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Section6:
BodyComposition
Section6:
BodyComposition
ACSMGuidelines: Chapter4(pp.6272)
ACSMManual: Chapters4
ACSMGuidelines: Chapter4(pp.6272)
ACSMManual: Chapters4
HPHE4450
Dr. Cheatham
HPHE4450
Dr. Cheatham
OutlineOutline
ImportanceofBodyComposition
GeneralPrinciples Basicprinciples
AnthropometricMethods BodyMassIndex(BMI)
Circumferences/WaisttoHipRatio
SkinfoldMeasurements
DensitometryMethods Hydrostatic(Underwater)Weighing
Plethysmography (AirDisplacement)
OtherMethods BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis(BIA)
DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)
InterpretationofResults
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IntroductionIntroduction
Definition:Relativeproportionoffatandfatfreetissueinthebody.
Clinicalsignificance:Obesityiscorrelatedtoan
increasedriskof:
Coronaryarterydisease(CAD)
Noninsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(NIDDM)
Hypertension(HTN)
Certaincancers
Hyperlipidemia (highbloodcholesterol)
WhydowemeasureBC?WhydowemeasureBC?
Excessbodyfatisassociatedwith:
Hypertension,Type2Diabetes,Stroke,CAD,Hyperlipidemia
Toassessthedecreaseinbodyfatweightthatoccurs
inresponsetoaweightmanagementprogram.
Tohelpathletesdeterminethebestbodycomposition
forperformance.
Tomonitorfatandfatfreeweightinpatientswith
disease.
Totracklongtermchangesthatoccurinbodyfatand
fatfreemasswithaging.
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BasicPrinciplesBasicPrinciples
BasicPrinciplesBasicPrinciples
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TerminologyTerminology
PercentBody
Fat
(%BF)
Thepercentageofthebodyweightthatisadiposetissue
FatWeight(FW)
Thetotalweightoftheadiposetissue
FatFreeWeight(FFW)
Thetotalweightofeverythingthatisnotfat
LeanBodyMass(LBW)
Moresoreferstotheweightofmuscle
Overweight
Deviationinbodyweightfromsomestandardoridealweightinrelationto
height
Overfat
Undesirablepercentbodyfat(differencemalesvs.females)
Obesity
Surplusofadiposetissueresultingfromexcessiveenergyintakerelativeto
energyexpenditure
BCTechniquesBCTechniques
Definition:Measurementofthehumanbody
Categoriesinclude:
Heightandweight(bodymassindex[BMI],waisttohip
ratio[WHR])
Circumferencesandgirths
Skinfolds
Bioelectricalimpedanceanalysis
Hydrostaticweighing
Purpose:Toevaluatebodyweightandcomposition
inthehealthandfitnessfield,oftentoestablishan
individualstarget,desirable,oroptimalweight
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AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)
Body
mass
index
=__Weight
in
kg__
(Heightinmeters)2
Statistics:
Formostpeople,obesityrelatedhealthproblemsincreasebeyondaBMIof25.0
Inincreasedriskofhypertension,TC/HDLratio,CADandmortalityrateareassociatedwithaBMI30
Limitations:
Itisdifficultforclientstointerpretweightlossandgain
Thereis
no
differentiation
between
fat
weight
and
fat
freeweight
Thereisonlyamodestcorrelationwithpercentbodyfatdeterminedbyhydrostaticweight
AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)
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AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)
AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)
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AnthropometryCircumferencesAnthropometryCircumferences
Uses:Prepostchangesinbodymeasurements
Usefulforweightmanagementprograms/motivationforclients/patients
WaistcircumferenceusedalongwithBMIcanbeusedasanestimateofdiseaserisk(ACSMManual,Table4.2)
Estimate%BF(limitedaccuracy)
CalculateWaisttoHipRatio
Advantages:Easilylearned
Quickly
administered
Quantifieschangesinmusclewithspecifictraining(musclegirthsize)
Easytodocumentchangesinbodysize
AnthropometryWaistCircumferenceAnthropometryWaistCircumference
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AnthropometryCircumferencesSitesAnthropometryCircumferencesSites
AnthropometryCircumferencesSitesAnthropometryCircumferencesSites
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AnthropometryCircumferencesProceduresAnthropometryCircumferencesProcedures
AnthropometryWaisttoHipRatioAnthropometryWaisttoHipRatio
DefinitionComparisonbetweenthecircumferenceofthe
waistandhips,representingthepersonsdistributionofbodyfat
WHR= Waistcircumference(cm)
Hipcircumference(cm)
Waistcircumferencealonemaybeusedasan
indicator
of
health
risk Truncal adiposityincreasestheriskofchronic
disease
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AnthropometryWaisttoHipRatioAnthropometryWaisttoHipRatio
Thepatternofbodyfatdistributionisanimportant
predictorofthehealthrisks
ofobesity.
