Summary Notes

TERM TWO BASIC SEVEN

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Prepared by Sir Lexis Oppong

ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014

INFORMATION PROCESSING DATA: - Data is a collection of raw

unorganized facts such as numbers, text, audio(sound), video and images. Raw data may not be meaningful and useful to the user. Therefore we need to manipulate, arrange and organize these raw data into a form that is meaningful and useful to the user. This meaningful and useful form of a processed data is referred to as INFORMATION. Therefore we define information as processed data.

INFORMATION. – Information is defined as processed data that is meaningful and useful to the user. Examples of information include newsletters, reports, movies, invoices, calendars, etc. When data is processed the result is information. What is Information Processing? Information processing is the process of manipulating, arranging and organizing data into information.

Prepared by Sir Lexis Oppong

STAGES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLEInformation processing cycle of a computer is a set of steps the computer follows to receive data, processes the data according to instructions from a program, displays the resulting information to the user, and stores the results.The information processing cycle has various stages, each stage involves one or more specific components of a computer.

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INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

STORAGE

CPU

MOUSE

RAM

MONITOR

INPUT STAGE (Data Stage) Computer Input Stage is when a computer accepts whatever that is entered or fed into its system. Input can be supplied by a person(such as by using a keyboard) or by another computer or device( such as diskettes, flash drives, memory cards, CD-ROM, etc.). Devices that help input data and commands are called INPUT DEVICES. Examples of input devices and the data they input to the computer are shown in the table below.

INPUT DEVICE NAME DATA

MOUSE COMMANDS

KEYBOARD TEXT

MICROPHONE SOUND

THE PROCESSING STAGE This is the stage where the data that is inputted in the computer is organized, manipulated and structured to form information. This stage is where the real processing of data into information occurs and is therefore considered as the most important stage. On a computer the device that performs this processing is called the Central Processing Unit(CPU). The CPU is the brain and the heart of the computer. A computer process is a systematic series of actions a computer uses to manipulate data.

It does all the calculations and manipulations of the computer. The CPU is found inside the system unit. Examples of processors are the Pentium, Centrino and Core Duo.

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THE STORAGE STAGE A computer must store data so that it is available for processing. This storage location can be (the hard disk drive or C:\, and the floppy drive or A:\). The storage of data in the computer is called online storage while the storage of data on computer tapes, diskettes, flash drives, CD-ROMs is called offline storage. STORAGE STAGE is when information is stored for future use. Devices for storing information are called Storage Devices.

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The primary storage device of the computer is called a Hard Disk Drive. Other storage devices are the CD&DVD-ROM, flash drives, external hard drives, etc.

THE OUTPUT STAGE Computer output stage is when the computer produces processed data or information. OUTPUT can be in different formats, such as paper, diskette, or disc or on screen. After the computer has finished

processing the data into information, it needs to show

or give the information to the user. Devices used to

output information are called output devices.

Some examples of output devices are shown

in the table below.

OUTPUT DEVICE NAME USE

MONITORDisplaying text, pictures, etc.

LOUDSPEAKERS Outputting sound

PRINTER Printing text and pictures onto a paper

Summary notesweek 3

Prepared by Sir Lexis Oppong

PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER THE COMPUTER

A computer is a general purpose machine that helps us to process information. There are several different categories of computers such as • Minicomputers • Mainframe computers • Supercomputers • Network computers• Personal computers (Microcomputers)

SUPERCOMPUTERS

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

MINICOMPUTERS

THE PERSONAL COMPUTERA Personal computer is a system of many components. These come together to make the personal function effectively and efficiently. It is also known as a microcomputer or simply a PC meaning personal computer. It is called personal computer(PC) because it has been purposely designed to be used by one person at a time. USESPersonal Computers can be used for many different things such as typing documents, playing music and even factory automation.

GROUP OF PERSONAL COMPUTERSPersonal Computers are grouped into three. These are • Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) • Laptop Computers• Desktop Computers

A. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT Personal Digital Assistants are hand-held computers that are used to perform simple tasks. They are small in nature and are used to take notes, serve as a reminder, and sometimes even used to browse the net. These days most PDAs also serve as mobile phones.

B. LAPTOP COMPUTERSLaptop computers perform all the functions that a regular computer does. Laptop computers are popular because they are portable and be carried everywhere. They also operate on batteries and used (for a specified period) even when there is no electrical power.

C. DESKTOP COMPUTERSBy far the most popular type of personal computers is desktop computers. They are used in schools, homes, banks, hospital and other social gatherings.

