-
makroekonomikis kaTedra
Sromis
ekonomika
Tbilisi 2016
-
2
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
axelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis makroekonomikis
kaTedraze.
calkeuli Tavebi damuSavebulia Semdegi avtorebis mier:
profesori m. tuxaSvili (Sesavali, Tavi-1, Tavi-7);
asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe (Tavi-4, Tavi-5, Tavi-6, Tavi-10, Tavi-11);
ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe (Tavi-3, Tavi-4);
ekonomikis doqtori m. Toria (Tavi-4, Tavi-6, Tavi-11);
ekonomikis doqtori m. Selia (Tavi-2, Tavi-9, Tavi-10);
ekonomikis doqtori c. anTaZe (Tavi-8).
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, aseve Sromis ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli
mkiTxvelisaTvis.
redaqtorebi: asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe
recenzenti: ekonomikis doqtori n. WeliZe
-
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali
4
I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
sisitemaSi
5
II. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali
11
III. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi
22
IV. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba
39
V. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura
57
VI. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze
76
VII. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da
investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi
85
VIII. socialuri politika da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi
93
IX. Sromis organizacia
123
X. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia
138
XI. Sromis mwarmoebluroba 154
-
4
Sesavali
`Sromis ekonomika~ msoflios elitur universitetebSi kurikulumebis
mniSvnelovani kursia. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi Sinaarsi icvleba
da ixveweba. win mimavali qveynebi cdiloben, TavianT ekonomikur da socialur
sistemebs moargon is zogadi kanonzomierebebi da principebi, rac Sromis ekono-
mikis SinaarsiTaa gansazRvruli. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis
ekonomikuri segmentisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor Sesabamisoba-
Sia igi TanamedroveobasTan, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amJamad da Tvalsawier moma-
valSi maRali kvalifikaciis ekonomistebze aqaur da saerTaSoriso Sromis baz-
rebze moTxovnas. amitom kursis amocanaa studentTaTvis Sromis ekonomikis
problemaTa farTo speqtridan imis logikuri miwodeba, rac asaTviseblad gamo-
yofili drois farglebSi maT Camouyalibebs im sistemur codnas da Cvevebs, rac
momavali specialistisTvis ara marto xvalindeli, aramed uwyveti ganaTlebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze mTeli misi SromiTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi profesiuli
moRvaweobisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba.
`Sromis ekonomikis~ damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisaTvis am kursis
dawera yamiri araa. bazarma ucbad aiTvisa Sromis ekonomikis kaTedris TanamSro-
melTa mier gamocemuli damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebi (2006-2009ww.) (red. n. la-
cabiZe, m. tuxaSvili), agreTve, prof. n. paiWaZis saxelmZRvanelo - `Sromis eko-
nomika~. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saqarTveloSi Sromis ekonomikis
sferos codniT studentTa momzadebasa da praqtikos muSakTa kvalifikaciis
amaRlebaSi.
winamdebare damxmare saxelmZrvanelo Tavisi SinaarsiT Seesabameba im CarCo
programas, romelic damtkicebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis
studentTaTvis. silabusi iTvaliswinebs rogorc msoflios cnobil universite-
tebSi moqmedi silabusebis ZiriTad Sinaars, ise saqarTveloSi Sromis procesis
specifikas.
kursSi gadmocemuli sakiTxebi zogad ekonomikur Teoriul aspeqtSi stu-
dentebs naswavli aqvT `ekonomikis principebis~ kursSi. aq, cxadia, igi meTodo-
logiurad Rrmavdeba, logikurad integrirebul saxes iRebs da adamianis Sromi-
Ti cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs aerTianebs.
damxmare saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas avtorebi farTod sargeblobdnen
mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli profesorebis r. erenbergisa da r. smitis, g. bor-
jas, p. qausisa da a. cilberbergis saxelmZRvaneloebiT, agreTve, postsabWoTa
sivrcis qveynebSi sabazro urTierTobebze gardamavali periodis Taviseburebebis
amsaxveli saxelmZRvanelo literaturiT. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad
intensiurad iTargmneba da male gamova r. erenbergisa da r. smitis cnobili
saxelmZRvanelos bolo varianti.
bunebrivia, avtorebi didi madlierebiT miiReben am kursis momavali srul-
yofisaTvis gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.
-
5
Tema I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
Sroma aris adamianis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba materialuri dovlaTis, momsa-
xurebis an sulieri faseulobebis Sesaqmnelad. adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan nawils uSualod SromiT procesSi an misTvis mzadebaSi atarebs.
SromiTi procesis Sedegia, agreTve, is materialuri da momsaxurebiTi sikeTe,
riTac igi sapensio asakSi Sromis unaris daqveiTebis dros sargeblobs.
Sroma warmoebis mTavari faqtoria. mis gareSe materialur - momsaxurebiTi
da sulieri sikeTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac dro gadis, Sromis procesi ufro
mravalmxrivi, rTuli xdeba. Sromis garTuleba obieqturi procesia.
Sromis procesSi iqmneba ara marto adamianisaTvis Semdgom mosaxmari sike-
Te, aramed xdeba adamianisa da mis garemomcvel samyarosTan urTierToba. mimdina-
reobs momuSavis organizmis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri
procesebi, fsiqonervuli energiis xarjva. adamiani Tavisi urTulesi pirovnuli
sistemiTaa Cabmuli Sromis procesSi.
kacobrioba rac ufro viTardeba da SromiTi procesi rTuldeba, miT ufro
rTuli xdeba damokidebuleba fsiqofiziologiuri energiis xarjvasa da Sromis
Sedegs Soris. amJamad es Sedegi dakavSirebulia adamianis, am rTuli fenomenis
moqmedebis mraval aspeqtTan.
