section06 body composition handouts

8/13/2019 Section06 Body Composition Handouts

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Section6:

BodyComposition

Section6:

BodyComposition

ACSMGuidelines: Chapter4(pp.6272)

ACSMManual: Chapters4

ACSMGuidelines: Chapter4(pp.6272)

ACSMManual: Chapters4

HPHE4450

Dr. Cheatham

HPHE4450

Dr. Cheatham

OutlineOutline

ImportanceofBodyComposition

GeneralPrinciples Basicprinciples

AnthropometricMethods BodyMassIndex(BMI)

Circumferences/WaisttoHipRatio

SkinfoldMeasurements

DensitometryMethods Hydrostatic(Underwater)Weighing

Plethysmography (AirDisplacement)

OtherMethods BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis(BIA)

DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)

InterpretationofResults


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IntroductionIntroduction

Definition:Relativeproportionoffatandfatfreetissueinthebody.

Clinicalsignificance:Obesityiscorrelatedtoan

increasedriskof:

Coronaryarterydisease(CAD)

Noninsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(NIDDM)

Hypertension(HTN)

Certaincancers

Hyperlipidemia (highbloodcholesterol)

WhydowemeasureBC?WhydowemeasureBC?

Excessbodyfatisassociatedwith:

Hypertension,Type2Diabetes,Stroke,CAD,Hyperlipidemia

Toassessthedecreaseinbodyfatweightthatoccurs

inresponsetoaweightmanagementprogram.

Tohelpathletesdeterminethebestbodycomposition

forperformance.

Tomonitorfatandfatfreeweightinpatientswith

disease.

Totracklongtermchangesthatoccurinbodyfatand

fatfreemasswithaging.


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BasicPrinciplesBasicPrinciples

BasicPrinciplesBasicPrinciples


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TerminologyTerminology

PercentBody

Fat

(%BF)

Thepercentageofthebodyweightthatisadiposetissue

FatWeight(FW)

Thetotalweightoftheadiposetissue

FatFreeWeight(FFW)

Thetotalweightofeverythingthatisnotfat

LeanBodyMass(LBW)

Moresoreferstotheweightofmuscle

Overweight

Deviationinbodyweightfromsomestandardoridealweightinrelationto

height

Overfat

Undesirablepercentbodyfat(differencemalesvs.females)

Obesity

Surplusofadiposetissueresultingfromexcessiveenergyintakerelativeto

energyexpenditure

BCTechniquesBCTechniques

Definition:Measurementofthehumanbody

Categoriesinclude:

Heightandweight(bodymassindex[BMI],waisttohip

ratio[WHR])

Circumferencesandgirths

Skinfolds

Bioelectricalimpedanceanalysis

Hydrostaticweighing

Purpose:Toevaluatebodyweightandcomposition

inthehealthandfitnessfield,oftentoestablishan

individualstarget,desirable,oroptimalweight


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AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)AnthropometryBodyMassIndex(BMI)

Body

mass

index

=__Weight

in

kg__

(Heightinmeters)2

Statistics:

Formostpeople,obesityrelatedhealthproblemsincreasebeyondaBMIof25.0

Inincreasedriskofhypertension,TC/HDLratio,CADandmortalityrateareassociatedwithaBMI30

Limitations:

Itisdifficultforclientstointerpretweightlossandgain

Thereis

no

differentiation

between

fat

weight

and

fat

freeweight

Thereisonlyamodestcorrelationwithpercentbodyfatdeterminedbyhydrostaticweight



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AnthropometryCircumferencesAnthropometryCircumferences

Uses:Prepostchangesinbodymeasurements

Usefulforweightmanagementprograms/motivationforclients/patients

WaistcircumferenceusedalongwithBMIcanbeusedasanestimateofdiseaserisk(ACSMManual,Table4.2)

Estimate%BF(limitedaccuracy)

CalculateWaisttoHipRatio

Advantages:Easilylearned

Quickly

administered

Quantifieschangesinmusclewithspecifictraining(musclegirthsize)

