sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba
1.sociologiis warmoSobis socialuri wanamZRvrebi
a) politikuri revoluciebi. XVIII-e da XIX--e saukuneebSi momxdarma revoluciurma
gadatrialebebma, romlebmac didi Zvrebi da cvlilebebi moitanes dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi,gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia socialur moazrovneebs Soris. am
revoluciebs dadebiT cvlilebebTan erTad bevri uaryofiTic mohyva sazogadoebaSi.
moazrovneebi gaaogna revoluciebis mier datrialebulma uwesrigobebma da qaosma. yvela
maTgani sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis survilma
gaaerTiana. zogi warsulisaken (SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesrigisadmi
nostalgia) ixedeba da misi Rirebulebebis da faseulobebis aRdgenaze ocnebobs; zogi ki
acnobierebs,rom momxdari cvlilebebi aseT dabrunebas SeuZlebels xdis da cdiloben
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali safuZvlebi moiZion. swored stabilurobis, socialuri
wesrigisa da progresis ideebi gaxda kidec klasikos sociologTa kvlevisa da Ziebis
ZiriTadi sagani.
b)samrewvelo revoluciebi da kapitalizmis aRmasvla. samrewvelo gadatrialebebma
dasavluri sazogadoebebis agraruli_sasoflo meurneobidan upiratesad industriul
sistemaze gadasvla gamoiwvia. axalma sistemam adamianTa soflidan qalaqad
migracia,qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi teqnologiuri srulyofis mTeli seriebi da kapitalisturi
ekonomikuri sistemis damkvidreba moitana, xolo am sistemis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebam
ki marTvis axali sistema__biurokratia, kapitalizmze reaqciam ki muSaTa moZraobebi
warmoSva,romlebic ukve kapitalizmis damxobaze fiqrobdnen. swored samrewvelo
gadatrialebebma, kapitalizmma da mis winaaRmdeg reaqciam dasavluri sazogadoebis wyobaSi
kolosaluri gadatrialeba gamoiwvia,ramac Tavis mxriv seriozuli gavlena iqonia
sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaze. j.ritceris swori
SeniSvniT, “sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis gariJraJze iseTi gamoCenili
moRvaweebi,rogorebic iyvnen k.marqsi, m.veberi, e.diurkemi da g.zimeli…. . ., aqtiurad
swavlobdnen cvlilebebis monacemebs,aseve am cvlilebebis mier sazogadoebaSi gamowveul
problemebs. es moazrovneebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze dakavebulni iyvnen
socialuri……problemebiT da bevr SemTxvevaSi cdilobdnen SeemuSavebinaT maTi gadaWris
gzebi”( ritceri, gv. 20)A
g) socializmi da socialuri Teoriebi. Tumca zogierTi sociologi qeba_didebas asxamda
socializms,rogorc industriuli problemebis gadaWris saSualebas, magram maTi umravlesoba
mas ewinaaRmdegeboda,rogorc mecnieruli, ise adamianur_humanuri TvalsazrisiT. erTis
mxriv,k.marqsi aqtiurad gamodis kapitalisturi sistemis damxobisa da misi socializmis
Secvlis ideiT. meores mxriv, adrindeli sociologebis umravlesoba: m.veberi, e.diurkemi,
socializmis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvmnen. aRiarebdnen ra kapitalisturi sistemis SigniT
problemebis arsebobas,isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen socialur reformebs da ara
revolucias,romliskenac k.marqsi mouwodebda. sazogadoebis inteleqtualur Zalebs
“socializmis ufro eSinodaT,vidre kapitalizmisa. am SiSma meti gavlena iqonia
sociologiis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. . . SeiZleba davaskvnaT,rom sociologiuri Teoria
Camoyalibda,rogorc marqsizmis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia”.(ritceri,gv. 20).
d) feminizmi da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze gavlena
agreTve feministurma moZraobamac iqonia,romelmac organizebuli xasiaTi XIX saukunis
50_ian wleebSi miiRo. feminizmma imiT,rom SeZlo masobrivi mobilizacia qalebisaTvis
sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebis mosapoveblad da XX_is dasawyisSi samoqalaqo da
samrewvelo kanonmdeblobis Sesacvlelad, sociologebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali
plastebis da urTierTobebis gamovlenasa da SeswavlaSi Seuwyo xeli.
e) urbanizacia da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze
seriozuli da mniSvnelovani gavlena urbanizaciulma procesebma da masTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis analizisa da gadaWris aucileblobamac iqonia.
v) cvlilebebi religiaSi da sociologiuri Teoria. cvlilebebma religiur
sferoSi,Tavad mosaxleobis religiurobis xasiaTis Secvlam,romlebic gamowveuli iyo Rrma
socialuri cvlilebebiT, mZlavri stimuli misca sociologiuri midgomis ganviTarebas.
TiTqmis yvela sociologiuri Teoria atarebda religiurobis beWeds,zogisTvis ki Tavad
sociologia iqca religiad (o.konti).
z) mecnierebis rolis zrda da sociologiuri Teoria. XVIII -e saukunis dasasruls
mecnierebis rolis zrdam ara mxolod kolejebsa da universitetebSi,aramed mTlianad
sazogadoebaSi, mecnierul_teqnikuri Sromis produqtebis SeRwevam cxoovrebis yvela
sferoSi,gazarda mecnierebis prestiJi. sociologTa umravlesoba dainteresebulni iyvnen
mecnierebiT da sociologiis modelirebac bunebismecnierebis analogiiT undodaT.
Tumca,arc is unda dagvaviwydes,rom jer kidev m.veberi aRniSnavda,rom sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi ar iZlevian mecnieruli modelebisadmi brmad
mibaZvis saSualebas.
2) inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi.
inteleqtualuri Zalebidan, romlebmac centraluri roli iTamaSes sociologiuri
Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi, aRsaniSnavia ori: ganmanaTlebloba da konservatiuli reaqcia
ganmanaTleblobaze.
rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven,ganmanaTlebloba iyo mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri
zrdisa da filosofiuri azris cvlilebebis periodi. ganmanaTleblobis dros didi
raodenobis uZvelesi ideebi da Sexedulebebi,romelTa Soris bevri exeboda socialur
cxovrebas, uaryofili iqna da Seicvala axliT. magram ganmanaTleblobis gavlena
sociologiur Teoriebze ufro iribi da negatiuri iyo, vidre pirdapiri da pozitiuri.
adrindeli sociologia viTardeboda rogorc ganmanaTleblobis ideebisadmi
dapirispireba.
ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi ( S.monteskie, Jan-Jak ruso da sxvebi) cdilobdnen TavianTi
ideebi, Tundac nawilobriv, aeRoT realuri samyarodan,isini aseve miiswrafvodnen,rom es
ideebi CaeyenebinaT socialuri samyaros samsaxurSi da daxmarebodnen mis kritikul
analizSi.
garda amisa, ganmanaTleblobas axasiaTebs rwmena,rom adamianebs ZaluZT samyaros arsis
gageba da empiriuli gamokvlevebisa da gonebis safuZvelze misi marTva. sxva sityvebiT,
radgan fizikur samyaros marTavs bunebis kanonebi, maSin,savaraudoa, rom socialur
samyarosac marTavdes misive kanonebi. amgvarad, Semecnebis amocanaa gonebiTa da
empiriuli gamokvlevebiT daadginos socialuri samyaros kanonebi; socialuri samyaros
kanonebis dadgenis safuZvelze ganmanaTleblebi isaxaven savsebiT praqtikul miznebs--
Seqmnan “ukeTesi”,ufro racionaluri samyaro. gonebis rolis aRniSvnisas,
ganmanaTleblebs eWvi SehqondaT tradiciul ZalauflebaSi. ikvlevdnen tradiciul
Rirebulebebsa da institutebs, romlebic adamianis zrdasa ganviTarebas amuxruWebdnen “
ganmanaTleblobis filosofosebi,orientirebulni TavianTi ideebis praqtikul
ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebis realur cvlilebebze, Tavis misias am aragonivruli
sistemebis gardaqmnaSi xedavdnen” (ritceri,gv. 24).
ganmanaTleblobam yvelaze didi gavlena frangul sociologiasa da marqsis
Sexedulebebze moaxdina. franguli sociologia gaxda racionaluri, empiriuli,
mecnieruli da cvlilebebze orientirebuli. magram sociologiuri Teoriebis
ganviTarebaze aranakleb imoqmeda ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego ideebmac, romlebic
warmodgenili iyo franguli kaTolikuri kontrevoluciuri filosofosebis: lui de
bonaldisa (1794--1840) da Jozef de mestras (1753--1821) SexedulebebiT. isini
ewinaaRmdegebodnen ara mxolod ganmanaTleblobas, aramed frangul
revoluciasac,romelic nawilobriv ganmanaTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis
wesis Sedegad miaCndaT.
bonaldi SeZrwunebuli iyo revoluciuri cvlilebebiT da Suasaukuneebis mSvidi harmoniuli
sinamdvilisaken dabruneba swyuroda. misi azriT, sazogadoeba RvTiuri warmoSobisaa,
maSasadame, goneba tradiciul religiur warmodgenebsaa daqvemdebarebuli. ufro
metic,Tvlida ramdenadac sazogadoeba Seqmna RmerTma, adamianebi ar unda Caerion arsebul
wesrigSi da ar unda Seecadon RvTiur qmnilebebSi cvlilebebis Setanas. amave dros,
bonaldi ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi tradiciuli institutebis ngrevas, rogorebicaa: patriarqati,
monogamiuri qorwineba, monarqia kaTolikuri eklesia.
konservatiulma moazrovneebma uari uTxres ganmanaTleblobis “gulubryvilo”
racionalizms. isini ara mxolod aRiareben socialuri cxovrebis iracionalur
aspeqtebs, aramed miaweren maT dadebiT sazrisac. iseT fenomenebs,rogorebicaa
tradicia, amaRlebuli emociuroba, warmosaxva da religia ganixilavdnen, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis sasargeblo da aucilebel komponentebs. isini uaryofen
revoluciur gadatrialebebs da iswrafvian SeinarCunon arsebuli wesrigi, kicxaven
ganviTarebis iseT formebs, rogorebicaa franguli revolucia, samrewvelo gadatrialeba,
aigivebdnen maT gamanadgurebel ZalebTan. konservatiuli moazrovneebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis xazgasma. es ki wamyvani Temaa Teoretikos
sociologTa SromebSi.
mkvlevarebi (ceitlini, j.ritceri da sxvebi) gamoyofen aT ZiriTaddebulebas, romlebic
gamomdinareobs konservatiul moazrovneTa Sexedulebebidan da Seadgenen franguli da ara
mxolod franguli ,aramed klasikuri sociologiis Teorul safuZvels.
1. maSin rodesac ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi xazs usvamdnen individualurobis
mniSvnelobas, konservatiuli reaqcionerebis interesebi ufro socialur xasiaTs atarebda:
aqcenti keTdeboda sazogadoebisa da sxva ufro maStaburi fenomenebis rolze. sazogadoeba
ganixileboda, rogorc individTa ubralo erTobaze ufro meti ram. iTvleboda, rom
sazogadoebas aqvs ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonebi, rolebic saTaves iReben Soreul warsulSi.
2. sazogadoeba gadaiqca analizis mTavar erTeulad; is ganixileboda, rogorc ufro
mniSvnelovani vidre individi. swored sazogadoeba Qqmnis individs, upiratesad
socializaciis procesSi.