Sesabamisad, Sromis procesis Seswavla erTi dargis mecnierebaSi veRar
eteva. igi mecnierebis ramdenime dargis sagania. mTlianad ki iqmneba mecniereba
Sromis Sesaxeb, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba SromaTmcodneoba daerqvas. misi
konkretuli, ekonomikuri aspeqtiT integrirebuli nawilia Sromis ekonomika.
igi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemas ganekuTvneba da, cxadia, misi saganic eko-
nomikuri xasiaTisaa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani segmentia. Sromis
ekonomika Seiswavlis Sromis procesSi warmoqmnil socialur-SromiT urTirTo-
bebs. Tumca sakmaod Rrmadaa SeWrili masSi Sromis procesis araekonomikuri as-
peqtebic da, Sesabamisad, adamianTan da Sromis procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva
mecnierebebic, rogoricaa sociologia, fsiqologia, fiziologia, medicina, de-
mografia, maTematika, statistika da a.S. agreTve, maTgan warmoebuli Sromis so-
ciologia, Sromis fsiqologia, Sromis fiziologia, Sromis dacva, mosaxleobis
ekonomika, ekonometrika, Sromis statistika, Sromis samarTali da a.S. es mecnie-
rebaTa diferenciaciaintegraciis uwyveti procesis gamoxatulebaa.
bevri mecnieri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi socialuri faqtoris win wamowevas
miawers bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebs. amitoma-
caa, rom Sromis ekonomikis samecniero literaturasa da qrestomaTiul naS-
romebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba socialur aspeqtebs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebuli adgili ukavia sabazro urTierTobebs.
sxvadasxva saxis bazarTa Soris Sromis bazari erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mra-
valmxrivia. igi ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa farTo wres moicavs.
magram aq umTavresia SromiTi urTierTobani, romelic mraval problemas aerTia-
nebs. Sromis bazari sul ufro mravalmxrivi xdeba da misi Seswavlac met siR-
rmes Txoulobs. amitomac Sromis bazari `Sromis ekonomikis~ kursis arsebiTi,
mTavari nawilia, Tumca, cxadia, amiT ar amoiwureba mTeli kursi.
-
6
saukuneze metia, rac Camoyalibda `Sromis ekonomika~ rogorc mecniereba. am
xnis ganmavlobaSi man bevri cvlileba ganicada. is viTardeboda sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis winsvlasTan erTad. TviT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac bevrad icvleboda
Sromis procesis srulyofis kvalobaze.
am cvlilebaTagan unda gamoiyos Sromis procesis inteleqtualizacia, go-
nebrivi Sromis wilis mateba fizikur SromasTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi SromisaT-
vis momzadeba adamianTa cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda rogorc
winaswari Sromis procesamdeli zogadsaganmanaTleblo da profesiuli swavlis,
ise Sromis procesis dros misi permanentuli gadamzadebis saxiT. cxadia, swav-
la, romelic Tavis mxriv urTules process warmoadgens, udides finansur dana-
xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swavlis procesSi xdeba misi dagroveba adamianur ka-
pitalad. igi uSualod rTuli Sromis ganxorcielebis procesis winapiroba gax-
da da organulad daukavSirda mas. bunebrivia, aman `Sromis ekonomikis~ saganSic
hpova asaxva.
Tanamedrove Sromis procesi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro da ufro izrde-
ba Sromis saSualebebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi, amiTaa, rom Sromis Sedegis
yovel erTeulze miiRweva adamianis kunTuri energiis minimizacia.
rogorc aRiniSna, bolo erTi saukunis manZilze sul ufro meti mniSvne-
loba SeiZina Sromis socialurma aspeqtebma. cnobili mecnieri
s. leviti mas meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres faq-
torad miiCnevs. Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze udides zegavlenas axdens muSis Sro-
misadmi ganwyoba, koleqtivSi misi adaptaciis xarisxi, janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi
damokidebuleba, sazogadoebaSi SromiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis socialuri
mxare, Sromis stimulTa sistema, samarTlianoba da socialuri garantiebi. xdeba
Sromis humanizacia. es aspeqti Sromis ekonomikis kursSi aqcentirebuli iqneba.
Sromis Sedegebis miRwevaSi sul ufro matulobs personalis marTvis mniS-
vneloba. adre igi ifargleboda daqiravebis sistemis srulyofiT. 1990-iani
wlebidan ki yuradReba gaZlierda iseTi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoricaa Sromis dac-
vis srul- yofili sistemis formireba, ojaxis evolucia, genderi, ekologia,
socialuri dazRveva, metad gaizarda kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mniSvneloba.
TandaTan cvlilebas ganicdis profkavSirebis roli. igi ufro metad ereva
personalis ganviTa- rebasa da socialuri mxardaWeris formirebaSi. paralelu-
rad iqmneba damqiravebelTa gaerTiane bebic. aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Care-
vac. es ukve urTierTobaTa axal sistemas ayalibebs da Seswavlas saWiroebs.
principul cvlilebas ganicdis damokidebuleba warmoebis muSakisadmi. maTi
xelfasi aRar ganixileba yovelTvis ise, rogorc warmoebis danaxarjebSi xelfa-
sis SemcirebiT mogebis zrdis gza. aqciaTa SeZeniT isini Tanamepatroneebi xdebi-
an da dainteresebulni arian mogebis zrdiT. es aZlierebs maT motivacias ufro
SemoqmedebiTi Sromisaken.
Sromis ekonomikiT Sesaswavl sakiTxTa struqturuli ierarqia Taviseburad
damokidebulia im specifikaze da problemebzec, romlebic romelime konkretul
qveyanaSi iqmneba misi ganviTarebis donisa da specifikis gamo. kursis Seswavli-
sas saWiro xdeba aqcentireba im sakiTxebze, romelic mocemuli qveynisaTvis
problematuria da momavalSic mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos. aranaklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs axlo da Soreul perspeqtivSi mosalodneli problemebis gan-
sazRvras da kursis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebas.