Easytodocumentchangesinbodysize

AnthropometryWaistCircumferenceAnthropometryWaistCircumference


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AnthropometryCircumferencesSitesAnthropometryCircumferencesSites

AnthropometryCircumferencesSitesAnthropometryCircumferencesSites


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AnthropometryCircumferencesProceduresAnthropometryCircumferencesProcedures

AnthropometryWaisttoHipRatioAnthropometryWaisttoHipRatio

DefinitionComparisonbetweenthecircumferenceofthe

waistandhips,representingthepersonsdistributionofbodyfat

WHR= Waistcircumference(cm)

Hipcircumference(cm)

Waistcircumferencealonemaybeusedasan

indicator

of

health

risk Truncal adiposityincreasestheriskofchronic

disease


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Thepatternofbodyfatdistributionisanimportant

predictorofthehealthrisks

ofobesity.

Android(malepattern)

Trunk/abdominalfat

Increasedriskforhypertension,

diabetes,dyslipidemia,CAD,

prematuredeath

Gynoid (female

pattern Hipandthigh


ACSM Box 4.1 (Waist )

ACSM Box 4.1 (Buttocks/Hips)


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WaistMeasurement

Hip

Measurement

AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentAnthropometrySkinfold Assessment

Principle

~33%ofourtotalbodyfatliesdirectlybeneaththeskin(subcutaneous)

Therefore,bymeasuringskinfold

thicknesswe

can

estimatebodydensityand%bodyfat

Accuracy( 45%)


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AnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSitesAnthropometrySkinfold AssessmentSites



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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Chest)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Chest)

Diagonal fold; one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the

nipple (men), or one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and

the nipple (women)


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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Abdomen)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Abdomen)

Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus

Correctlocation

WRONGorientation

AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Thigh)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Thigh)

Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, mid-way between the proximal

border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)


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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Tricep)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Tricep)

Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the

acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the

body

AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Suprailiac)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Suprailiac)

Diagonal fold; in line wi th the natural

angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior

axillary line immediately superior to the

iliac crest


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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Midaxillary)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Midaxillary)

Vertical fold; on the midaxillary line at

the level of the xiphoid process of the

sternum.

Correctlocation

WRONGorientation

AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Subscapular)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Subscapular)

Diagonal fol d (at a 45 degree angle); 1

to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the

scapula


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AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Calf)AnthropometrySkinfold Sites(Calf)

Vertical fold; at the maximum

circumference of the calf on the midline

of its medial border

AnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProceduresAnthropometrySkinfolds AssessmentProcedures

Technique:

Firmlygraspallsubcutaneousfat(withoutmuscle)

Usetwofingers(thumbandindex)about8cmapart,perpendiculartolongaxisofsite1cmabovethesitetobemeasured

Releasethescissorgripofthecaliperbutsupportitsweightwhilemeasuringnolongerthan1to2

seconds

to

the

nearest

0.5

mmMeasureeachsiteatleasttwotimes,rotating

throughthesites(shouldbewithin1to2mm)

Usetheaverageofeachskinfoldsiteforuseintheregressionformula


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Note: Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.


Note: Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.


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ConvertingBodyDensityto%BodyFat

GeneralizedEquations:

%Fat=(457/BodyDensity) 414.2(Brozek)

%Fat=(495/BodyDensity) 450(Siri)



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HydrostaticWeighingHydrostaticWeighing

Measurementof

Density

Density=mass/volume Mass=Thebodyweightwemeasureinairon

thescale

Volume=Whywearedoinghydrostaticweighing

UseofhydrostaticweighingtomeasurevolumeBasedonArchimedesPrinciple:

"Whenasolidbodyispartiallyorcompletelyimmersedinwater,theapparentlossinweight

willbe

equal

to

the

weight

of

the

displaced

liquid.

Byknowingthedensityofwater,itiseasytogofromweighttovolume.