The personal computer can be grouped under two main components. These are hardware and software.

THE PERSONAL COMPUTER HARDWAREHardware refers to the physical components required for creating, using, manipulating and storing electronic data. Examples system unit, monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard, etc. Because personal computer hardware is used to facilitate information processing, they can be grouped into four

INPUT DEVICES

For inputting data

SYSTEM UNIT

Contains parts for processing data

STORAGE DEVICES

For storing data

OUTPUT DEVICES

For displaying results

INPUT DEVICES Input devices are parts of the computer system that are used to feed data into the computer. These parts serve as the link by which the human user can issue instructions or feed the computer with data. Input devices translate data from a human form into a computer form. The most common input devices are the keyboard and the mouse.

A. THE KEYBOARD.A keyboard is an input device that sends data in a form of text and instructions to the computer.

There are various types of keyboards with varying layout designs. LAYOUTLayout refers to how the individual keys on the keyboard have been arranged. Some of the popular kinds are QWERTY Layout Dvorak Layout Colemak LayoutThe most commonest layout is the QWERTY layout.

THE QWERTY layout This keyboard layout was designed in the typewriter age. The primary concern at the time of design was to ensure that the most frequently used keys were separated so that the mechanical arms of the typewriter keys did not get in each other’s way. Most computer makers adopted this layout.

THE QWERTY Keyboard Layout

Dvorak layout This Dvorak layout was developed in 1936 as an alternative to the dominant QWERTY layout. This layout is to ensure speed, accuracy and ease of use.

THE Dvorak Keyboard Layout

Colemak LayoutThis Colemak layout came out in January of 2006 to be much easier to use and more appealing to people who are already accustomed to the QWERTY layout.

THE Colemak Keyboard Layout

The QWERTY layout was designed in the 19th century to allow typewriter salesmen to easily type the word "typewriter" and to prevent typebars from sticking. We've been stuck with QWERTY ever since.Colemak is a modern alternative to the QWERTY and Dvorak layouts. It is designed for efficient and ergonomic touch typing in English.Learning Colemak is a one-time investment that will allow you to enjoy faster and pain-free typing for the rest of your life. Colemak is now the 3rd most popular keyboard layout for touch typing in English, after QWERTY and Dvorak.

B. THE MOUSE The mouse is an input device that enables the user to communicate with the computer through selecting, pointing to objects and executing commands on the screen. It has an arrow on the screen that corresponds with movement of the mouse. The most common types of mouse are The Mechanical Mouse The Optical Mouse The Laser Mouse

How to position your hand on the mouse.

PARTS OF AN ELECTRONIC MOUSE

The Mechanical Mouse The mechanical was the first widely produced mouse to accompany computers. This type of mouse uses a ball which can turn any in direction. As the ball turns, it moves rollers (2, 3 & 4) that are attached to the ball and this movement is turned into electronic signals (5) that determine where the mouse pointer on the screen should be.

MECHANICAL MOUSE

Optical Mouse The optical mouse uses light emitting diodes to detect change on the surface as you move the mouse. The changes that these diodes detect results in the movement of the pointer on the screen.

OPTICAL MICE

Laser MouseThe laser mouse is an improvement over the optical mouse. The main difference is that this mouse uses infrared laser instead of light emitting diodes(LED). This has resulted in the surface it is projecting on, hence improving (laser eye) the pointer movement on the screen.

LASER MOUSE

SYSTEM UNIT The system unit is a box that contains most of the electronic and electrical components of a personal computer. The system unit is usually made of metals (there are also plastic types), and contains components such as the central processing unit (CPU), motherboard, memory, disk drives, hard disk and video and network cards.

SYSTEM UNIT (TOWER CASE)

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM UNITThe front view of the system unit is similar to the front panel of the audio stereo system.

FRONTVIEW OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

Power buttonTo turn the computer on. Reset buttonRestating the computer, instructs the computer to go through theprocess of shutting down, which would clear the memory and resetdevices to their initialized state. It simply removes powerimmediately.MotherboardMain circuit board of the system unit, it has some electroniccomponents attached to it.Power SupplyConverts standard electrical power into a form that, the computercan use. If a power supply is not providing the necessary power,the computer will not function properly.