3. individumi TviT sazogadoebis SigniTac ar ganixileba rogorc ZiriTadi elementi.
sazogadoebis Semadgenel komponentebad iTvleboda roli, mdgomareoba, struqtura da
institutebi. individis roli odnav ufro metia vidre am komponentebis ujredebis ubralod
Sevseba.
4. sazogadoebis nawilebi arseboben urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. ra Tqma
unda es urTierTdamokidebuleba sazogadoebis safuZvelia. Aam Tvalsazriss mivyevarT
konservatiul politikur orientaciamde. radgan sazogadoebis yvela nawili
urTierTdamokidebulia, TiToeuli maTganis dasusteba zemoqmedebs meoreze da sabolood
mTel sistemaze. Ees ki niSnavs, rom socialuri sistemis yvela cvlilebebi unda tardebodes
udidesi sifrTxiliT.
5. cvlilebebi ganixileboda rogorc saSiSroeba ara mxolod sazogadoebisa da misi
komponentebisaTvis, aramed aq myofi individumebisaTvisac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
komponentebi mowodebulni iyvnen adamianebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
varaudobdnen, rom institutebis ngreva adamianebs tanjvas miayenebs, rac Tavis mxriv,
gamoiwvevs socialur uwesrigobas.
6 zogadi tendenciis Tanaxmad sazogadoebis msxvili Semadgeneli nawilebi sasargebloa
individumebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. Sedegad ar arsebobda arsebuli socialuri
institutebis saqmianobis negatiuri Sefasebebis araviTari motivacia.
7. SedarebiT wvrili komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxi, mezobloba, religiuri an dasaqmebis
mixedviT Sedgenili jgufebi, aseve iTvleboda sasargeblod sazogadoebisa da
individebisaTvis, radgan aq iqmneboda axlo da Tbili atmosfero, rac Zalze saWiroa
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavis SesanarCuneblad.
8. miiCnevdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebi, rogorebicaa
industrializacia, urbanizacia da biurokratizacia iwveven socialur uwesrigobas. maT
SiSiT da gangaSiT Sehyurebdnen, miuTiTebdnen maTi damangreveli Zalebis neitralizebis
mizniT RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucileblobaze.
9. maSin rodesac am SiSismomgvrel cvlilebebs sazogadoeba miyavda ufro racionaluri
wyobisaken, konservatiuli opozicia xazs usvamda iracionaluri faqtorebis mniSvnelobas
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (magaliTad, ritualebs, ceremoniebs, RvTismsaxurebas).
10. da bolos, konservatorebi icavdnen sazogadoebis ierarqiul sistemas, mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevdnen sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da waxalisebis diferencirebuli sistemis
arsebobas. (ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ixile: jorj ritceris Sroma “ Tanamedrove
sociologiuri Teoriebi” ,rusul enaze 2002 w.)
amgvarad, pirveli sociologebi - o.konti da spenseri -- cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT sazogadoebis
Sesaxeb iseTi mecniereba, romelic fizikis an biologiis msgavsad SeZlebda
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis aRmoCenas da dafuZnebas. am kanonebis safuZvelze
ki sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, rameTu swored am
kanonebis codna aZlevs mmarTvelebsa da mmarTulebs imis WeSmarit orientirebs, Tu
rogor unda imoqmedon adamianebma, raTa sazogadoebaSi damyardes wesrigi da
keTildReoba.
ogiust konti da pozitivisturi sociologiis Casaxva
Sinaarsi
1. cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;
2. ideuri wyaroebi;
3. pozitivizmi, rogorc mecnierebaTa dafuZneba;
4. sociologia, rogorc mecniereba;
5. sociologiis obieqti;
6. meTodi: “obieqturi” da “subieqturi” sociologia
7. socialuri statistika
8. socialuri dinamika;
9. mecnierebidan utopiuri proeqtebisaken.
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
pozitiuri, pozitivizmi, mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, socialuri organizmi, socialuri
sistema, socialuri wesrigi da progresi, socialuri statika, socialuri dinamika, sami
stadiis kanoni, kacobriobis religia, sociokratia – sociolatria (sociumisadmi
Tayvaniscema).
ogiust konti: biografiuli narkvevi.
konti daibada 1798 wels monpelieSi, Cinovnikis ojaxSi. esaa revoluciuri cvlilebebis epoqa,
ramac udidesi gavlena iqonia kontis msoflmxedvelobaze, romelic erTis mxriv gvevlineba
pozitivizmis filosofiaSi, xolo meores mxriv sociologiis fuZemdeblad. pirvelad
dainteresebuli iyo maTematikis SeswavliT, maTematikis maswavlebelic ki iyo. maTematikiT
dainteresebam igi miiyvana mecnierebis filosofiasTan. gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena iqonia
masze monteskiem da kondorsem – pirvelma Tavisi debulebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom politikur-
samarTlebrivi movlenebi damokidebulia bunebriv kanonebze, xolo meorem kacobriobis
progresuli ganviTarebis kanonis formulirebiTa da istoriis koncefciiT, romelSic
mTavari adgili sazogadoebis ideebis, institutebis da urTierTobebis evolucias uWiravs.
igi dainteresebulia agreTve politekonomiiT, akritikebs liberalur ekonomistTa
Sexedulebebs Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb, romelsac maTi azriT SeuZliaT migviyvanos
Tavisufal da damoukidebel individTa sazogadoebriv harmoniasTan. am moZRvrebas igi
upirispirebs sazogadoebrivi erTianobis, klasTa da individTa politikuri integraciis
ideas, romlis drosac igi eyrdnoba tradicionalistTa koncefcias, sazogadoebrivi wyofis
maT gagebas.
1817-1824 ww. konti mdivnad muSaobda sen-simonTan ramac SesaZlebloba misca mravali misi
ideebi SeeTvisebina, magram uTanxmoebebma Zireul Teoriul da politikur sakiTxebze maTi
dapirispireba da urTierTobis gawyveta gamoiwvia. kontis pozitiuri filosofiis sistema
Seicavs marTalia bevr iseT moments, romelic sen-simonis koncefcias mogvagonebs, magram
miuxedavad amisa mTlianobaSi misi sistema eyrdnoba savsebiT sxva filosofiur da Teoriul
safuZvlebs. kontis eqvs tomiani Sroma “pozitiuri filosofiis kursi” gamoqveynebul iqna 1830
w. da 1842 w Soris. masSi damuSavebulia mecnierenaTa klasifikaciis, pozitiuri filosofiisa
da sociologiis principebi. meore Sroma kontma miuZRvna politikisa da momavlis religiis
safuZvlebs. esaa “pozitiuri politikis sistema anu kacobriobis religiis damdgeni
traqtati”. oTx tomad (1851-54). kontis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebul iqna agreTve misi Sromebi
“filosofiuri traqtati popularuli astronomiis Sesaxeb” (1844), “ganazrebani pozitiuri
filosofiis sulis Sesaxeb (1844); “ganazrebani pozitivizmze mTlianobaSi” (1848-51),
“pozitivisturi katexezisi” (1854), “mowodeba konservatorebisadmi” (1855) da “subieqturi
sinTezi” (1856), xolo sikvdilis Semdgom – “kontis anderZis” oTxtomeuli.
sen-simonisgan wamosvlis Semdeg konts TiTqmis ar hqonda mudmivi samuSao da igi erTad
arasasiamovno da araxelsayrel pirobebSi aRmoCnda mxolod Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri
misiis rwmena, rom pozitiuri filosofiis sistemis Seqmna sazogadoebrivi valis aRsrulebaa,
aZlevda mas saSualebas gaegrZelebina mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. marTalia
man 1848 wlis cnobili gamosvlebis dros Seqmna pozitivisturi msoflmxedveloba, unda
gaevrcelebina, magram is mainc ucxo darCa – muSebisadmi da verc erTi mebrZoli mxaridan
mxardaWera ver moipova, aseve ver moipova mxardaWera misma mowodebam inteleqtualebisadmi
SeeqmnaT “wesrigisa da progresis partia”. gardaicvala konti martoobaSi 1857 wels.
miuxedavad kontis pirvel da meore periodebs Soris arsebuli moCvenebiTi winaaRmdegobisa,
meore periodic imave ideur winamZRvrebs eyrdnoba, esenia: kacobriobis moraluri erTianobis,
sazogadoebis axali religiis- pozitivizmis safuZvelze reorganizaciis idea, romelic amave
dros socialuri mecnierebis Teoriaa, ganmsWvalaven kontis mTel Semoqmedebas. socialuri
mecnierebis, romlis Seqmnasac igi cdilobda da axali religiis funqciebs konti
igiveobrivad miiCnevda, fiqrobda, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes WeSmariti, mecnieruli religia,
anu rac igivea moraluri mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebrivi integraciis religiur
funqciebs Seasrulebda. aqedan warmoiSva kontis SexedulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-
erTi mTavari paradoqsi.
1. mecnierebaTa klasifikacia
Teologiisa da metafizikisgan mecnierebis gamoyofa iyo kontis pozitiuri meTodis ZiriTadi
idea. misi azriT, mecnierebis amocanaa kanonebis aRmoCena, kanonebisa, romlebic gagebulia,
rogorc movlenebs Soris myari da ganmeorebadi kavSiri. mecnierebaTa amocanebis aseTi
SezRudva gamarTlebuli iyo zusti, gansazRvruli codnis miRwevis surviliT, romelsac
SeeZleboda Seeqmna momavlis winaswarxedvisaTvis.
mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis damuSavebisas, konti eyrdnoboda maT obieqtur niSnebsa da
maxasiaTeblebs, upirveles yovlisa man mecnierebebi dayo abstraqtul da konkretuli saxis
mecnierebebad, pirvelni swavloben movlenaTa gansazRvruli kategoriebis kanonebs, meoreni ki
iyeneben am kanonebs. kerZo sferoebSi anu kerZo sferoebs miuyeneben am kanonebs. mag: biologia
aris zogadi, abstraqtuli mecniereba sicocxlis Sesaxeb. medicina ki – konkretuli
mecnierebaa romelic iyenebs biologiis zogad kanonebs. konti gamoyofs xuT abstraqtul-
Teoriul mecnierebas: astronomias, fizikas, qimias, biologias da sociologias. bunebiseuli
movlenebis – astrnomiulis, fizikuris, qimiuris da biologiuris – ZiriTad kategoriebs man
daumata sazogadoebriv movlenaTa kategorebi, misca ra amiT Tavis klasifikacias “misi
saboloo konstruirebisa da agebisaTvis sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi”. kontis
mecnierebaTa “enciklopediuri kibe” Seiqmna Sesabamisi mecnierebebis mier Sesaswavli
movlenebis sirTulis zrdis principis mixedviT. socialuri movlenebi yvela sxvisagan
gansxvavdebian yvelaze didi sirTuliT da amave dros damokidebulni arian yvela danarCenze,
rac gvixsnis sociologiis yvelaze gviandel warmoSobas. miuxedavad amisa, esenia – bunebrivi
movlenebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian mocemuli sferosaTvis specifikur bunebriv kanonebs.