-
7
am mxriv saqarTvelos amJamindel ekonomikas, romelmac udidesi dartyma mi-
iRo 1990-iani wlebis yovlismomcveli kraxis gamo, Tavis ganviTarebaSi mniSvne-
lovani Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. socialur-ekonomikuri reabilitaciis proces-
Si Sromis ekonomikis problemebi yvelaze mwvave problemaTa ricxvSia. maTgan Se-
iZleba gamoiyos:
1.SromiTi potencialis daqveiTebis SeCereba, reabilitacia da zrdis
miRweva;
2.masStaburi siRaribis daZleva;
3.mosaxleobisa da SromiTi resursebis intensiuri emigraciis SeCereba da
optimizacia;
4masobrivi umuSevrobis Semcireba da dasaqmebis sistemis optimizacia;
5.Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis zrda.
6.xelfasis diferenciaciis optimizacia, qaosuri viTarebis daZleva da a. S.
aRniSnuli problemebis jerovani mogvareba dros moiTxovs da didxans iqne-
ba saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da socialur ganviTarebaSi. Seqmnili viTarebis kom-
pleqsuri Seswavla Sromis ekonomikis farglebSi Tanamedrove ekonomistis for-
mirebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
meore mxriv, TandaTan yalibdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli principebi,
normebi, romelic misaRebia progresuli socialuri ganviTarebis mqone qveynebis-
Tvis. am mxriv, Sromis humanuri principebis dacvaze zrunavs bevri Sromis saer-
TaSoriso organizacia. masSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi bolo 90 wlis man-
Zilze, SeZlebisamebr, cdiloben Camoayalibon da daicvan Sromis procesis huma-
nuri principebis Sesabamisi normativebi. Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo li-
teraturaSi calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas metnaklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli
maTi mniSvneloba, principebi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mis safuZvelze iq-
mneba saxelmwifoebSi Sromis normatiul kanonTa sistemebi, Sromis kodeqsebi.
saqarTvelos momavals Cven vxedavT socialurad orientirebuli saxelmwi-
fos saxiT. amitom winamdebare kursi aRniSnuli orientirisaa da srulad Seesa-
bameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis funqcionirebis principebs. Tavis
mxriv, socialurad orientirebul qveyanaSi Sromis ekonomikis mniSvneloba gaz-
rdilia.
`Sromis ekonomikis~ sagnis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba momijnave konkretuli
mecnierebis dargebsa da Sesabamis saswavlo kursebs, romelTanac Sromis ekono-
mikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, esaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistema, romlis Teoriuli sa-
fuZvelia ekonomikis Teoria(ekonomikis principebi). Sromis ekonomikis kursSi
xdeba ekonomikis zogad kanonTa konkretizacia Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis
aspeqtiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis zogadi meTodikis gamoyeneba, konkretuli sakiT-
xis fundamentalur ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaTa sibrtyeSi gaazreba.
Sromis ekonomikaSi Sesaswavli procesebi aucileblad saWiroeben raodenob-
riv analizs da maTematikur-statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebas. amitomaa igi
mWidro kavSirSi ekonometrikasTan da statistikasTan, maT Soris uSualod
`Sromis statistikasTan~.
Sromis ekonomikasTan, organuladaa dakavSirebuli sociologia, konkretu-
lad ki `Sromis sociologia~. kavSiri imdenad mWidroa da uSualoa, rom zog
qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli kursi `Sromis ekonomika da sociologia~ iswavleba. mar-
-
8
Tlac, Sromis ekonomikuri Sedegic didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis SromiT-
socialuri ganviTarebis, sazogadoebaSi jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis gan-
viTarebis doneze. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis Sromis motivacias, Sromis
humanizacias da a. S.
Sromis procesi mimdinareobs garkveul samarTlebriv garemoSi. Sromis eko-
nomikasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs momuSaveTa daqiravebisa da ganTavisuflebis sa-
kanonmdeblo bazas, waxalisebas da dasjas da, saerTod, Sromis disciplinas,
Sromis procesSi warmoSobil konfliqtebis samarTlebriv regulirebas, SromiTi
davebis mowesrigebas, muSakis dacvis iuridiul normebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis
ekonomikis kurss `Sromis samarTalTan~ mWidro kavSiri aqvs.
metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis funqcionirebis ekonomikur mxares,
mis mier Tanamdebobrivi saqmianobis pirovnul aspeqtebs, Sesrulebuli samuSao-
sadmi damokidebulebis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rac personalis ekonomikaSi Seis-
wavleba.
masTan axlosaa personalis marTva(personalis menejmenti, adamianuri resur-
sebis menejmenti). misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia administraciis mier persona-
lis saqmianobis organizacia: maTi SerCeva, daqiraveba, karieruli winsvla, kvali-
fikaciis zrda, pirovnuli ganviTareba, mastimulirebeli sistemebis SerCeva da ga-
moyeneba, amisTvis danaxar- jebis swori ganawileba, xarjvis optimizacia da a. S.
Sromis ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sromis fsiqologiasTan. fsiqo-
logiis kategoriebi, rogoricaa aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba, mexsiereba, emocia
da maTi optimizacia - esaa Tanamedrove Sromis procesis efeqtianobis miRwevis,
Sromis Sedegebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli piroba. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa igi
kadrebis SerCeva-Sefasebisa, maTi swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis proces-
Si, Sromis disciplinis sistemis formirebasa da, saerTod, Sromis procesebis
marTvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan Zlier axlosaa Sromis pedagogika, mecnierebis
dargi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb. igi farTo gagebiT muSakis profesiuli
momzadebis mTel process moicavs.
rogorc aRiniSna, Sromis procesi marto warmoebis procesi araa, igi ada-
mianisa da bunebriv garemosTan urTierTobis procesicaa, roca xdeba nivTiereba-
Ta cvla, adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri funqcionireba, momuSavis energi-
is xarjva, Sromis procesSi muSaobisunarianobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa
Sesabamisad. Sromis procesis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobs an aferxebs sanita-
rul-higienuri garemo. amitom Sromis ekonomika mWidrod ukavSirdeba discipli-
nebs: `Sromis fiziologias~ da `Sromis dacvas~.
amrigad, Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis dros erT mxriv, Tavs
iyris Sromis problemaTa jgufi, meore mxriv, mis Semswavlel urTierTdakavSi-
rebul mecnierebaTa sistema, sadac Sromis ekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis as-
peqtSi integracias ukeTebs masTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa aparatis im na-
wils, romelic gansazRvravs Sromis efeqtianobas. sqematurad igi ase warmog-
vidgeba:
-
9
-
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:
1. ras Seiswavlis Sromis ekonomika? ra aris Sromis ekonomikis sagani? 2. ra aris Sromis ekonomikis Seswavlis obieqti? 3. ra ZiriTadi cvlilebebi xdeba Sromis procesSi? 4. Sromis ekonomikis ra problemebia amJamad yvelaze mwvave saqarTveloSi? 5. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri Sromis sociologiasTan; 6. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri sxvadasxva mecnierul disciplinebTan.