DVD-ROM drive

A device that reads DVD-ROM, audio CDs, CD-ROMSs, CD-Rsand CD-RWs.CD-ROM driveA device that reads audio CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs and CD-RWs.DVD/CD-RW driveA combination drive that reads DVD and CD media, and writes toCD-RW media.Zip driveA high-capacity disk drive that reads from and writes on a Zip disk.Floppy driveA device that reads from and writes on a floppy diskHard disk driveA Type of storage device that contains one or more inflexible,circular platters that store data, instructions and information

THE BACK VIEW OF THE SYSTEM UNIT The back of the system unit has several sockets or ports through which all peripherals are connected. The parts include:A. Parallel port H. Power output B. Cooling fan I. Keyboard Port C. Power input J. Audio-speakers D. Serial keyboard K. USB port E. audio-microphone L. Blank plate (Expansion) F. Monitor port G. Serial prot

BACKVIEW OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

Here are some common hardware components that you’ll find inside a system unit: Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Power Supply Video Card Hard Drive Optical Drive (i.e. BD/DVD/CD drive) Sound Card Network Interface Card (NIC) Analog Modem FireWire/USB Expansion Card

Standard Computer Parallel Port

Standard Serial Port

LAN Port

USB Port

TYPES OF PORTS

Audio ports

TYPES OF CARDS, CONNECTORS & SLOTS

USB Flash Drive

PS/2 Ports

Power cable VGA cable

VGA Port (Monitor)

Firewire Cable

USB Connectors

Network CardA network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate over a computer network.

Graphics CardPCI Slots

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers

A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display.

A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.

Sound Card

A. Central Processing Unit(CPU). The central processing unit is the main device that controls and process all the data that is fed into the computer. Because of it’s importance, it is sometimes referred to as the ‘brain of the computer’. In fact many people refer to the system unit as the CPU. The CPU, however, is only a component in the system unit. CPU can also be referred to as Microprocessor.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Microprocessor

B. Motherboard. The motherboard is the main circuit board in the system unit. This board serves as the base connector which all other components of the computer sits. Important devices such as the CPU, the memory and the hard disk all connect to each other via the motherboard. The motherboard also has external connectors that allow for peripheral devices like the printer and speakers to be attached to it.

MOTHERBOARD

C. Memory Another important component in the system unit is the internal memory. Memory is made up of electronic components that hold instructions and data that computer needs to perform tasks.

MEMORY

D. Hard Disk Drive. The hard disk drive(HDD) is a permanent storage device in the system unit. This drive stores data in electronic form on a magnetic platter. The hard disk is the main storage device on the computer and all the programs installed on the computer resides on this disk. Data stored on the HDD is permanent.

STORAGE DEVICES The device of the computer that help us store information and data are referred to as storage devices. Storage devices come in many forms and shapes. Storage devices can be grouped based on how it stores its data. Some storage devices use magnetism (usually these types of storage are called disk, spelt with letter ‘k’) to store data, others use laser to write and read the data(usually called disc, spelt with the letter ‘C’) and some use electronic circuits to store the data, referred to as flash memory.

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES . By far the common types of storage devices are:

External Hard Disk Drive

Optical Drive

Floppy Drive

Pen/Flash Drive

A. External Hard Disk. The external hard disk drive is essentially the same as the internal hard disk in the system unit. This type of drive is not in the system unit and is usually connected to the computer using a universal serial bus (USB) port. They are mainly used as backup drive and such are used to store a second copy of information already on the computer’s internal hard disk drive.

EXTERNAL HARD DISK DRIVES

B. Optical Disc. Optical disc drives are storage devices that make use of laser beams to write to and read from the storage media. Optical disc comes in different formats, but the most common format is the compact disc.Some examples of optical disc format are;

1.Disc – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM).

The CD-ROM is the most popular optical drive. This type of disc contain data that is recorded at the of manufacture, and cannot be erased or altered. Most music that we buy are recorded on this type of format.

2. Compact Disc Recordable(CD-R) This type of optical disc is blank when bought. It can be recorded on once and whatever has been put on the disc cannot be erased. CD-Rs are best for writing data that you intend to keep permanently.

3. Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW) Like the name suggests, CD-RWs are disc that can be written to and erased over and over again. These discs require a special reading device that is able to erase and write new material onto the disk.

4.Digital Versatile Disc(DVD) Digital Versatile Discs(sometimes also referred to as digital video disc) have the same dimensions as a regular CD. These disks have a much bigger capacity and lowest (in terms of capacity) of them can still store more that six times the amount of data that CDs take. DVDs also have the same variations as CDs. Such as DVD-R, & DVD-RW.

DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM DRIVE

C. FLOPPY DISK Floppy disks are portable removable media that uses magnetism to store data for future use. They are sometimes referred to as Diskettes of Disks.