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiur mecnierebas kontma Tavdapirvelad socialuri fizika, xolo
mogvianebiT sociologia uwoda. axali terminis Semotanas gvixsnis ara neologizmebisadmi
midrekilebiT, aramed specialuri disciplinis Seqmnis aucileblobiT, romelic mieZRvnebida
sazogadoebrivi fenomenebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli fundamenturi kanonebis pozitiur
gamokvlevebs. igi xazs usvamda, rom sociologia unda iyos Teoriuli disciplina
gansxvavebiT a. ketles aRweriTi “socialuri fizikisagan”. sociologiis pozitiur
mecnierebad qceva asrulebs pozitiuri filosofiis sistemas, amiT ki gvauwyebs adamianuri
gonebisa da adamianuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pozitiuri stadiis dadgomas. es iqneboda
kontis azriT, namdvili “pozitiuri revolucia”, mecnierebis gamarjveba warsul saukuneTa
sqolastikaze”.
3.sociologiis sagani da amocanebi
konti sociologias, rogorc pozitiur mecnierebas upirispirdeba sazogadoebisa da adamianis
Sesaxeb Teologiur da metafizikur spekulaciebs. erTis mxriv, igi akritikebda Teologebs,
romlebic adamians ganixilavdnen rogorc arsebas, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba
cxovelisgan, Tvlidnen mas RmerTis an gangebis qmnilebad. meore mxriv, akritikebda ra mis
winamorbed “metafizikos” filosofosebs, igi maT sayvedurobda imas, rom maT sazogadoeba
esmiT rogorc adamianuri gonebis qmnileba, rogorc individTa gonieri nebis produqti.
sociologia kontis mixedviT – erTaderTi mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis imas Tu rogori
xdeba srulyofili adamianis goneba da misi fsiqika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gavleniT.
ZiriTadi da pirveladi sinamdvile, romlidanac unda amovides sociologi, aris sazogadoeba,
aRebuli mis mTlianobaSi konts amis qveS esmoda mTeli kacobriobis an romelime misi didi
nawilis organuli erTianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia “sayovelTao TanxmobiT” (consensus
omnium) da romelsac axasiaTebs misi struqturuli elementebis harmoniuli funqcionireba.
sazogadoebis metismeti sirTule aixsneba imiT, rom masSi moqmedi Tanamedrove faqtorebi
erwymian istoriuls, warsuli Taobebi gavlenas axdenen Tanamedriove Taobebze. sazogadoeba,
anu rogorc mas konti uwodebs kacobrioba – esaa umaRlesi sinamdvile (suigeneris - erTgvari),
umaRlesi arseba.
3. sociologiis meTodebi
kontis sociologiis arsebiTi nawilia sazogadoebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebul meTodTa
damuSaveba – SemuSaveba, gamodis ra erTis mxriv gonebaWvretiTobis, xolo meores mxriv
empirizmis ukiduresobaTA winaRmdeg. konti asabuTebs dakvirvebis, agreTve eqsperimentuli,
SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebis gamosadegobas sociologiaSi.
dakvirveba, amtkicebs konti, warmoadgens kvelevis ZiriTad meTods sociologiaSi. socialuri
faqtTa dakvirvebam sociologia unda aiyvanos mecnierebis rangSi, masalas, romliTac
operirebs sociologi, misces obieqturi xasiaTi. empiriuli masalis dagroveba unda moxdes
Teoriis xelmZRvanelobiT.
sworeed pozitiuri Teoriis ararseboba, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda
faqtebis Sekreba da ganzogadeba, warmoadgens kontis azriT, sociologiis ZiriTad siZneles,
romnelic vardeba miwier wreSi, ramdenadac dakvirvebis Casatareblad saWiroa Teoria xolo
Teoriis Sesaqmnelad ki dakvirvebebi.
sociologiis mniSvnelobiT meore meTodad konti Tvlida eqsperiments uSualo eqsperimenti
sociologiaSi mdgomareobs kvlevis miznebisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili pirobebis sakvlevi
movlenis cvalebadobaze dakvirvebaSi. arapirdapiri gaSualebuli eqsperimenti konts esmoda
rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebul paTologiur dagaxraTA kvleva, romeli gadaxrebic
gamowveuli iyo sazogadoebriv SeryevaTa ZiriTadad revoluciuri xasiaTis ryevaTa gavleniT.
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arev-dareva perturbaciebi, romlebic aryeven socialuri organizms,
kontis azriT, earmoadgenen individualuri organizmis avadmyofobaTa analogias ,aTSi
naTllad vlindebian sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTadi kanonebi ramdenadac avadmyofoba
saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT SevicnoT norma.
pozitiur mecnierebaTa mesame meTodi romelsac sociologia ayenebs esaa SedarebiTi meTodi,
romlis daxmarebiTac erTmaneTs udareben xalxTa cxovrebas, romlebic erTdroulad
cxovroben dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi raTa daadginon sazogadoebaTa arsebobis da
ganviTarebis zogadi kanonebi.
socialuri movlenebisadmni yvelaze Sesatyvis, sociologiis specifikur meTodad konti
Tvlis istoriul meTods – “kacobriobis gansxvavebul Tanmimdevrul mdgomareoba –
viTarebaTa istoriuli Sedarebis” – meTods.
socialuri statika
kontma sociologia gayo or did ganyofilebad: socialur statikad da socialur dinamikad.
pirveli Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebsa da arsebobis pirobebs,
meore ki – socialur sistemaTa cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis kanonebs.
socialuri statika – esaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, organizaciis, harmoniis Teoria.
sazogadoebas konti ganixilavs rogorc organul mTlianobas, romlis nawilebi
urTierdakavSirebulia da SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod erTianobaSi. igi uwinares yovlisa,
ganixilavs ZiriTad sazogadoebriv institutebs:
ojaxs,
saxelmwifos,
religias
maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciebis da socialuri integraciis saqmeSi rolis TvalsazrisiT.
ojaxis roli individsa da gvars (modgmas) Soris aRzardos axalgazrdoba altruizmis
suliT, aswavlos Tandayolili egoizmis gadalaxva. ojaxi, kontTan gvevlineba “xan rogorc
Cveni moraluri aRzrdis spontanur wyarod, xan rogorc Cveni politikuri organizaciis
bunebrivi baza. Tavisi pirveli aspeqtiT yoveli Tanamedrove ojaxi amzadebs momavlis
sazogadoebas, Tavisi meore aspeqtiT yoveli axali ojaxi agrZelebs arsebuli sazogadoebis
cxovrebas”.
ojaxuri urTierTobebis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi planis analogiaa kooperacia, romelic
dafiuZnebulia Sromis danawilebaze. TiToeuli aq akeTebs imas, risi keTebis niWic yvelaze
metad aqvs momadlebuli. yvela dainteresebulia erTmaneTiT. ase warmoiSoba sayovelTao
“Tanxmoba” (consesus omnium) da individTa spontanuri urTierTSemoqmedeba.
imis dadgenisagan, rom arsebobs sazogadoebis daSlis, misi organuli erTianobis darRvevis
tendencia, kontma gamoyvana mTavrobis rogorc “saerTo gonis – sulis” gamomxatvelis
politikuri Zalauflebis aucilebloba. mTavrobis socialuri daniSnuleba kontis mixedviT
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavidan agvacilos “ideebSi grZnobebsa da interesebSi Zireuli
gansxvavebulobisadmi es fataluri midrekileba, romelsac warmoadgens ra adamianuri
ganviTarebis TviTon principis garduval Sedegs SeeZleba Tu Tavis gzaze ar Sexvdeba
dabrkolebebi, garduvalad migviyvanos socialuri progresis gaCerebasTan”. amgvarad
saxelmwifo es aris solidarobis organo, xolo misdami daqvemdebareba ki individis wmidaTa
wminda movaleobaa. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcveli – saxelmwifo – asrulebs ekonomikur,
politikur da moralur funqciebs, romelTagan ZiriTads konti bolo ors miiCnevs.
eklesia. SuasaukuneebSi eklesiis mier ganxorcilebuli sulieri diqtaturis Rirsebebis qeba
– didebisas, konti masSi xedavs pozitivizmis – rogorc ideebis, principebisa da koncefciebis
analogias, romelsac damatebuli aqvs Taviseburi kulti – samoqalaqo wes – Cveulebebis
seria, romelic mowodebulia Secvalos Zveli, tradiciuli, eklesiuri wes – Cveulebebi.
konti sulieri cxovrebis mTavar lozungad, “icxovre sxvisTvis” princips da Sesabamisad
movaleobaTa eTikas acxadebs.
socialuri dinamika
“sazogadoebrivi progresis pozitiur Teorias” kontma socialuri dinamika uwoda. progresi
kontis mixedviT niSnavs ganviTarebas aRmavali xaziT.. sazogadoebrivi progresi amave dros
moraluri progresia.
gonebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia yvelaze zogadi, absrtaqtuli cnebebis
arseboba amitom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT Sesatyvisi
filosofiuri sistemebis mixedviT. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis yovel etaps romelic
kanonzomierad gaivlis sam ZiriTad stadias Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitivisturs
Seesatyvisebian xelovnebis, meurneobis, politikis da sazogadoebrivi wyobis gansazRvruli
formebi.
kontis sociologiis qvakuTxedi – sami stadiis kanoni – erTdroulad warmoadgens istoriul
da logikur kanons. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis sami stadia Seesatyviseba istoriis
ganviTarebis sam analogiur stadias.
Teologiur anu fiqtiur stadias, romelic moicavs Zvel samyarosa da adreul Seusaukuneebs,
konti yofs sam periodad: fetiSizmad, poliTeizmad da monoTeizmad. fetiSizmis dros
adamianebi sicocxles miawerdnen garegan sagnebs da maTSi xedavdnen RmerTebs,
poliTeizmis dros, romelmac didi gavrceleba hpova Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, sicocxles
aniWebdnen “fiqtiur arsebebs”, romelTa CareviTac xsnidnen yvela movlenas,
monoTeizmis epoqa – esaa qristianobis epoqa, erTi RmerTis religia cvlis – gardaqmnis
samyaros saxes, politikur da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, Cveulebebsa da morals.
metafizikuri stadia, romelic 1300-1800 wlebs moicavs konts eCveneboda gardamaval periodad,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zvel rwmenaTa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis fundamentis – daSla
– ganadgureba, reformacia, ganmanaTleblobis folosofia, revolucia (“metafizikosebisa da
samarTalmcodneebis politikuri triumfi”) – aseTia am epoqis umniSvnelovanesi xdomilebani.
“negatiurma”, kritikulma filosofiam gamoiwvia yvela avtoritetis, gabatonebuli klasebis
Zalauflebis, religiis dacema. am epoqaSi dabadebulma “metafizikurma gonma” sanqciebi misca
filosofiur eWvebs, moralur simaxinjes da politikur areulobasa da uwesrigobas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelic CaZirulia anarqiaSi, ganicdis axali ideologiis
moTxovnilebas, romelic Secvlis yalb, fiqtiur doqtrinebs da Seasrulebs maintrigebel
sazogadoebriv rols.
imis dasturad, rom sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT Sedis ukanasknel poziciur epoqaSi,
gvevlineba mecnierebaTa farTod gavrceleba, maTi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis zrda da
pozitivizmis Teoriis Seqmna. samrewvelo wyoba cvlis samxedro wyobas, romelic
damaxasiaTebeli iyo Teologiuri epoqisaTvis, cxovrebisa da sicocxlis yvela elementTa
harmoniuli da Tanabari ganviTareba garantias iZleva rom mecnieruli aRmoCenebi gamoyenebul
iqneba mTeli kacobriobis sakeTildReod. pozitiuri epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:
egoizmze altruizmis gamarjveba. socialur grZnobaTa zrda, materialuri kulturis swrafi
zrda, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvelaze ufro iol da sasiamovno cxovrebas, samarTlianobas
da mSvidobas.
herbert spenseri (1820-1903) – funqcionalisturi sociologiis warmoSoba
Sinaarsi
1. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;
2. ideuri wyaroebi;
3. sociologiis sagani
4. organiczmi da evolucionizmi.