-
11
Tavi 2. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali
2.1. mosaxleoba da SromiTi resursebi
Sromis bazris formirebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori mosaxleobis ricxovnoba,
misi demografiuli da profesiul-kvalificiuri struqturaa.
mosaxleoba aris mocemul teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba,
romelTac aqvs TviTaRwarmoebis (TviTgamravlebis) unari. mosaxleobis
aRwarmoeba ki TaobaTa uwyveti ganaxlebis procesia. is SeiZleba iyos Sekvecili,
martivi da gafarToebuli. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosaxleobaSi dabadebaTa ricxvi
metia gardacvlilebze, adgili aqvs gafarToebul aRwarmoebas, piriqiT
SemTxvevaSi–Sekvecil aRwarmoebas, xolo im dros, roca Svilebis Taoba
ricxobrivad imdenivea, ramdenic mSobelTa raodenoba, adgili aqvs mosaxleobis
martiv aRwarmoebas.1 A
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis iseTi
maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti, an kidev,
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis neto koeficienti.
Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti (kS.j)gviCvenebs erTi qalis mier mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze dabadebuli bavSvebis saSualo raodenobas. roca kS.j >4,
iTvleba, rom Sobadobis done maRalia, xolo roca kS.j 1 - gvaqvs gafarToebuli
aRwarmoeba.
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesebis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imdenad, ramdenadac mosaxleoba aris SromiTi resursebis formirebis wyaro da Sesabamisad, misi ricxovnoba da struqtura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
warmoebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris, samuSao Zalis ricxovnobasa da
struqturaze.
termini `SromiTi resursebi~ pirvelad 1922 wels gamoiyena cnobilma mec-
nierma a. strumilinma, ris Semdegac is farTod gavrcelda msoflio ekonomikur
literaturaSi. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, rome-
lic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, ris meSveo-
biTac awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an momsaxurebas. Sromisunarianobas gan-
sazRvravs adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi.
samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT Sromisunarianoba aris saerTo, profesiuli da
specialuri.
saerTo Sromis unaris mqone adamiani asrulebs raime samuSaos Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromis unaris mqone _ gansazRvrul profesiul saqmia-
nobas eweva, xolo specialuri Sromis unaris mqone adamians samuSaos Sesruleba
1 es sakiTxebi ufro dawvrilebiT Seiswavleba saganSi `demografia~, `mosaxleobis ekonomika~.
-
12
SeuZlia specifikur sawarmoo an klimatur pirobebSi (magaliTad, miwisqveSa sa-
muSaoebze, maRalmTian raionebSi da a.S.)
Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben srul da aras-
rul anu SezRuduli Sromis unaris mqone adamianebs.
SromiTi resursebis ZiriTad nawils Sromis asakis adamianebi Seadgenen.
Sromis asaki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnairi araa. Mmisi qveda zRvari bevr
qveyanaSi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic 16 welia. rac Seexeba Sromis asakis
zeda zRvars, is bevr qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. amJamad, yvelaze metad
gavcelebuli sapensio asakia 60 weli-qalebisaTvis, 65 weli-mamakacebisaTvis.
2016 wlisaTvis yvelaze meti sapensio asaki iaponiaSia (70 weli), saqar-
TveloSi sapensio asaki qalebisaTvis-60, mamakacebisaTvis-65 welia.
Sromis asakis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis
done, sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da dasaqmebis strategiu-
li politika. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
sapensio asakad qalebisaTvis dadginda 55 weli da mamakacebisaTvis 60 weli. es
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom jer erTi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosa-
lodneli xangrZlivoba im periodSi xanmokle, 45 weli iyo, amasTan, daCqarebu-
li industrializaciis procesi kadrebis swraf cvlas moiTxovda.
`SromiTi resursebi~ Tavisi arsiT axlos dgas `samuSao ZalasTan~, rome-
lic Tanamedrove Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi asea gansazRvruli: `es
aris 16 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad
eZebs samuSaos.2 misgan gansxvavebiT SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis is nawilia,
romelic ormxrivadaa asakobrivi zRvariT Semofargluli.
2 Эренберг Р. Дж., Смит Р.С. – Совеременная экономика Труда. М., МГУ. 1996. с.34.
ix. aseve Tema-4. danarTi-1.
-
13
2.2. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura
ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis dayofa SromiTi
niSniT emyareba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis princips. kerZod, aravinaa valdebuli,
imuSaos mxolod imitom, rom janmrTelia an Sromis asakSia da aravinaa
valdebuli, gavides pansiaSi imitom, rom is sapensio asakisaa. damqiravebels ara
aqvs ufleba momuSave sapensio asakis gamo gaaTavisuflos Tu es SromiTi
kontraqtiT araa gaTvaliswinebuli.
sqematurad mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:
sqema 2.2.1. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura
institucionaluri mosaxleoba – mosaxleobis is nawilia, romelic
mudmivad cxovrobs:
- saskolo tipis pansionebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi;
- moxucTa da invalidTa saxlebSi;
- religiur dawesebulebebSi;
-sapatimroebsa da sxva gamosasworebel dawesebulebebSi.
1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis SromiTi struqturis aRricxva miesadaga sa-
erTaSoriso aRricxvis sistemas, romelic mosaxleobis arainstitucionalur
nawils orad hyofs: ekonomikurad aqtiur da ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleo-
bad.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs, e. i.
im kontingents, romelic bazars sTavazobs Tavis Sromas.
ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Sedis:
moswavleebi da studentebi;
pirebi, vinc iReben SromiT an invalidobis pensias;
-
14
diasaxlisebi, ojaxis avadmyofi wevris movliT dakavebuli pirebi;
samuSaos is maZieblebi, romelTac dakarges misi povnis imedi, Tumca mzad
arian imuSaon;
pirebi, romlebic iZulebis wesiT gadian mkurnalobis kurss;
pirebi, romlebsac arsebuli Semosavlebis gamo ar surT muSaoba.
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo done ganisazRvreba formu-
liT:
E1= E/P*100%, (2.2.1) sadac
E1 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo donea (%);
E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);
P – mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic qveynis mosaxleobis
ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones angariSoben 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi:
E2= E/P15+*100% (2.2.2), sadac
E2 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donea (%);
E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);
P15+ – 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).
2.3. SromiTi resursebis gazomva
SromiTi resursebis absoluturi ricxovnoba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
Sromis asakis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas gamoakldeba I da II jgufis umuSevari
invalidebi, aseve gamoakldeba SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar
muSaoben, daemateba momuSave mozardebi da momuSave pensionerebi.
SromiTi resursebis dinamika, garkveuli periodis manZilze xasiaTdeba Sem-
degi maCveneblebiT: SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrda, zrdis tempi da ma-
tebis tempi.
SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba gansaxil-
veli periodis dasawyissa da bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobas Soris
sxvaobiT.
T=R1- Ro (2.3.1), sadac
R1 – SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis bolos,
Ro _SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi.
meore maCvenebeli- SromiTi resursebis zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba periodis
bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi mis
raodenobasTan. e.i.
.0
1
R
RT (2.3.2)
-
15
ramdenime wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba rogorc saSualo
geometriuli. e.i.
A
(2.3.3),
sadac n– wlebis raodenobaa.
SromiTi resursebis saSualo wliuri matebis tempi ki gaiangariSeba for-
muliT:
(2.3.4)
2.4. SromiTi resursebis formireba
SromiTi resursebis Seswavlisas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi for-
mirebis anu SromiTi resursebis aRwarmoebis Seswavlas. am mizniT saWiroa, ga-
nisazRvros SromiTi resursebis struqtura da gamovlindes is faqtorebi, rom-
lebic SromiTi resursebis struqturaze moqmedeben.
SromiTi resursebis struqturas Seiswavlian sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis,
erovnebis, dasaqmebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da sxva niSniT (sqema 2.4.1).
sqema 2.4.1. SromiTi resursebis struqtura
sqesis mixedviT Seswavlisas ganisazRvreba qalebisa da mamakacebis wili Sro-
miT resursebSi. magaliTad, 2014 wels Sromis asakis mosaxleobaSi qalebis wi-
li 49% iyo, 2002w. _50 %.
asakis mixedviT gamoyofen SromiTi resursebis Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs:
a)Sromisunariani asakis, b)Sromisasakamdeli; g)Sromis asakgadacilebuli. garda
amisa, SromiTi resursebis asakobrivi struqturis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg
asakobriv jgufebs: a)16-29 weli _ axalgazrdoba; b) 30-49w. _ Sua asaki; g)
50-64 w. _ winasapensio asaki; zogjer gamoyofen 50 wels gadacilebul asakob-
riv jgufs, romelsac `mesame asakis~ mosaxleobasac uwodeben.
mocemuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis analizi saSu-
alebas iZleva, ganisazRvros axalgazrdobis wili SromiT resursebSi, Sefasdes
-
16
SromiTi resursebis daberebis procesi da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 40-64 wlis
asakobrivi jgufis wili sistematurad izrdeba, mimdinareobs SromiTi resurse-
bis dabereba, rac gaiangariSeba formuliT:
%100.6416
64-40...
W
WC sibrSr (2.4.1), sadac
CSr.r.sib. _ SromiTi resursebis siberis koeficienti;
W40-64 _ 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci);
W16-64 _ 16-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci).
SromiTi resursebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebaze did
gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi. kerZod, Sobadoba,
mokvdaoba, asakobrivi struqtura da migracia.
roca qveyanaSi Sobadobis done maRalia, SromiT resursebSi izrdeba axal-
gazrdobis wilic, Tumca es ar xdeba mosaxleobis zrdis paralelurad, es pro-
cesi SromiT resursebze garkveuli drois Semdeg aisaxeba. xangrZlivi periodis
manZilze Sobadobis maRali done zrdis Sromis asakSi myof mosaxleobas, rome-
lic am procesis gamo axalgazrdulia, rac gaiTvaliswineba kidec dasaqmebis po-
litikis gansazRvrisas.
mokvdaoba maSin axdens gavlenas SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaze, Tuki is
maRalia Sua asakobriv jgufebSi. sapensio asakis mosaxleobaSi mokvdaobis zrda
gavlenas ar axdens SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis cvlilebaze, xolo Cvil
bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli amcirebs mosaxleobis sicocxlianobis
maCvenebels (Kdabadebuli/Kgardacvlili) da garkveuli periodis Semdeg amcirebs
Sromis asakis mosaxleobis raodenobas.
arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura xSirad gansazRvravs SromiT resursebSi
dasaqmebulTa wilsac. kerZod, cnobilia, rom 25 wlamde axalgazrdoba, faqtob-
rivad, swavliTaa dakavebuli da ver erTveba SromiT procesSi, rac amcirebs am
kontingentis wils dasaqmebul mosaxleobaSi. cnobilia isic, rom yvelaze maRa-
li mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCeva 30-45 wlis asakobrivi jgufi. amitom misi ma-
Rali wili SromiT resursebSi, efeqtiani dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi, maRali Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis sawindaria.