D. PEN/FLASH DRIVE A pen/flash drive is a memory storage device that has a USB connector and can be attached to a computer. The pen drive is removable and portable and can be carried everywhere. This type of storage has become extremely popular because it is more durable, lighter, stores more data and more durable because they don’t have any movable parts.

FLASH DRIVES

OUTPUT DEVICESOutput devices are the parts of the computer system that sends signals from the computer to the user. The output devices render computer signals into a form that can be understood by the human user. The most common output devices are; A. The Visual Display Unit(Monitor) B. The Loud Speakers C. The Printer

OUTPUT DEVICES

A. The Visual Display Unit (MONITOR) The monitor is one of the most popular computer parts. It displays what ever goes on in the computer for the user to see. There are two main types of computer monitors. These are the Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) and Flat Panel types.

Cathode Ray Tube(CRT).The Cathode Ray Tube is a type of display unit that uses glass and electrons to project images onto a screen. Because of the complexity of creating images, the CRT has a lot of parts and bulky and heavy in nature. They are also cheaper than other types display. They consume a lot of electricity.

Flat Panel Flat panel displays are modern ultra thin visual display unit that use thin glasses and special liquids to display the desired image. Comparatively flat panel displays are more expensive than CRTs and their images are superior. They emit less radiation than CRTs and consume less electricity.

B. Loud Speakers Personal computers are also able to output sound. Computer loudspeakers are the output device that allows the sound to be heard. They output sound. They range from regular, small size computer loudspeakers to surround system speakers with a subwoofer.

C. Printer The printer is an output device that allows a user to make a hard copy of a document that has been created in electronic form. Printers perform this task by making an imprint of characters or symbols on media such as a papers or a transparency. Most printers are attached to the computer by a cable. The main types of printers in use are impact printers and non-impact printers.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRINTERS

Daisy Wheel Printer Dot Matrix Printer

Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

Impact Printers Impact printers work in the same way as an ordinary typewriter. The images or characters are formed by a mechanism that hits a ribbon against the paper leaving an imprint. Impact printers are generally slow and are not suitable for printing heavy documents. They are very noisy because they hit to make imprint. Examples of impact printers are the daisy wheel and the dot matrix printers.

Dot-matrix Printer

This is the oldest type of printers. This printer operates by having its pin strike against the ink ribbon. The print out

from dot matrix is easily recognized because of the obvious lines and dots that

you can see on the image or character it prints.

Daisy Wheel Printer

IMPACT PRINTERS

Non-impact Printers The heads of non-impact printers do make physical contact with the paper to print images. These type of printers are generally faster and quieter than impact printers. Examples of non-impact printers are inkjet printers, laser printers and thermal printers.

Ink jet Printer

Before the advent of laser printers, ink jet printers were the most widely used printer type. They are cheaper than

any other printer types and produces quality output. However, the only disadvantage is that the printing time would take longer. It is because such kind of printers uses

variably-sized droplets of ink that is propelled onto the paper or various print media.

Laser Printer Laser printers are faster than inkjet printers. Laser printers use laser to heat and apply the toner to specific parts of a paper to form the images . They work the same way as photocopiers. b

Plotters PrinterThis type of

printer is ideal for printing larger

drawings. This is the most unique

printer so far invented and

available in the market.

PERIPHERAL DEVICEPeripherals are pieces of computer hardware that are added to a host computer in order to expand its abilities. Most of those devices are optional in nature.External hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral.. There are three types of peripheral devices:a    Input devicesb    Output devicesc    Storage devices

EXAMPLES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICESINPUT DEVICES

OUTPUT DEVICES

STORAGE DEVICES

Scanner Printer CD-ROMMicrophone Plotter Flash MemoryWebcam Projector Flash drive Joystick Loud speaker Zip Disk Light pen Headset Smart Chip Digital Camera External hard

drive

Digital Video Camera

Memory stick

Peripheral devices and their functions

Scanner converts images, print text and handwriting into digital form.

Scanner

Barcode scanner

Handheld scanner

Sheet fed scanner

LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen

A webcam is any video camera that displays its output on a web page.

Webcam

Digital cameras are electronic devices used to capture and store photographs digitally.

A Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) video camera is a type of digital video camera that enables a home or small business user to capture video and still images.CCTV CANMERA

A digital video camera allows you to record full motion and store the captured motion digitally.

The headphone is a pair of small speakers placed over the ears and plugged into a port on the sound card to generate sound.

A pair of speakers is an audio output device that generates sound

A woofer or subwoofer is used to boost the low bass sound and is connected to the port on the sound card.