5. sazogadoeba da misi tipebi
6. funqcionalizmis saTaveebTan
7. saxelmwifo da pirovneba
herbert spenseris sociologia.
I. h. spenseri pirovneba da mecnieri. sppenseri da misi dro
a) XIX-is 60-iani wlebidan iwyebs misi drois yvela Teoriuli mecnierebis gamaerTianebeli
filosofiis Seqmnas. `ZiriTadi sawyisebi~, `biologiis safuZvlebi~, `fsiqologiis~,
`sociologiis~ sawyisebi.
b) ideuri wyaroebi:
1. bunebismecnierebis is dargebi sadac muSaobda ganaTlebis idea, darvini, lamarki,
2. malTusisa da adam smulis Sromebi.
3. ingliseli utilitasistebi, i. bencamis individualizmi. Tavisufali mewarmeobis principi,
individualur moqmedebaTa Tavisufleba, konkurencia, yvelaze SeguebulTa gadarCena _
ZiriTadia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
4. kontisadmi damokidebuleba _ aRniSnavs mis prioritets sociologiisa da biologiis
urTierTkavSiris kvlevaSi, magram misTvis ucxoa kontis mesianizmi, sami stadiis kanoni,
sulieri ganviTarebidan socialuri ganviTarebis gamoyvana. spenseri uaryofs progresis
sworxazobriobas da erTianobas.
II. sociologiis sagani. sociologia rogorc obieqturi mecniereba SesaZlebelia:
1. `bunebrivi mizezobriobis~ uzogadesi kanonis arsebobis gamo, romelic sazogadoebaSic ise
moqmedebs, rogorc bunebaSi.
2. yoveli movlenis elementebisa da struqturis kanonzomieri kavSiris arsebobis gamo.
istoria da sociologia. istoria = biologias, maSin rodesac sociologia socialuri
organizmis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobebs swavlobs. misi `sociologiis safuZvlebi~
aris eTnografiul masalaze mTliani sociologiuri sistemis agebis pirveli cda. rubrikaSi
`sociologiis monacemebi~ _ gadmocemulia pirvelyofil adamianTa fizikuri da
emocionaluri, inteleqtualuri da religiuri cxovrebis rekonstruqciis cdaze, maTi
ZiriTadi ideebisa da warmodgenebis gamorkvevis cda. `sociologiis induqciebSi~, mocemulia
sazogadoebis zogadi Teoria: gaanalizebulia sazogadoebis, socialuri zrdis, socialuri
struqturis, socialuri funqciebis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sistemaTa da
organoTa cnebebi. xolo `sociologiis safuZvlebis~ meore tomSi uzarmazar eTnografiul
masalaze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia:
1. ojaxur urTierTobaTa
2. adaT-wesebis (maT Soris Cveulebebis)
3. politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo, sasamarTlo, sakuTreba, sazogadoebaTa tipebi,
religiuri dawesebulebebis, samrewvelo institutebis) evolicia. amgvarad, sociologia
moicavs anTropologias, eTnografias da istoriuli ganviTarebis zogad Teorias.
III. organicizmi da evolucionizmi. spenseris sociologia eyrdnoba or mTavar princips:
sazogadoebis rogorc organizmis gagebas da socialuri evoluciis ideas. pirveli
dakavSirebulia socialuri mTelis erTianobis gaazrebis aucileblobasTan. warmoadgens Tu
ara sazogadoeba realur `arsebas~ Tu igi mxolod krebiTi saxelia ramdenime individis
aRsaniSnavad, romelsac mxolod nominaluri arseboba aqvs? igi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebas aqvs
gansakuTrebuli saxis yofiereba, romelic realurad arsebobs. marTalia sazogadoeba Sedgeba
erTeulebisagan, mTeli Taobebisa da mravali saukunis manZilze, am erTeulTa gaerTianeba _
dajgufebaSi saerTo msgavsebis mudmivi SenarCuneba am sazogadoebis mier dakavebuli adgilis
farglebSi miuTiTebs maT mier Sedgenili agregatis garkveul konkretulobaze. swore des
Tviseba da niSani gvaZlevs ideas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Cven sazogadoebas vuwodebT mxolod
iseT gaerTianebas, sadac binadarma cxovrebam migviyvana sazogadoebis SigniT mis Semadgenel
nawilTa ganawilebis mudmivobasTan~. sazogadoeba `realuri sagania~, magram ara araorganuli
agregatis, aramed organuli mTelis msgavsia, romelic rTuli da dinamiuria. amitom
socialuri agregatis gasagebas swored rom organizmi gamogvadgeba. sazogadoeba aris
organizmi.
msgavseba sazogadoebasa anu socialur organizmsa da biologiur organisms Soris:
1. sazogadoeba Tavisi arsebobis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ise izrdeba, farTovdeba rogorc
organizmi.
2. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze misi struqturac iseve rTuldeba rogorc bunebrivi
evoluciis procesSi organizmis struqtura.
3. rogorc biologiur ise socialur organizmSi struqturaTa diferenciacias Tan yveba
funqciaTa analogiuri diferenciacia.
4. evoluciis procesSi biologiur da socialur organizmebis struqturisa da funqciebis
diferenciacias moyveba maTi urTierTqmedebis ganviTarebac.
5. analogia sazogadoebasa da organisms Soris SeiZleba SevabrunoT _ yoveli organizmi aris
sazogadoeba.
6. sazogadoebaSi iseve rogorc organizmSi, maSinac ki rodesac misi mTlianoba darRveulia _
mkvdaria _ maT Semadgenel calkeul nawilebs SeuZliaT arsebobis gagrZeleba, garkveuli
droiT mainc _ amitom sazogadoeba SegviZlia ganvixiloT organizmis analogiurad. magram maT
Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa:
1. biologiuri organizmebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa Semadgeneli nawilebi warmoqmnian
konkretul mTels, romlis yvela elementi mWidrod da ganuwyvetladaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli, maSin sazogadoeba diskretuli mTelia, romlis elementebi met-naklebad
Tavisufalni da gafantulni arian.
2. individualur organizmSi funqciaTa diferenciacia iseTia, rom grZnobisa da azrovnebis
unari Tavmoyrilia mxolod mis gansazRvrul nawilebSi, maSin rodesac sazogadoebaSi
cnobiereba mofrqveulia mTel agregatSi, yvela mis erTeuls SeuZlia ganicados gancxroma da
tanjva Tu erTnairi xarisxiT ara, maSin daaxloebiT erTnairad mainc.
3. cocxal organizmSi elementebi arseboben mTelis gulisaTvis, sazogadoebaSi ki piriqiT,
sazogadoeba arsebobs Tavisi wevrebis keTildReobisaTvis. kontidan gansxvavebiT, romlis
azriTac individi sazogadoebis damoukidebeli ujredic ki ar aris da masSia gaTqvefili,
spenserisaTvis piriqiT, sazogadoeba individTa mxolod agregatia. masSi individis gaTqvefa
dauSvebelia. amitom sazogadoeba `zeorganizmia~.
yovel ganviTarebul sazogadoebas aqvs organoTa sami sistema:
1. mxardamWer-SemanarCunebeli _ awarmoebs aucilebel saarsebo saSualebebs.
2. gamanawilebeli _ Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs socialuri organizmis
sxvadasxva nawilTa kavSirs.
3. maregulirebeli _ saxelmwifos saxiT uzrunvelyofs Semadgeneli nawilebis mTelisadmi
daqvemdebarebasa da morCilebas.
sazogadoebis specifikuri nawilebia dawesebuleba _ onstitutebi: saojaxo, adaTobrivi,
politikuri, saeklesio, profesionaluri da samrewvelo. TiToeuli maTgani ganicdis
evolucias, magram rogoria am evoluciis kanonebi? arsebobs erTi evolucia, romelic
yvelgan erTnairad moqmedebs.
ganviTareba, evoluciis yvela procesi moicavs or mxares: integracias da diferenciacias. igi
iwyeba sazogadoebrivi organizmis raodenobrivi zrdisagan, misi Semadgeneli elementebis
raodenobis an moculobis gafarToebisagan. aseT zrdas aucileblad moyveba mTeli
socialuri organizmis funqcionaluri da struqturuli diferenciaciis procesi. primitiul
sazogadiebaSi maTi nawilebi da funqciebi sustadaa diferencirebuli da erTmaneTis msgavsia.
aq erTsa da imave struqturas SeuZlia Seasrulos ramdenime funqcia da ramdenime
struqturas ki erTi funqcia. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze es erTferovneba (homogenoba)
mravalferovnebaze (heterogenobaze) gadadis da rac ufro mravalferovani da
diferencirebulia sazogadoebis struqturebi da funqciebi, miT ufro ganviTarebulia igi.
amgvarad, Sromis danawileba aris ganviTarebis sayovelTao meqanizmi. funqciaTa
diferenciacia iwvevs mmarTveli meqanizmis arsebobis aucileblobas, romelsac unari eqneba
uzrunvelyos kerZo struqturaTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba. aqedan ki TviT marTvis procesTa
garTuleba da diferenciacia. mas emateba religiur da adamianTa Zalauflebac.
sazogadoebis tipologizacia. spenseri kontTan erTad erT-erTi pirveli moazrovnea
sociologiis istoriaSi, romelmac sazogadoebis or tipad dayofa ganaxorciela: samxedro
da samrewvelo sazogadoebaTa saxiT.
samxedro tipis sazogadoebaSi `mTavrobis eTika omis eTikis igiveobrivia~. es niSnavs, rom
sazogadoeba uigivdeba jars, romlis nawili moqmedia da nawili umoqmedo. masSi `jari
mobilizebuli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba jaria, romelic isvenebs~.
_ samxedro sazogadoebis Zireuli niSania _ Zaladoba. sayovelTao samxedro nagebobaze
mimTiTebeli niSania erTeulTa gansxvavebul moqmedebaTa warmarTva Zaladobis gziT. samxedro
sazogadoebaTa politikis safuZvelia mtroba. rogorc sagareo ise saSinao politikis
safuZvelia _ Zaladoba. is kargad icavs sagareo mtrebisagan sazogadoebas, magram cudad
asrulebs qveynis SigniT adamianTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis funqcias, radgan Tavisufleba
ZaladobiT ar miiRweva am etapis sazogadoeba individis Tavisuflebas spobs dam as cvlis
monobiT, aq individi saSualebaa saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis keTildReobisa da miznebis
ganxorcilebis gzaze.