SromiTi resursebis raodenobis cvlilebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
migraciac.
migracia aris ama Tu im teritoriis farglebs gareT adamianTa (migrantTa)
gadaadgileba, romelsac Tan sdevs sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla samudamod an
met-naklebad xangrZlivi droiT.
migraciis identifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: manZili (sazRvris
gadakveTa), dro da mizezebi.
drois kriteriumi dakavSirebulia migrantis adgilze CasvlasTan da igi
SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan mraval wlamde, an individis mTel
darCenil sicocxlemde. amitom dgeba sakiTxi, gadaadgilebuli piri migrantad
rom CaiTvalos, ra dro unda imyofebodes sxva adgilze. drois SedarebiT mcire
xangrZlivobis mixedviT gamoyofen agreTve sezonur migracias da qanqarisebur
migracias.
-
17
sezonuri migracia dakavSirebulia samuSao Zalis sezonur moTxovna-
miwodebasTan.
qanqarisebur migracias miekuTvneba mosaxleobis perioduli gadaadgileba
(yoveldRiuri an yovelkvireuli gadaadgileba) samuSaod an saswavleblad erTi
dasaxlebuli punqtidan meoreSi. igi ufro didi qalaqebis gareubnebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
migraciis identifikaciis kriteriumia, agreTve, misi mizezebi. miRebulia,
rom migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebia samuSaos Zebna, socialuri, ekonomikuri da
profesiuli mobilobis moTxovna, ojaxis Seqmna, sabinao pirobebis Secvla (binis
yidva, memkvidreobiT miReba an dabali saarendo gadasaxadi); cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobeseba (klimati, garemo, transporti, momsaxureba da a.S); politikuri
arastabiluroba, eTnokonfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi, samxedro okupacia, da a.S.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofa saerTaSoriso iZulebiTi migracia
(ltolvilebi).
migrantTa saerTo ricxovnobas, romelic garkveul droSi (TveSi,
weliwadSi) gadadis sacxovreblad erTidan meore dasaxlebul punqtSi_ ewodeba
migraciuli nakadi.
mocemuli dasaxlebuli punqtidan (qveynidan) wasulTa da Camosul nakadTa
sxvaobas ewodeba `migraciis saldo~an `migraciuli zrda~an `wminda migracia~;
xolo jams_`saerTo~ an `mTliani~ migracia.
gansakuTrebuli kriteriumebia gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso migraciis
identifikaciisas. maT Soris, ZiriTad kriteriums `moqalaqeoba~ warmoadgens,
aseve, dabadebis adgili, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba da Camosvlis mizani. e.i. Tu
migrantis gadaadgileba xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTiT, es ukve gare
(saerTaSoriso) migraciaa.
rogorc wesi, migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakobriv jgu-
febs moicavs. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca emigracia masStaburia, bunebrivia,
SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, proporciulad mcirde-
ba da SromiTi resursebic berdeba. da piriqiT, Tu imigraciuli procesebi War-
bobs, maSin igive pirobiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba da
SromiTi resursebis gaaxalgazrdavebac mimdinareobs.
SromiTi resursebis formirebisas metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rogo-
ria maTi ganaTlebis done. amis mixedviT SromiT resursebs Seiswavlian Semdegi
niSnebiT: dawyebiTi, zogadi saSualo, saSualo-profesiuli, saSualo-teqnikuri,
arasruli umaRlesi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone. garda amisa, gansazRvraven
rogoria swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba erT kacze da rogoria umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis mqoneTa wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.
UaRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migracia xasiaTdeba e.w.
`tvinebis gadinebis~ tendenciiT, e.i. migrantTa Soris ganaTlebis maRali donisa
da kvalifikaciis pirTa wilis zrdiT; amJamad mimdinareobs maRalkvali-
ficirebuli specialistebis daubrunebeli migracia (mecnierebi, inJinrebi, eqimebi
da a.S.), amas emateba potenciur specialistTa (studentebis, doqtorantebis,
staJiorebis) migraciac, romelTa mimarT tardeba maTi mizidvis mizanmimarTuli
politika ganviTarebuli qveynebis da, gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s mier. bolo 30
weliwadSi ganviTarebadma qveynebma `tvinebis gadinebiT” 60 miliard dolarze
meti dakarges. socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg dasavleTs `tvinebiT”
-
18
aqtiurad amaragebs yofili socialisturi qveynebi. bunebrivia, es uaryofiTad
aisaxeba migrantTa gamgzavni qveynebis SromiTi resursebis profesiul-
kvalificiur struqturaze.
2.5. SromiTi resursebis ganawileba
SromiTi resursebis ganawileba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. yvelaze detalurad
igi Seiswavleba saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. kerZod, romel seqtorSi (saxel-
mwifo Tu kerZo), ekonomikis romel dargSi ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis
mqone adamianTa ra nawilia dasaqmebuli; maT Soris, ramdenia fizikuri da ramde-
ni gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli, rogori samuSao reJimiT muSaoben isini da a.S.
calkeuli seqtorebis Tu dargebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis Tanafar-
doba xSirad damokidebulia ekonomikis struqturaze, Sromis bazarze arsebul
mdgomareobasa da mTel rig sxva faqtorebze. zogjer SromiTi resursebis gana-
wilebas swavloben sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis, calkeuli teritoriebis mi-
xedviT. am ukanasknels _ SromiTi resursebis regionul ganawilebas ganapiro-
bebs regionebSi warmoebis ganviTarebis done, misi struqturuli Taviseburebani
da ekonomikuri koniunqtura.
SromiTi resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis sakiTxis Seswavla saSua-
lebas iZleva, sworad daigegmos misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba; gaangariSdes SromiTi
resursebis prognozuli raodenoba, rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani per-
speqtivisaTvis. amisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesis swor ana-
lizs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros: a) ra profesiisa
da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalazea moTxovna calkeul dargebsa Tu sawarmoebSi
da ra raodenobiT iqneba is saWiro momavalSi; b)sad da rogor moxdes SromiTi
resursebis saWiro raodenobis moZieba da g) ra ekonomikuri programebi unda
ganxorcieldes saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad.
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelobaze swor
warmodgenas iZleva SromiTi potenciali.