ConsideredtheGoldStandard(Sortof)

MeasurementofBodyDensity

Underwater,muscleandboneismoredensethan

fat

Therefore,themoremuscle/bone,themorethe

subjectwillweighunderwaterorviceversa

By

weighing

the

subject

in

the

air

AND

underwater,

wecanmeasureBODYDENSITY

Frombodydensity,%bodyfatiscalculated

Accuracy( 3%)


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More Muscle More FatSame Weight


Body Density =

BWAIR

BWAIR (BWUWW Tare)

H2O Density- (RV +100)( )( )

BWAIR = Bodyweight in air in grams

BWUW = Bodyweight underwater in grams

Tare = Chair weight (and any other apparatus) in grams

H2O Density = Density of water at specific temperature

RV = Residual volume in mL

Residual Volume (males) = (0.027 * Ht) + (0.017 * age) - 3.45

Residual Volume (females) = (0.032 * Ht) + (0.009 * age) - 3.90

Residual Volume (both) = 0.24 x FVC

% Body Fat = (457 body density) 414.2 (Brozek)


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AirDisplacementPlethysmographyAirDisplacementPlethysmography

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysisBioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis

Premise:

Thevolumeoffatfreetissueisproportionaltothe

electricalconductivityofthebody

Fat(tissuewithlittlewater:14%to22%)isapoor

electricalconductor

Leantissue(mostlywater:>90%)isagoodelectrical

conductor

Accuracyishighlyvariable

Greatlyaffectedbycaffeine,alcohol,fluidintake


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BIAProceduresBIAProcedures

Conditions:

Noeatingordrinkingwithin4hoursofthetest

Noexercisewithin12hoursofthetest

Urinatecompletelywithin30minutesofthetest

Noalcoholconsumptionintheprevious48hours

Nodiureticsintheprevious7days

Limiteduseofdiureticagentsbeforethetest


PreTestProcedures:Recordage,gender,height,weight,activitylevel,frame

size

Performingthetest:Calibratetheinstrument

Preparethesubjectforthetestbyhavingthemliedownonthetable Havesubjectremovealljewelry,rightsockandshoe

Armsandlegsshouldnottoucheachother

Cleanelectrode

sites

with

alcohol

pad,

allow

to

dry

Attachelectrodesandwires

Allowvaluestostabilize(~30seconds)

EnterinformationintoBIAsoftware


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OtherMethodsOtherMethods

MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)and

ComputedTomography(CT)


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OtherMethodsOtherMethods

DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry

SummaryofMethodsSummaryofMethods


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InterpretationofDataInterpretationofData

Basedon

BMI:


BasedonCircumferences:

PretoPostChanges

WaistCircumference

WaisttoHipRatio

WHR

Waist

Circumference


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BasedonSkinfolds,BIA,anytechniquethatprovidesacalculationof%BF

PretoPostChanges

PopulationNorms

CalculationsofFatWeight,FatFreeWeight,Ideal

BodyWeight



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%BFPopulationNorms

Seepreviousslide

%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth:

Men: 10to22%

Women: 20to32%


FatWeight:

FW=BWx%BF

%BFneedstobeindecimalform(i.e.25%=0.25)

FatFreeWeight:

FFW=BWx(1%BF)

ORFFW=BWFW

%BF

needs

to

be

in

decimal

form

IdealBodyWeight:

IBW=FFW/(1 Desired%BF)

Desired%BFmustbeindecimalform


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IdealBodyWeight(contd)

Howdoyoupickadesired%BF?

Usepopulationnormcharts

Basedonattainableorincrementalgoals

Basedon%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth

PracticeProblemPracticeProblem

19 21

20 20

14 18 16

19 24 21

25 27

30 30

22 25 22

45Male#1

90.9

5

JP7,Brozek


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PracticeProblemPracticeProblem

Calculatethefollowing:

BodyDensity

%BodyFat

FatWeight(kg)

FatFreeWeight(kg)

IdealBodyWeight

Usea%desiredbodyfatof18%

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