_ sazogadoebis meore etapia samrewvelo sazogadoeba. igi samxedros sapirispiroa, ramdenadac
masSi individi saSualebaa ara saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis xelSi, aramed mizania. xolo
saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba saSualebebia. isini arseboben individis keTildReobisaTvis.
samxedro sazogadoebaSi sicocxle saSualebaa, mizania Sroma. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi
Sroma saSualebaa, sicocxle ki mizani, romelsac es saSualeba uzrunvelyofs.
kooperacia. Tu kooperaciis cnebas gamoviyenebT farTo azriT, rogorc yvela moqalaqis
erTobliv miswrafebebs, maSin es reJimi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganisazRvros. erTia
Zalismieri kooperaciis, meore nebayoflobiTi kooperaciis sistema.
karl marqsis sociologia
Sinaarsi
1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri
2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia
3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi
4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba
5. istoriis materialisturi gageba
6. meTodologia
7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria
8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia
9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria
10. Semecnebis sociologia
11. daskvna
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
Sroma, gaucxoeba, istoriis materialisturi gageba, sazogadoebrivi yofiereba da cnobiereba,
warmoebis wesi, sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bazisi da zednaSeni,
sazogadoebrivi formaciebi, socialuri revolucia, klasebi da klasobrivi brZola,
ideologia.
ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi
arsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia: germanuli klasikuri
filosofia, inglisuri politikuri ekonomia da franguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa,
TviTon marqsi Tavis ideur wyarod aRiarebda me-17-18 saukuneebis inglisur da frangul
materializms. marqsizmis es genealogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos is
wyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, romlebic Sediodnen codnis sxva sferoebSi da agreTve isinic,
romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es genealogia saWiroebs dazustebas.
kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba germanul klasikur filosofias, saWiroa xazi gaesvas misi ori
warmomadgenlis hegelisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelaze meti gavlena marqsze hegelma iqonia,
rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze, ise sociologiuri azrovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiT
mis warmodgenaze obieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeul
adamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuli ganviTarebis,
rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur
sinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad). garda amisa, hegelma
gavlena iqonia marqsis pirad xasiaTze, da bolos, gaucxoebis marqsiseul Teoriaze. aseve
gavlena iqonia foierbaxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsma maTgan
ukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSi ayalibebda.
socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies marqsis, rogorc sociologiur,
ise politikur-utopiur Sexedulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man
didi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier 1) `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo
azriT) rolis Sefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatis
mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni)
mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen-simonis gavlena marqsze ufro
adrindelia, vidre hegelis. sen-simonistebis gavlena germaniaSi Zalian didi iyo, kerZod, sen-
simonizmis propagandisti iyo marqsis megobari mozes hesi, romelsac uwodebdnen `germanuli
socializmis mamas~. (Tumca sabolood marqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba).
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom marqsis idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidre igi yuradRebas
gaamaxvilebda mecnierul Ziebebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvana igi komunizmis idealTan, aramed
piriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul da cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturi
idealisadmi igi cdilobda daeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba. moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlena
marqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebda mravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon
hesma, romelic marqsTan erTad monawileobda axalgazrda hegelianelTa wreSi, marqsSi
dainaxa kacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmi hegelis
filosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianis socialuri arsebis
realizaciaa..
filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba
yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisa
da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis
emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac.
marqsis Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, homo faber-ia anu mwarmoebeli adamiania.
mwarmoebluri Sroma _ ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. adamiani cxovelisagan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvel samyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, am
stiqiaTa dauflebis zomis Sesabamisad, TviTon adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi da
warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT.
xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli
Tavisi Sromis Sedegebisgan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki.
mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis
`winaistoria_preistoria~ da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba
`aucileblobis samefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~.
marqsi ayalibebs Teziss adamianis socialuri arsebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavs mis Seswavlas.
erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. . .adamianis
arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi aris
yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~. (t. 3, gv.3 marqsis interpretaciiT
sazogadoeba warmoadgens individebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebaTa
sistemas, romelic yalibdeba saqmianobis procesSi. uwinares yovlisa ki, SromiTi saqmianobis
procesSi. `sazogadoeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da
urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic imyofebian es individebi erTmaneTTan~, _ werda igi. misi
gagebiT, sazogadoeba esaa `adamianTa urTierTqmedebis produqti~, amave dros adamianebi ar
arian Tavisufalni ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formis arCevanSi.
socialuroba, marqsis mixedviT, vlindeba ara mxolod uSualo `koleqtiurobis~ formiT,
rodesac individi sxva individebTan pirispir urTierTqmedebaSia. sazogadoeba arsebobs
adamianSi masze gavlenas axdens maSinac ki, rodesac individi martoa, Tavis TavTan imyofeba.
rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesi warmodgenili
hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi,
ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom swored
isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da
bunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen:
`adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT
moesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da
realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~ [werili anenkovs 1846
w. 28 dekemberi. t. 8, gv.119].
marqsis mixedviT, pirovneba socialur-istoriuli ganviTarebis amosavali-sawyisi punqti ki
araa, aramed misi rezultatia. individis cnobierebisa da qcevis socialuri ganpirobebulobis
xazgasmisas, marqsi pirovnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
umaRles mizans, romelic miiRweva mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis radikaluri
gardaqmnis Semdeg.
istoriis materialisturi gageba
ra aris istoriis materialisturi gageba TviTon marqsis ganmartebiT?
am gagebis arsi gadmocemulia marqsis cnobil winasityvaobaSi, romelic man waumZRvara
Sromas `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~: `TavianTi cxovrebis sazogadoebrivi
warmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben, gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagan
damoukidebel urTierTobas~, _ warmoebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur
mwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT
urTierTobaTa erToblioba Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss,
romelzedac iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac sazogadoebrivi
cnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi
ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa
cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis
gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas.
sazogadoebis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul warmoebiT
urTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, _ sakuTrebis
urTierTobasan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamde viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa
ganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maT borkilad iqceva. maSin dgeba socialuri
revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenic
meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganxilvisas warmoebis
ekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenac
bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli,
politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan,
romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar
SeiZleba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiT,
aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT misi cnobierebis
mixedviT, piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT,
arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa
Soris. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi formacia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela
mwarmoebluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTi
urTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanam maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebi
TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifdeba~. (k. marqsi, f. engelsi, rCeuli nawerebi t.1,
gv. 624-625. Tbilisi 1975).
meTodologia
rogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba mimdinareobs gansazRvruli
kanonebiT. kanoni mas esmis, roogrc movlenebs Soris `Sinagani da aucilebeli kavSiri~.
marqsisTvis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidre socialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvari
martivi, mimarTebis arsebobaa, rodesac gansazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyeba
gvevlineba, rogorc faqtTa meore wyebis mizezi. hegelisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swams
universaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTa mixedviTac viTardeba
mTeli kacobrioba. mas swams istoriuli aucilebloba, romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovan
SemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorc konti, marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela
sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian.
socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis
gansazRvrul safexurze.
marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologiur tendencias: bunebismecnieruls,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da mis
sapirispiros, romelic xazs usvams sociologiuri codnis specifikas, mis gansxvavebas
bunebismecnierebis meTodebisa da rezultatebisagan. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is
sociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~,
`amxsneli~ da `gagebiTi~ _ oriveni mimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans.
zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken aRmasvlis
meTods. es meTodi Sedgeba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:
1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoadgens;
2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna
/Teoriuli done/;
3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobad konkretuli~,
gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobriv konkretulad~. (iqve gv. 37)
marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamde akeTebs pirvel
cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva
movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda
amisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobT istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac.
socialur sistemaTa Teoria
sociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava warmodgena sazogadoebis,
rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena uwinares yovlisa, ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebrivi
formaciis miseul cnebaSi.
marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelic Sedgeba
urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi.
am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe. mis safuZvelSi Zevs materialuri dovlaTis
warmoebis wesi, e.i. ekonomikuri qvesistema. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer iyenebs agreTve
termins `ekonomikuri formacia~ da `ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula~. warmoebis wess
ori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani.
sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela resursi da
saSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process: warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da
adamianuri resursebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiuri
gamoyeneba da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simonis
kvalad mrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebul qveyanas misi
sakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs.
warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani gamoixateba marqsis mixedviT,
ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs
gvqondes mxedvelobaSi is, rom marqss xSirad warmoeba gagebuli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTis
moZraobis (zogadi) saero cikli, sadac Sedis sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT,
ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba. am ciklis yoveli faza asrulebs mniSvnelovan funqcias,
romlis gareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia. marqsi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am ciklis damasrulebel fazas _ moxmarebas. `warmoebis
gareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis gareSec ar aris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi
warmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda~ _ aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi ufro aZlierebs aqcents am
azrze: `. . .mxolod moxmarebaSi iqceva produqti namdvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvil
kabad iqceva maSin, rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben ar aris namdvili
saxli~. /t. 46. gv.27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania swored sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
radgan igi exeba ara materialuri dovlaTis warmoebasa da moZraoba-gadaadgilebis, aramed
sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri urTierTqmedebis yvela process.
warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobaSi. amave
dros wamyvan rols TamaSobs sawarmoo Zalebi.
marqsis mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Seadgens socialuri sistemis masistematizirebel, sistemis
warmomqmnel komponents, romelic gansazRvravs mis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs. swored
warmoebis wesi qmnis sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gansazRvrulobas da erTs
ganasxvavebs meorisagan. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa,
romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebis `realur baziss~, struqturas, formacia aseve Seicavs
zednaSens anu superstruqturas. masSi marqsi rTavs uwinares yovlisa, iuridiul da
politikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs. (isini yvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) da
Semdeg, ufro zustad `maRla~ _ imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi,
romlebic, rogorc samarTali da politika, ganekuTvnebian `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis~ anu
`ideologiis~ sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba.
socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia
socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivad warmomqmnadi
winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo Zalebsa
erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi
urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisis
gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis
mixedviT, warmoadgens gardauval kanons. rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari
wonasworoba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis
saSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani
xdebian. erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTa
Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis
gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla,
e.i. socialuri revolucia. socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss warmoudgenia,
rogorc xelovnuri muxruWi socialuri ganviTarebisa; gabatonebuli klasebis mxridan
iZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTa sisustisa da gaubedaobis
Sedegad. sazogadoebis `winaistoriaSi~, romelic agebulia kerZo sakuTrebaze da adamianis
mier adamianis eqspluataciaze, socialuri ganviTarebis miseuli ideali _ esaa, `uwyveti –
permanentuli revolucia~, sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionizireba, `namdvili~ istoriis _
komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad. am oqros saukuneSi, politikuri revoluciebi, marqsis
erT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba `nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigis
arsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebi da klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialuri
revoluciebi aRar iqnebian politikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yoveli
sayovelTao gardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva mudam iqneba:
`brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebeli drama~. (JorJ sandi).
klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria
klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema _ centraluria marqsTan. misi roli mis doqtrinaSi
imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom marqsistebi xSirad aigiveben `marqsistul Tvalsazriss~
`klasobriv TvalsazrisTan~.
TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom klasebis arseboba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mas ar
aRmouCenia, arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis istoriuli ganviTareba da `klasTa
ekonomikuri anatomia~. marqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:
1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul
istoriul fazebTan;
2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan, da
3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso sazogadoebaze
gadasvlas~. /t.28. gv.427/
farTo azriT, klasebi marqsis mixedviT, esaa nebismieri socialuri jgufebi, romlebic
araTanabar urTiaerTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da ibrZvian erTmaneTs Soris. am azriT,
klasebi moicaven wodebebs da nebismier metad Tu naklebad mniSvnelovan socialur
kategoriebs, romlebic ganlagebulia socialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebze. swored am
azriT gamoiyeneba klasebis cneba `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~. `Tavisufali da mona,
patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli
imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi, awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan
farul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelic yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis
revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.
marqss klasebis qveS esmis iseTi socialuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
warmoebis saSualebebze damokidebulebiT. ramdenadac igi sazogadoebis klasobrivi dayofis
safuZvels warmoebiT urTierTobebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi gvevlinebian am urTierTobaTa
gamoxatulebad, warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis forma, da rac mTavaria, am sakuTrebis
arseboba an araarseboba gamodis, rogorc klasTa warmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumad.
magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa vilaparakoT klasze, rogorc
aseTze am sityvis sruli azriT. esaa, jer kidev `klasi TavisTavad~. klasi ki am sityvis
sruli mniSvnelobiT, marqsis azriT, esaa _ `klasTa TavisTvis~, e.i. klasi, romelsac
gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari Tavi, rogorc gansakuTrebul socialur jgufad Tavisi
sakuTari interesebiT, da rogorc sxva kalsebisadmi dapirispirebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad,
rogorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da a.S.
klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac did rols asrulebs klasis, rogorc aseTis gagebaSi.
brZola klasebs Soris marqsis mixedviT, esaa _ saboloo jamSi ganviTarebad sawarmoo
Zalebsa da maTgan CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris brZolis gamoxatuleba.
gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi erTi klasi (`reaqciuli~) axorcielebs moZvelebul
warmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore (`progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebs
romelebic Seesabamebian ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs erTi da igive klasi sazogadoebrivi
formaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze gvevlineba jer progresulad, xolo Semdeg
reaqciulad; mag. burJuazia, romelic kapitalisturi formaciis adreul stadiaze
progresuli klasi iyo, damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva.
proletariati da burJuazia, marqsis mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturi klasebia. momavali
komunisturi formacia, esaa _ uklaso sazogadoeba. misi dadgenisaTvis, proletariatma,
romlis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflos Tavi burJuaziuli eqsploataciisagan da
imavdroulad gaanTavisuflos mTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrioba), unda moipovos politikuri
Zalaufleba da daamyaros Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura. amgvarad, marqsi aramxolod sen-
simonTan, sen- simonistebTan da kontTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebs oqros saukunis dadgomas,
ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed `mecnierulad~ asabuTebs, rac am
mesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Sesrulos Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli daniSnuleba.
Semecnebis sociologia
marqsma pirvelad daamuSava problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuri disciplina, romelic
swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur
Sedegebs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis sociologia~. marqsi
Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis
safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebis
Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze
qmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri
realoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi.
marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolod
Semecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac.
Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba hpova
ideologiis marqsistul koncefciaSi. ideologiis qveS marqss esmis cnobieri da aracnobieri
miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika, meore,
SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli
klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben:
politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls.
namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTan
da `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa
ekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, marqsis mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi.
mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebian imdenad
martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenuri
kamufliaJis moTxovnileba..
daskvna
marqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan
Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc mis
TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciuri
gardaqmnis saSualeba. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs,
romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovani
da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari
interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqonia
sociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `sociologia~, magram
man daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic inamdvileSi
Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.
ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobis
aRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da
Sedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mier
yalibdebian.
marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri da
politikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialuri
konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~
paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~
paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba sociologiaSi socialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebis
kvlevis tradicia.
mecniereba marqsisaTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igi
Seuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikuri revolucioneris
eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze.
naturalizmi sociologiaSi XIX saukunisa da XX-is dasawyisSi
evolucionizmi _ sociologiaSi naturalistur skolaTa baza.
me-19 saukunis Sua da meore periodSi inteleqtualur istoriaSi esaa dro TiTqmis
bunebismecnierebis warmatebebiT sayovelTao... da pozitivistur-naturalisturi
msoflmxedvelobis gafurCqvnisa, romlis ganmsazRvreli gavlenis qveSac viTardeboda
maSindeli sociologia.
socialuri ganviTarebis ama Tu bunebrivi faqtorebis an mamoZravebeli Zalebis wina planze
wamoweva naturalistur skolaTa klasifikaciis safuZvlad gvevlineba. ase magaliTad,
bioorganuli skola gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas awerda socialuri mTelis struquras,
rasobriv-anTropologiuri _ adamianis biologiuri bunebis, misi rasobrivi niSnebisa da
genotipis gavlenas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, socialuri darvinizmi _ arsebobisaTvis
brZolas da bunebriv SerCevas, geografiuli skola _ geografiul garemosa da adamianTa
sivrcobriv ganlageba _ ganawilebas da a.S. aqedan Cven geografiuli skolisa da social-
darvinizmis ideebs SeviswavliT
geografiuli skola _ mimarTuleba
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi geografiuli garemos rolis Sesaxeb sakiTxi ama Tu im formiT
TiTqmis yvela moazrovnis mier sazogadoebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis Casaxvis momentidanve ismeboda
socialur-filosofiuri azri sazogadoebisa da bunebis globaluri Sepirispirebisagan
celkeul socialur procesebsa da movlenebze (mosaxleobis zrda, sawarmoo Zalebi,
politikuri wyaro da a.S.) garemos sxvadasxva faqtorebis (klimati, reliefi, bunebrivi
simdidreebi) gavlenis specialur Seswavlamde ganviTarda.
sazogadoebisTvis geografiuli garemos mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ganazrebani midioda or
logikur ukiduresobamde: meqanikur geografiul determinizmamde, romelic amtkicebda TiTqos
adamianis mTeli saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT ganpirobebulia misi bunebrivi garemoTi da
absolutur kulturul determinizmamde, romelic xazs usvamda imas, rom garemos TviT aRqmas
da adamianisTvis mis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs kultura da amitom adamianuri saqmianobis
axsna unda iyos mxolod kulturologiuri, ver afasebda im faqts, rom adamianTa kulturuli
SesaZleblobani mainc gansxvavebulia gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. garemos yovelgvari
gavlenis absurdamde dayvanam da uaryofam migviyvana Tavisebur sociokulturul
solipsizmamde. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi geografiuli
momdinareoba-mimarTuleba srulebiTac ar emTxveoda viwro geografiul determinizms, romelic
am mimarTulebis mxolod nawili iyo. ukve me-19-Si daiwyo sistemuri gamosvla im siZneleebidan,
romelsac badebda `adamiani _ buneba~ da `kultura _ garemo~ tipis dixotomiebi, adamianis,
kulturisa da garemos rogorc mTlianis _ mTelis, rogorc geografiuli regionis erTiani
xasiaTis ganxilvis gziT. mecnierebisTvis adamiani mtkiced iqca bunebis nawilad da ara raRac
RvTaebriv gamonaklisad. 19-is meore naxevridan geografiul garemoze damokidebul socialur
struqturaTa erTmimarTulebovani evoluciis Teoriis pirvelsaxed iqca bunebrivi SerCevis
darviniseuli Teoria, romelic marTalia Zalian farTod iyo ganmartebuli. am periodSi
geografiuli determinizmis Teoriebma miaRwies yvelaze farTo aRiarebas, da
bunebismecnieruli TvalsazrisiT kargad dasabuTebulnic Candnen. biologiis nimuSebis
mixedviT Teoretizirebis sasargeblo Sedegi iyo mosaxleobis sivrcobrivi ganawilebisa da
adamianis ekologiisadmi yuradRebis miqceva (raSic SeiZleba davinaxoT Tanamedrove
socialuri ekologiis Canasaxebi).
socialuri geografiisa da sociologiaSi geografiuli mimdinareobebis TvalTaxedvis areSi
moxvdnen iseTi bunebrivi faqtorebi, rogoricaa klimati, niadagi, reliefi, wylis resursebisa
da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis ganawileba, flora da fauna, geografiuli da kosmosuri
procesebi, wlis droebis cvla da sxva, aRniSnul faqtorebze damokidebul Zireul
sociologiur movlenaTa ricxvSi ganixilavdnen:
a) dedamiwaze mosaxleobis ganlagebasa da simWidroves, mis janmrTelobasa da nayofierebas;
b) fizikur da fsiqikur rasobriv, gansxvavebebs sxeulis agebulebaSi, temperaturaSi, moralis
formebSi umaRlesi niWierebis SemTxvevaTa sixSireze;
g) sameurneo saqmoanobis saxeebs, mis organizacias, ritmebsa da ciklebs, mosaxleobis
keTildReobis dones;
d) social-politikuri organizaciis, socialuri institutebisa da qorwinebebis tipebs; e)
kulturuli kontaqtebisa da nasesxobis SesaZleblobebs, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis tempebs;
v) religias, miTologias da literaturas _ erTi sityviT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis
yvela gamovlenas.
me-19 s-is sociologiaSi georgafiuli skolis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobda rogorc
pozitivisturi istoria da filosofia, ise geografiuli tradiciebic. geografiuli
determinizmis kredo, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda klasikuri
bunebismecnierebis meTodologiis tyveobaSi, didi xniT adre Camoayaliba frangma
eklektikosma filosofosma viqtor kuzenma (1792-1867): `momeciT me qveynis ruka, misi
moxazuloba, wylebi _ mTeli misi fizikuri geografia; momeciT me misi bunebrivi nayofni,
xili, flora, zoologia, _ acxadebda igi _ da me winaswar getyviT, Tu rogoria am qveynis
adamiani, Tu rogor rols TamaSobs es qveyana istoriaSi, ara SemTxveviT, aramed
aucileblobis ZaliT, da ara erT epoqaSi, aramed yvela epoqebSi~. im periodSi naturalizmi
da geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmi aRzevdnen sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa yvela dargsa da
sferoSi, TviT idealisturi xasiaTis sistemebSic ki. 19-is SuaxanebSi religiaTmcodneobaSi
ifurCqneboda social-meteorologiuri Teoria (maqs miuleri da sxvebi), romelic miTebs
ganmartavda rogorc astronomiuli da atmosferuli movlenebis analogs da did bunebriv
katastrofebSi xedavda RmerTebis rwmenis wyaros, ernst renani `monoTeizmis suliskveTebis _
sulis~ Sesaxeb safuZvels udabnos peizaJSi xedavda, xolo ipolit teni Tavis `xelovnebis
filosofiaSi~, magaliTad ferweris florenciul da flamandriul skolebs Soris
gansxvavebebs italiisa da holandiis geografiul pirobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvvavebebSi
xedavda.
ingliseli pozitivist-istorikosi henri tomas bokli /1821-1862/ miiswafoda ra daesabuTebina
istoriuli ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba, moyavda mravali, erTi SexedviT
simarTlis msgavsi magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen specifikuri landSafti,
klimati, niadagis mosavlianoba, kveba, xalxTa cxovrebas, sxeulis agebulebas, simdidris
dagrovebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xolo Semdeg, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen sruli
organizaciis da saboloo jamSi maT istoriul beds Soris gansxvavebebs, magram boklTan Cven
gvxvdeba, SeniSvna, rom socialurobis ganviTarebis umaRles doneze gonebrivi faqtorebi
TandaTanobiT iZenen upiratesobas fizikurze. boklma gavlena iqonia zogierT mimarTulebaze
ekonomikur geografiasa da sociologiaSi, romelTa warmomadgenloba amtkicebdnen, TiTqos
sakmarisi vicodeT bunebrivi simdidreebi, energiis wyaroebi, mimosvlis bunebrivi gzebi, rom
ganvsazRroT ama Tu im sazogadoebis warmoebis xasiaTi da moculoba, misi mTavari
ekonomikuri funqciebi.
ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri da socialuri faqtorebis fizikuri garemoTi pirdapiri da
erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb msgavsi daskvnebi SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo
mxolod maSin, rodesac xdeboda urTierTdakavSirebuli socialuri faqtorebis mTeli rigi
Suamavali _ Sualeduri rgolebisa da am faqtorebsa da garemos Soris funqcionaluri
urTierTdamokidebulebebis ignorireba, agreTve rodesac naTlad Tu gaurkvevlad xdeba
zogadmecnieruli idealis saxiT fizikuri monizmisa da meqanisturi determinizmis miReba,
garegani samyaros adamianis fsiqikis mier pasiuri kopirebis Sesaxeb maTeuli warmodgenebTan
erTad. garda amisa, aq ver afasebdnen kulturuli disfuziisa da urTierTgavlenis
rezultatebs, vinaidan garemos zemoqmedeba xSirad gamoixateboda ise, TiTqos mocemuli
sazogadoeba mudam cxovrobda absolutur izolaciaSi, rogorc kulturulad damoukidebuli
erTeuli.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi garemos fizikuri faqtorebis rolis garkvevas cdilobdnen
geografebic, romlebic amave dros iziarebdnen pozitivisturi istoriografis mraval
Secdomas. gamoCenili sociografebi iyo germaneli mecnieri karl riteri /1779-1859/ aleqsandre
humboldtTan erTad /1769-1859/, romelic Tanamedrove geografiis safuZvelmdeblad iTvleba.
riteris meTodologiis saxelmZRvanelo iyo bunebisa da kulturis urTierTzemoqmedebis,
istoriulad konkretuli geografiuli mxaris Camoyalibebul elementTa
urTierTdakavSirebulobis idea. dedamiwa _ erTiani `organizmia, romelic dayofilia Sinaganad
dakavSirebul, mTlian regionebad~. am regionTa sazRvrebis swori gansazRvrebisaTvis
aucilebelia landSaftis, klimatis, mcenareulobis (gansakuTrebiT kulturis), cxovelTa
samyaros, adamianis garemos adrindel elementebTan istoriul urTierTqmedebaSi yovelmxrivi
aRwera.
magram riteris msoflmxedveloba iyo ara naturalizmi, aramed germanel romantikosTa
filosofiuri organizmi, maTive polarul urTierTobaTa umaRles sinTezSi gamaerTianebeli
msoflio wesrigis rwmeniT. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebisaTvis riteris mniSvneloba
manpirobebulia imiT, rom mis geografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs adamiansa da
istorias. riteris azriT, geografiam unda axsnas is, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas adamiani mis
mier dasaxlebul sivrceze da TviTon rogor `aRizrdeba~ mkacr an xelsayrel pirobebSi. mas
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda yoveli mxaris umaRlesi kulturuli gafurCqvnis periodebi,
rameTu misi azriT, maSin miiRweva bunebasa da kulturas Soris harmoniis umaRlesi xarisxi da
done.
riteris SromebSi organuladaa Serwymuli Temebi, romlebic mogvianebiT danawevrda da iqca
geografiisa da sociologiis sxvadasxva dargebis kvlevis sagnebad. mis Semdeg naTlad iqna
SemCneuli geografiis or nawilad dayofili tendencia: fizikur geografiad da socialur, anu
anTropogeografiad, romlidanac Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva droisa da sxvadasxva qveynebSi
gamoiyo ekonomikuri, politikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli da statistikuri geografia.
anTropologiisa da kerZod politikuri geografiis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSa fridrih ratcelma /1844-1904/, germanelma zoologma, mogzaur-Jurnalistma, sociologma,
geografiis profesorma.
anTropologiis sagani ratcelma gansazRvra, rogorc adamianis modgmis Seswavla im zomiT, ra
zomiTac es ukanaskneli Tavis sasicocxlo gamovlinebebSi ganisazRvreba geografiuli
naturalizmis ideologiis Sesatyvisad. ganaTlebiT biologi ratceli Seecada gaeerTianebina
biologiis, eTnografiisa da geografiis cnebebi da meTodebi. anTropogeografia, Tvlida igi,
unda iyos zogadi biogeografiis nawili da politkuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dros
Cveulebriv ekologiur da evoluciur cnebebs unda iyenebdes.
geografiuli garemos Tvisebebis Sesatyvisad kulturis diferenciaciis mecnieruli aRwera
ratcelTan Serwymuli iyo biologiur spekulaciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mis `politikur
geografiaSi~ saxelmwifoTa sivrcobrivi gafarToebis an Semcirebis axsnisas da aseve
Serwymuli iyo geografiuli determinizmisaTvis tipiur mcdar tendenciasTan, romlis
mexedviTac atareben pirdapir mizezobriv kavSirebs bunebrivi garemos Tvisebebsa da adamianur
praqtikas Soris ise, rom gverds uvlian gamaSualebel socialur rgolebsa da meqanizmebs.
garemos gavlenis yvela Sedegi man dayo statistikur (romelic ZiriTadad gamagrebulia
individTa mudmiv biofsiqikur TvisebebSi) da dinamikur (social-politikuri organizaciis
cvalebadi istoriuli rezultatebi) Sedegebad. aTaswlobiT mimdinare geografiul faqtorTa
gansakuTrebiT klimatisa da sivrcobriv-vrceul ganlageba-mdebareobis uSualo zemoqmedeba
aris sxvadasxva- teritoriebze mcxovreb adamianTa jgufebs Soris arsebul somatur da
fsiqikur gansxvavebaTa mizezebi. mTebi da sivrcobrivi Caketiloba magaliTad umuSavebs
mosaxleobis tradicionalizms, cotaTi dakmayofilebis unars, viwro nacionalizms, vakeebi da
zRvebi ki umuSaveben iseT fsiqikur Tvisebebs, rogorebicaa sevda, naRveli sivrceze, eqspansiisa
da gabedul wamowyebaTa suliskveTebas. bunebrivi sazRvrebi (mTebi, zRva) TiTqosda iwvevs da
xels uwyobs izolirebul socialur jgufTa warmoSobas sustad ganviTarebuli politikuri
ZalebiT, xolo dablobi da vake adgilebi, _ centralizacias da Zlier xelisuflebas
momTabareTa Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad, romelic mogvianebiT gadadis Zlier socialurad da
kulturulad ignorirebul saxelmwifoebriv organizaciaSi. igive kanonebs eqvemdebareba enisa
da kulturis gavrceleba.
saxelmwifoebi funqcionireben rogorc cocxali organizmebi, eqvemdebarebian zrdisa da
dacemis, daRupvis bunebriv procesebs da amgvarobis gamo SeuZlebelia mkacr sazRvrebSi iqnen
moqceulni da SenarCunebulni. areali, sivrce (Raum) da adgilmdebareoba _ saxelmwifos
warmoSobis aucilebeli faqtorebia. eris, naciis, an kulturis ganviTareba eqspansiisa da
Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gaumjobesebis unarTanaa dakavSirebuli.
aqedan mxolod erTi nabijia biologiuri analogiebis politikur ideologiad gadaqcevamde, es
nabiji gulisxmobda da naTlad gadadga e.w. germanulma geopolitikis skolam karl
haushoferis /1869-1946/ meTaurobiT, romlis `moZRvrebis~ mixedviTac saxelmwifoTa politikuri
ganviTareba da eqspansia TiTqosda determinirebulia geografiuli tendenciebiT. geopolitikis
arsenalidan iqna amoRebuli dasananad cnobili argumentebi germaniis `sasicocxlo sivrcis~
arasakmarisobisa da politikuri sazRvrebis arabunebriobis Sesaxeb. faSisturi agresiis
gasamarTleblad. termin `geopolitikis~ avtori Svedi sociologi da saxelmwifomcodne iohan
rudolf Celeni /1864-1922/ ganmartavda ratcelis gavleniT moZRvrebas saxelmwifos, rogorc _
geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb, eklektikurad aerTianebda ra geografiuli determinizms,
socialuri darvinizmis, biologiur-organul da rasobriv-anTropologiur Teoriebs.
vulgaruli geografiuli determinizmis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSani istoriuli
xdomilebebis axsnaSi iyo Sualeduri faqtorebis saxiT jansaRi azris sxvadasxva
`fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebis~ farTo gamoyeneba. amiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen
politikuri geografebi, romlebic saWiroebisda mixedviT iyenebdnen saukuneobriv crurwmenebs
da `uaxloes~ rasistul monaCmaxs- gamonagons `xalxis sulis, gonis~ Sesaxeb, romelic
TiTqosda Camoyalibda geografiuli garemos mier. Znelia TviT im mcdelobebis raodenobis
CamoTvlac ki, rodesac cdilobdnen mag. rasis `xalxis sulis~ meSveobiT dadeginaT
mizezobrivi kavSirebi geografiul pirobebsa da arqiteqtiras, ferweras, literaturas,
musikasa da religias Soris da a.S. amgvari Sromebidan mravali gamoirCeoda geografiuli
faqtorebis determinizmis SefardebiTobis gaugebrobiT.
politikuri geografiis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba politikuri xdomilebebis mxolod saeWvo
fsevdogeografiuli axsnebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebiT. mravalma politikurma geografma
mogvca sxvadasxva `politikur zonaTa~ warmoqmnis, eqspansiisa da daSlis, maTi
administraciuli centrebis, sazRvrebis dacviTi xazebis dakvirvebiTi istoriuli gamokvlevebi.
ar aris agreTve azrs moklebuli politikur gaerTianebebsa da mis garemos
urTierTzemoqmedebaSi dafaruli `politikuri potencialis~ Sefasebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis
dasmac. politikuri geografia warmatebiT swavlobs politikuri Zalauflebis gavlenas
landSaftis, fizikur da socialur aspeqtebze, lingvistur da kulturul gaerTianebaTa da
a.S. formierbaze.
