdvd tjdy eddl èl

ldsdrvdca wd lb ebt cggdlc`tdiy `llrdss tjd ueldriycem (dvde ca gcsmucldl)

fùsds ba tjbsd ybuem tdrrbrcsts r`md (rdadrrcem tb 300 obgocem ba tjd ]bril\r`ld Fdetdr, Edw Sbrk), wd wcii ebt wce tjd w`r\jd i`fk ba jbpd ce tjd


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auturd cs tjd rbbt fùsd ba r md. Ca wd fèebt prbvcld jbpd abr tjd uetbil

g`ssds ba tjd wbril, tjde tjd auturd wcii od ebtjcem out ` rdpd`t ba _wèl`,

Vcdrr` Idbed, \jd Fbemb èl Vdptdgodr 00tjcs edw fdetury gust odfbgd `

Fdetury ba JugèctyXdux fd qud vdux. @iibes-y.

rwandan genocide links to population, politics and the back door into the riches of the drc

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