Android(malepattern)
Trunk/abdominalfat
Increasedriskforhypertension,
diabetes,dyslipidemia,CAD,
prematuredeath
Gynoid (female
pattern Hipandthigh
AnthropometryWaisttoHipRatioAnthropometryWaisttoHipRatio
ACSM Box 4.1 (Waist )
ACSM Box 4.1 (Buttocks/Hips)
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AnthropometryWaisttoHipRatioAnthropometryWaisttoHipRatio
WaistMeasurement
Hip
Measurement
AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentAnthropometrySkinfold Assessment
Principle
~33%ofourtotalbodyfatliesdirectlybeneaththeskin(subcutaneous)
Therefore,bymeasuringskinfold
thicknesswe
can
estimatebodydensityand%bodyfat
Accuracy( 45%)
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AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSitesAnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSites
AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSitesAnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSites
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AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSitesAnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSites
AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Chest)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Chest)
Diagonal fold; one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the
nipple (men), or one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and
the nipple (women)
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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Abdomen)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Abdomen)
Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus
Correctlocation
WRONGorientation
AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Thigh)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Thigh)
Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, mid-way between the proximal
border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)
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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Tricep)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Tricep)
Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the
acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the
body
AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Suprailiac)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Suprailiac)
Diagonal fold; in line wi th the natural
angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior
axillary line immediately superior to the
iliac crest
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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Midaxillary)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Midaxillary)
Vertical fold; on the midaxillary line at
the level of the xiphoid process of the
sternum.
Correctlocation
WRONGorientation
AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Subscapular)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Subscapular)
Diagonal fol d (at a 45 degree angle); 1
to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the
scapula
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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Calf)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Calf)
Vertical fold; at the maximum
circumference of the calf on the midline
of its medial border
AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
Technique:
Firmlygraspallsubcutaneousfat(withoutmuscle)
Usetwofingers(thumbandindex)about8cmapart,perpendiculartolongaxisofsite1cmabovethesitetobemeasured
Releasethescissorgripofthecaliperbutsupportitsweightwhilemeasuringnolongerthan1to2
seconds
to
the
nearest
0.5
mmMeasureeachsiteatleasttwotimes,rotating
throughthesites(shouldbewithin1to2mm)
Usetheaverageofeachskinfoldsiteforuseintheregressionformula
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AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
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AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
Note: Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.
AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
Note: Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.
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AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
ConvertingBodyDensityto%BodyFat
GeneralizedEquations:
%Fat=(457/BodyDensity) 414.2(Brozek)
%Fat=(495/BodyDensity) 450(Siri)
AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures
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HydrostaticWeighingHydrostaticWeighing
Measurementof
Density
Density=mass/volume Mass=Thebodyweightwemeasureinairon
thescale
Volume=Whywearedoinghydrostaticweighing
UseofhydrostaticweighingtomeasurevolumeBasedonArchimedesPrinciple:
"Whenasolidbodyispartiallyorcompletelyimmersedinwater,theapparentlossinweight
willbe
equal
to
the
weight
of
the
displaced
liquid.
Byknowingthedensityofwater,itiseasytogofromweighttovolume.