XX s-is dasawyisSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi Zveli geografiuli mimarTulebis mravali
Tema da masTan erTad Secdomebic, memkvidreobiT miiRo amerikulma environmentalizma
(inglisuri environment-garemo). SedarebiT axali masSi iyo geografiuli determinizmis
popularul hipoTezaTa Semowmebis statistikur da sxva `mkacr~ meTodTa gamoyenebisadmi
midrekileba. environmentalizmis fuZemdebelma da ratcelis populizatorma elen semplma
gaatara gansazRvrul teritoriaze adamianis cxovelmoRvaweobaze _ saqmianobaze fizikuri
garemos `kontrolis~ idea.
enviromentalizmis gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli geografi ganaTlebiT geologi
elsuorT hantingtoni /1876-1977 iyenebda ra statistikis, paleobotanikis, klimatologiis,
istoriis, demografiis da sxva mecnierebaTa meTodebsa da monacemebs (xSirad arasworad) igi
iswrafvoda daesabuTebina klimatis cvlilebebisa (`pulsaciebsa~) da civilizaciebis progress
an dacemas Soris mWidro korelaciebis arseboba.
amasTanave ZiriTadi gamaSualebuli kavSirebi ase gamoiyureboda:
1) klimati gvlenas axdens mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze (am gavlenis Sesaferisad hantingtonma
Seiswavla sikvdilianobisa da temperaturis Tviuri mrudis damTxvevebi da a.S.);
2) klimati gavlenas axdens fizikur da gonebriv aqtiurobaze. Sromis nayofierebaze da
maSasadame, iwvevs sazogadoebis saqmian da ekonomikur cvlilebaTa meryeobas (aq ZiriTadi
empiriuli baza iyo sikvdilianobis koeficientis da saqmianobis dacemisa da gamococxlebis
mniSvnelobaTa paralelebis Sesaxeb monacemebi);
3) ramdenadac civilizacia aris energiisa da eris, naciis mniSvneloba-nayofierebis-
mwarmoeblurobis funqcia, amdenad klimatis sasargeblo an uaryofiTi ryevebi gansazRvraven
civilizaciaTa zrdas, dacemasa da gadaadgilebas.
hantingtonma agreTve afrikul-aziuri akvnidan evropis Crdilo-dasavleTis ufro civ da
mravalsaxovan klimatis pirobebSi civilizaciis TandaTanobiT geografiuli gadaadgilebis
Sesaxeb Zveli idea ganaviTara . `civilizaciis CrdiloeTuri dreifis~ Teorias sxvadasxva
variantebiT jer kidev adre icavdnen frangi klod vaio, pier muJili, edmon demoleni da
mravali sxva. magram SedarebiTi rukebisa da korelaciebis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis _
Sefasebebis) SemuSavebis kriteriumebi, romlebiTac hantingtoni amagrebda am Teorias,
upiratesad subieqturi da evropocentristuli iyo. civilizaciebis SefasebaTa safuZvelSi
srulyofilebis rangis mixedviT man Cado `aqtivizmi~ da masTan erTad man gaimeora is Zveli
crurwmenebi (romlis pirvelwyaroebi iyo XIV s-is arabi istorikosis ibn xaldunis Sromebi),
TiTqos umaRlesi kultura da socialur-politikuri organizaciis yvelaze rTuli formebi
SeiZleboda warmoSibiliyo mxolod zomier, magram arasubtropikul an polaruli klimatis
pirobebSi, radgan subtropikebSi bunebis nobaTTa siuxvis gamo TiTqos ar aris saWiro Sromis
didi danaxarjebi, rasac mivyavarT samxreTel adamianTa inertulobasa da sizarmacesTan, xolo
SimSilTan da sicivesTan brZola polaruli klimatis pirobebSi adamianebs umuSavebs
morCilebas da Zalas ar utovebs gasaviTareblad. saboloo jamSi kulturis keraTa
CrdiloeTisaken gadanacvlebis kanoni darCa faqtTa calmxriv SerCevaze dafuZnebul
spekulaciad. igi ver gadaarCina verc teqnologiuri determinizmis elementebis Semotanamac.
magaliTad, vaiosTan, romelic CrdiloeTisken kulturis svlis mizezebs sivrcisagan adamianis
dacvis teqnikis ganviTarebaSi xedavda.
marTalia, hantingtonisa da sxva environmentalistebis `maradiulma kanonebma~ ver gauZles
mtkiced dadgenili faqtebis Semowmebas, magram maTma mravalma Rirebulma (faseulma)
dakvirvebebma da TviTon zogierTma hipoTezamac ki arapirdapiri mxardaWera spacialistebisa
(biologebis, klimatologebis, fsiqiatrebis da a.S.) ufro viwro konteqstebSi moipoves. ase mag.:
CaiSala environmentalisturi cdebi, daekavSirebinaT sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
saqmiani ciklebis mzis aqtivobis periodebTan, magram mravali fsiqologis da kriminalistebis
mier SemCneul iqna rTuli damokidebulebani mas (saqmiani ciklebis), atmosferuli da sxva
klimaturi movlenebis cvlilebebs Soris erTis mxriv da fiziologiur procesebs Soris,
meores mxriv, jer kidev adolf ketle, xolo Semdeg Cezare lombrozoc aRniSnavda zogierT
danaSaulebaTa sixSiris `sezonur~ rxevas. Tanamedrove amerikul sociogeografiaSi
SenarCunebuli miswrafeba determinizmisa da raodenobrivi midgomisadmi, magram ufro
SezRudul modelebSi winaswarmetyvelebebis maRali albaTobiT da SesaZleblobiT.
enveronmentalizmis problematika Seiwavleba ara winandeli globaluri planiT, aramed ufro
specialurad.
nawilobriv, rogorc reaqcia environmentalizmze 19-is dasasrulidan aSS-i ganviTarda
`kulturuli geografia~, romelic kulturis anTropologiur ideas iyenebda (alfred kreberi
da sxva). igi daJinebul yuradRebas uTmobda adamianis saqmianobas, romelic cvlida misi
istoriuli warsulis nakvalevs rogorc mocemuli kulturis gavrcelebis materialur mowmes.
bunebasTan urTierTobaSi adamianis aqtiur rolze amgvari aqcentireba gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia franguli sociogeografiis tradiciisaTvis dawyebuli Tanamedrove
socialuri ekologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis le ples skolisagan. man wamoayena adamianuri
cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa samerTiani formula: binadrobis adgili, Sroma, ojaxi.
le ples skolis wamyvani warmomadgenlebi iyvnen anri de turvili /1843-1903/ da edmon demoleni
/1852-1907/, empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis istoriaSi cnobili ojaxuri monografiebis
Sedgenisas skola aucileblad swavlobda ojaxis an sazogadoebis fizikur geografias:
niadags, reliefs, klimats, wylis ganawilebas da a.S. demolenis ZiriTad SromebSi `xalxTa
didi gzebi~ (1901) farTo istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT gamokvleulia geografiul
viTarebasa-garemosa da socaluri organizaciis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebs, Sromis sakuTrebis
formebs Sromis ZiriTadi kavSirebi. ase magaliTad, demolenis Tanaxmad, stepebSi cxovreba
istoriuli ganviTarebis adreul etapze gansazRvravda mwyemsobas, rogorc uZiriTades
saqmianobas, miwis sakuTrebis ararsebobas, ramdenadac momTabarisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania
hqondes stepebSi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSuleba, vidre iyos miwis kerZo mesakuTre, da
aseve gansazRvravda `socialuri tipis~ sxva Tvisebebsac. turvilma, romelmac gamoikvlia
dasavluri tipis sazogadoebis warmoSoba, miuTiTa skandinaviaze misi izolirebuli
fiordebiT, rogorc `msoflio laboratoriaze~, sadac mxolod SeiZleboda TiTqos
Camoyalibebuliyo adamianis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis kerZo da partikularuli tipi.
geografiuli fsevdodeterminizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo agreTve franuli `possibilizmi~ (frang.
possibilite –SesaZlebloba). am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom erTnairi garemo ar
arsebobs arc individebisaTvis _ erTi da igive bunebriv pirobebze reaqciaTa sxvadasxvaobisa
da TanSobili Tvisebebis gamo, da arc ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis kulturisTvisac.
possibilizmma daadgina garemos statistikuri koncefcia rogorc erTxel da samudamod
mocemuli ram, romelic ar aris kavSirSi aqtiur istoriul subieqtTan. am mimdinareobis
istorizmi moiTxovda sakiTxis dasmas yovelTvis konkretulad: garemo visTvis da risTvis,
rogor SesaZleblobebs iyenebs masSi mocemuli kultura.
sociogeografiis franguli skolis damaarsebeli iyo geografi da istorikosi pol vidal de
lablaSi /1845-1918/. misi gamokvlevebis centrad iqca ara wanamZRvari, TiTqos mocemuli garemo
gansazRvravs cxovrebis ama Tu im wess, aramed TandaTanobiTi istoriuli cvlilebebi,
romlebsac ganicdis garemo cvlilebebis cvalebadi wesis Sedegad. landSafti vidalisaTvis _
aris ara xdomilebebis bunebriv TanmimdevrulobaTa ubralo produqti, aramed adamianis
Sromis Sedegi da rezultati, romelic momavali TaobebisaTvis qmnis arsebobis axal pirobebs.
vidalis Sromebisa da sxva sociogeografiis frangi warmoadgenlebis damsaxureba iyo
germanuli geopolitikis fsevdodeterminizmis mxileba. posibilistebma aCvenes, rom
geopolitikosebi xSirad ageben dasabuTebebs da mtkicebebs post factum (es aris dasabuTeba
mocemuli politikur-socialuri movlenis istoriuli arsebobidan TiTqosda masze
pasuxismgebeli geografiul pirobebze, rom TiTqos am istoriuli faqtis arsebobaze
pasuxismgebelia mocemuli geografiuli garemo), da faqtis sawinaaRmdegod. gamartivebuli
geografiuli determinizmis kritikis ZiriTadi wesi da xerxi mudam iyo imis axsna, Tu rogoraa
rom erTnair geografiul pirobebSi viTardebian sruliad sxva donisa da tipis sazogadoebani
da kulturebi. erTi da igive garemo aZlevs sxvadasxva ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs adamianebs,
romlebmac ician an ar ician, Tu rogor gamoiyenon misi resursebi. am resursTa Rirebuleba _
fasi damokidebulia ara imdenad maT bunebriv Tvisebebze, ramdenadac ekonomikisa da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis xasiaTze. maSinac ki, rodesac TiTqos cxadia damokidebuleba
geografiul pirobebsa da kvebis xasiaTs Soris martivad organizebul sazogadoebebSi,
romlebic mraval nedl-gadamuSavebul produqts iyeneben, sinamdvileSi es damokidebulebani
rTulia, gaSulebulia da aqvT mxolod da mxolod logikuri mniSvneloba. sakvebis mopoveba _
sazogadoebrivi procesia, da kvebis socialuri aspeqtebi, wes-Cveulebebis, rwmenebi, efeqturi
an piriqiT, mouxerxebeli gamoyeneba sakvebi produqtebisa, TamaSoben pirvelxarisxovan rols.
adamianisTvis yovalgvari bunebrivi masala warmoadgens ara ubralo `bunebrivi dovlaTis,
aramed sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebisa da moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad.
posibilizmis susti mxare amerikul environmentalizmTan SedarebiT (principTa siuxeSe,
romelsac igi akritikebda) iyo SesaZleblobaTa_ albaTobaTa raodenobrivi Sefasebebis
ugulebelyofa, SesaZleblobebi albaTobebis, romlebic axasiaTebT gansazRvruli kulturuli
an ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis geografiuli faqtorebis danawilebasTan kavSirs. am azriT
Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli sociogeografiis meTodebi mis gamoyenebiT da raodenobriv
dargebSi ufro axlosaa environmentalizmTan, vidre posibilizmTan.
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi geografiuli mimarTulebis problematika mravalmxriv araa
amowuruli. swored dRes rodesac uzomod gaizarda adamianis zemoqmedeba bunebaze, ufro
metad vlindeba misi mniSvneloba adamianisTvis Ramis saqmianobasTan gamuwyveteli kavSiri.
cxadi xdeba, rom bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedeba mxolod maSin SeiZeba iyos warmatebuli,
rodesac igi emorCileba mis kanonebs da iTvaliswinebs mTelis ZiriTad kavSirebs, sxvagvarad
negatiuri Sedegebi imoqmdeben TviT adamianze, rogorc bunebis nawili, SeiniSneba memkvidreoba
geografiul mimarTulebasa da Tanamedrove `adamianur ekologias~ Soris, romelic swavlobs
adamianisa da misi garemomcveli garemos (farTo azriT) urTierTkavSirebs, kerZod adamianTa
da socialur organizaciaTa sivrcobriv-vrcel urTierTobebs