HydrostaticWeighingHydrostaticWeighing
ConsideredtheGoldStandard(Sortof)
MeasurementofBodyDensity
Underwater,muscleandboneismoredensethan
fat
Therefore,themoremuscle/bone,themorethe
subjectwillweighunderwaterorviceversa
By
weighing
the
subject
in
the
air
AND
underwater,
wecanmeasureBODYDENSITY
Frombodydensity,%bodyfatiscalculated
Accuracy( 3%)
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HydrostaticWeighingHydrostaticWeighing
More Muscle More FatSame Weight
HydrostaticWeighingHydrostaticWeighing
Body Density =
BWAIR
BWAIR (BWUWW Tare)
H2O Density- (RV +100)( )( )
BWAIR = Bodyweight in air in grams
BWUW = Bodyweight underwater in grams
Tare = Chair weight (and any other apparatus) in grams
H2O Density = Density of water at specific temperature
RV = Residual volume in mL
Residual Volume (males) = (0.027 * Ht) + (0.017 * age) - 3.45
Residual Volume (females) = (0.032 * Ht) + (0.009 * age) - 3.90
Residual Volume (both) = 0.24 x FVC
% Body Fat = (457 body density) 414.2 (Brozek)
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AirDisplacementPlethysmographyAirDisplacementPlethysmography
BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysisBioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis
Premise:
Thevolumeoffatfreetissueisproportionaltothe
electricalconductivityofthebody
Fat(tissuewithlittlewater:14%to22%)isapoor
electricalconductor
Leantissue(mostlywater:>90%)isagoodelectrical
conductor
Accuracyishighlyvariable
Greatlyaffectedbycaffeine,alcohol,fluidintake
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BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysisBioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis
BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysisBioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis
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BIAProceduresBIAProcedures
Conditions:
Noeatingordrinkingwithin4hoursofthetest
Noexercisewithin12hoursofthetest
Urinatecompletelywithin30minutesofthetest
Noalcoholconsumptionintheprevious48hours
Nodiureticsintheprevious7days
Limiteduseofdiureticagentsbeforethetest
BIAProceduresBIAProcedures
PreTestProcedures:Recordage,gender,height,weight,activitylevel,frame
size
Performingthetest:Calibratetheinstrument
Preparethesubjectforthetestbyhavingthemliedownonthetable Havesubjectremovealljewelry,rightsockandshoe
Armsandlegsshouldnottoucheachother
Cleanelectrode
sites
with
alcohol
pad,
allow
to
dry
Attachelectrodesandwires
Allowvaluestostabilize(~30seconds)
EnterinformationintoBIAsoftware
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BIAProceduresBIAProcedures
OtherMethodsOtherMethods
MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)and
ComputedTomography(CT)
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OtherMethodsOtherMethods
DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry
SummaryofMethodsSummaryofMethods
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InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
Basedon
BMI:
InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
BasedonCircumferences:
PretoPostChanges
WaistCircumference
WaisttoHipRatio
WHR
Waist
Circumference
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InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
BasedonSkinfolds,BIA,anytechniquethatprovidesacalculationof%BF
PretoPostChanges
PopulationNorms
CalculationsofFatWeight,FatFreeWeight,Ideal
BodyWeight
InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
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InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
%BFPopulationNorms
Seepreviousslide
%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth:
Men: 10to22%
Women: 20to32%
InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
FatWeight:
FW=BWx%BF
%BFneedstobeindecimalform(i.e.25%=0.25)
FatFreeWeight:
FFW=BWx(1%BF)
ORFFW=BWFW
%BF
needs
to
be
in
decimal
form
IdealBodyWeight:
IBW=FFW/(1 Desired%BF)
Desired%BFmustbeindecimalform
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InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData
IdealBodyWeight(contd)
Howdoyoupickadesired%BF?
Usepopulationnormcharts
Basedonattainableorincrementalgoals
Basedon%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth
PracticeProblemPracticeProblem
19 21
20 20
14 18 16
19 24 21
25 27
30 30
22 25 22
45Male#1
90.9
5
JP7,Brozek
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PracticeProblemPracticeProblem
Calculatethefollowing:
BodyDensity
%BodyFat
FatWeight(kg)
FatFreeWeight(kg)
IdealBodyWeight
Usea%desiredbodyfatof18%