2.6. SromiTi potenciali
SromiTi potenciali adamianuri potencialis nawilia, romelic formirdeba
misi bunebrivi monacemebis (niWis), ganaTlebis, aRzrdis da cxovrebiseuli ga-
mocdilebis safuZvelze. igi mosaxleobis warmoebaSi Cabmis zRvruli sididea mi-
si fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebis, profesiuli codnisa da SeZenili Cveve-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SromiTi potenciali Tavisi arsiT axlosaa cnebasTan `adamianuri resurse-
bi~. am ukanasknels xSirad iyeneben dasavlur ekonomikur litereturaSi. amave
dros is ufro farTo Sinaarsisaa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali.
kerZod, Tu samuSao Zala xasiaTdeba niSnebiT_janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesi-
onalizmi, adamianuri kapitali ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs bunebrivi SesaZ-
leblobebsac (niWi da mobiloba).
SromiTi potenciali zemoT CamoTvlil niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba iseTi
niSniTac, rogoricaa TviTrealizaciis unari. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gu-
lisxmobs aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTo-
-
19
bis unars da a.S. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur
kapitals Soris Semdegnairad gamoixateba (ix. sqema 2.6.1):
sqema 2.6.1.
Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris
aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianuri kapitalis sidide ganisazRvreba im fuladi
saxsrebiT, romelic gamoiyofa adamianis Sromis unaris Seqmnasa da realizacia-
ze, e.i. is aris fuladi saxsrebi, romelic ixarjeba adamianis janmrTelobaze,
ganaTlebaze, bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebaze.
SromiTi potenciali Seiswavleba sam doneze:
1)calkeuli momuSavis; 2)sawarmos, firmis; 3)sazogadoebis.
calkeuli adamianis, momuSavis SromiTi potencialis daxasiaTebisas, upir-
veles yovlisa, unda Sefasdes misi janmrTelobis done. es xdeba Sromisunaria-
nobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvriT. rac Seexeba momuSavis ganaTlebis dones, igi
Sefasdeba skolasa Tu sxva saswavleblebSi swavlis xangrZlivobiT an
swavlebaze finansuri danaxarjebiT. xolo profesionalizmis Sefasebisas gasaT-
valiswinebelia kvalifikaciis done.
adamianis TviTrealizaciis unaris SefasebisaTvis, Seiswavleba misi xasia-
Ti, ramdenad mowesrigebuli, iniciativiani da SemoqmedebiTia igi, rogori urTi-
erToba aqvs garSemo myofebTan, rogoria misi zneobrivi kriteriumebi da, bo-
los, ramden xans aris is mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli.
adamianis SromiTi potenciali mudmivad icvleba. SeiZleba igi gaizardos
ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad an SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi janmrTe-
loba gauaresda an SromiTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebi aqvs.
sawarmos SromiTi potencialis gansazRvrisas janmrTelobis done Sefasdeba
samuSao drois im danakargebiT, romelic sawarmos personalis avadmyofobis an
sawarmoo travmis gamo dagrovda. SeiZleba ganisazRvros im xarjis raodenobi-
Tac, romelic warmoebaSi momuSaveTa jandacvas moxmarda. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis
dones, is fasdeba sawarmos mier momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze gaweuli
xarjiT, sawarmoo personalSi saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa
wiliT. xolo sawarmoo koleqtivis profesionalizmi fasdeba produqciis xaris-
xiT, wuniT gamowveuli danakargebis sididiT. TviTrealizaciis unarze ki miuTi-
Tebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa gamogonebaTa da racionalur winadadebaTa
raodenoba, axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebis sixSire, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT
miRebuli zarali.
-
20
sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebasa da sazogadoebis inteleqtualur doneze. janmrTelobis donis mixedviT
is fasdeba iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mo-
salodneli xangrZlivoba, qveynis biujetidan jandacvaze gaweuli saxsrebis rao-
denoba, mokvdaobis asakobrivi maCveneblebi; ganaTlebis done – ganaTlebaze gawe-
uli xarjebis wiliT saxelmwifo biujetSi da swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT.
profesionalizmi SeiZleba SevafasoT eqsportiT miRebuli SemosavlebiTa
da avariiT gamowveuli zaraliT. sazogadoebis TviTrealizaciis unari _ paten-
tTa da saerTaSoriso premiebis raodenobiT saSualod erT mcxovrebze, mecnie-
rul-teqnikuri progresis tempiT, kanonmdeblobis xarisxiT, gzebisa da tran-
sportis xarisxiT, dasaqmebis doniT da samuSao drois efeqtiani gamoyenebiT.
raodenobrivad SromiTi potenciali izomeba kac/sT-Si. iTvleba, rom es maC-
venebeli kargad asaxavs SromiTi potencialis cvlilebas droSi da saSualebas
iZleva, misi gaangariSebisas is adamianebic ki moicvas, visac mTeli wlis manZil-
ze erTi saaTi mainc aqvT namuSevari.
sawarmoSi SromiTi potencialis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT:
,cTDZФ (2.6.1), sadac
Z _ momuSaveTa raodenobaa (kaci);
DD _ samuSao dReebis ricxvi (dRe); Tc _ samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba (sT).
sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali gaiangariSeba ase:
,1
TZФm
i
i
(2.6.2) sadac
Zi _ erovnul ekonomikaSi monawileobis SemZle mosaxleobis ricxvia calkeuli
i-uri jgufebis mixedviT (kaci);
T _ kanoniT dadgenili samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba TiToeuli i-uri jgufisaTvis
kalendarul droSi (sT).
-
21
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:
1. ganmarteT cnebebi: mosaxleoba, mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba, migracia.
2. Mmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ra saxeebia cnobili?
3. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan terminebi: samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursebi, SromiTi potenciali da adamianuri kapitali?
4. ra kategoriebad iyofa mosaxleoba ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT?
5. ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba SromiTi resursebi?
6. ra niSnebiT gansazRvraven SromiTi resursebis struqturas da ra faqtorebi moqmedeben masze?
7. ra niSniT nawildeba SromiTi resursebi da ra gansazRvravs mis ganawilebas?
8. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan adamianis, sawarmos (firmis) da sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali?
9. daaxasiaTeT SromiTi potenciali raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.
-
22
Tavi 3. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi
3.1 Sromis bazris arsi da elementebi
Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis
socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod aisaxeba
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli ekonomikuri,
socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi.
Sromis bazari samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis
sferoa, sadac erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian muSaobis msurvelebi da
damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi).
Sromis bazris arsis gansazRvrisas specialistebs Soris gansjis sagania
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris yidva-gayidvis obieqti Sromis bazarze_samuSao
Zala Tu Sroma. specialistebis erTi nawili eyrdnoba klasikuri politikuri
ekonomiis cnobili ingliseli warmomadgenlebis a. smitisa da d. rikardos
Sexedulebebs da Tvlis, rom Sromis bazarze iyideba Sroma. mkvlevarebis meore
nawili iziarebs aseve cnobili germaneli ekonomistis k. marqsis Teorias da mi-
iCnevs, rom Sromis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia Sromis unari_samuSao Zala.
sakiTxis naTelsayofad saWiroa gairkves, ra warmoadgens saqonels da
Sesabamisad, yidva-gayidvis obieqts bazarze_Sroma Tu samuSao Zala. aRiarebulia,
rom samuSao Zala aris pirovnebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba garkveuli unaris,
gamocdilebis, profesiis, kvalifikaciis saxiT, romlis farglebSic igi
damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebas anazRaurebis
sanacvlod. Sroma ki aris procesi, mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba gansazRvruli
saqonlis warmoebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT. amdenad, uSualod Sromis
yidva-gayidva bazarze ver ganxorcieldeba. muSaobis msurveli realurad
damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs sakuTari Sromis unaris, SesaZleblo-
bebis gamoyenebas konkretuli SromiTi procesis ganxorcielebisa-Tvis. e.i.
saubaria konkretulad Sromis unaris, funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis yidva-
gayidvaze, romelic CarTuli iqneba Sromis procesSi da anazRaurebac gaicema
rogorc gaweuli Sromis safasuri. ase, rom bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia
specifiuri saqoneli–gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis mqone funqcionirebadi
samuSao Zala. vinaidan am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba xdeba konkretuli Sromis
procesSi, savsebiT kanonzomieria bazars ewodos funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis
anu Sromis bazari.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazari upirveles yovlisa samuSao
Zalis miwodebasa da daqiravebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaa. Sromis bazari agreTve ekonomikuri
sivrcea_SromiTi mowyobis sferoa, sadac urTierTmoqmedeben samuSao Zalis
myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi. da bolos, igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis fasisa da Sromis pirobebis SeTanxmebas
damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris.
Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa da
institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis
safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas.
-
23
konkretulad, Sromis bazari mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Sromis sferos
organizaciis sabazro formaa.
Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi
Taviseburebebi:
_samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan, amitom
SeuZlebelia gacvlis saSualebiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. samuSao
Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damsaqmebeli (damqiravebeli) iZens mxolod misi
Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas gansazRvrul periodsa da pirobebSi,
garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;
_samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis mqone
saqonlis gacvlisagan. gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi, roca
samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damsaqmebelze, Semdeg samuSao Zalis
gamoyeneba xdeba warmoebis procesSi_momuSavis uSualo monawileobiT iqmneba
saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev mimoqcevis sferoSi_miRebuli
xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo saSualebebs;
_institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi, profesiuli
kavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs Tavisebur
urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod, Sromis bazarze
miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris;
_Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad aspeqtebs
(Sromis Sinaarsi da pirobebi, samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi,
samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.);
_iseve rogorc nebismier bazarze, Sromis bazarzec realizebuli saqonlis
raodenoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis done) da misi fasi (xelfasi)
ganisazRvreba moTxovna-miwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, Tumca samuSao
Zalaze moTxovna specifikuria, radgan igi e.w. warmoebuli moTxovnaa. es imas
niSnavs, rom samuSao Zala iyideba ara uSualod myidvelTa moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad, aramed saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis, romlebic
Tavis mxriv gamiznulia bazarze gasayidad. ama Tu im saxeobis (kvalifikaciis)
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, pirdapiraa damokide-buli mis mier warmoebul
produqciaze moTxovnisagan. amitom samomxmareblo da warmoebis saSualebebis
bazrebis regulirebisaken mimarTuli nebismieri RonisZieba aisaxeba dasaqmebis
donesa da dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebze.
Sromis bazris arsis srulfasovani aRqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania,
erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos Sromis bazris farTo da viwro gageba.
farTo gagebiT Sromis bazari moicavs ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas
mTlianad da misi arsi ar daiyvaneba `umuSevrebi-vakansiebi~ Tanafardobaze.
drois garkveul monakveTSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli SeiZleba ar iyos dakavebuli
axali momuSaveebis aqtiuri ZiebiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa didi nawili ar
apirebdes samuSao adgilis Secvlas. amis miuxedavad, isini imyofebian sabazro
konkurenciis pirobebSi da am TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc
aqtiurad monawileobs samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesSi. ase, rom Sromis
bazari farTo gagebiT moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs,3 romlebic
3ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT iqneba
ganxiluli me-4 TavSi.
-
24
ayalibeben samuSao Zalis erTobliv miwodebas da erTobliv moTxovnas. samuSao
Zalis erToblivi miwodebiT da erToblivi moTxovniT ganisazRvreba Sromis
bazris tevadoba. ekonomikis funqcionirebis yovel mocemul momentSi-dasaqmebis garkveuli
donis pirobebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili
dakmayofilebulia samuSao adgilebiT, xolo meore nawili aqtiurad eZebs mas.
swored es ukanaskneli ayalibebs mimdinare Sromis bazars anu Sromis bazars
viwro gagebiT.
mimdinare Sromis bazari Tavis mxriv moicavs Ria da farul Sromis bazrebs.
Ria Sromis bazarze warmodgenilia erTi mxriv, ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc eZebs samuSaos, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikis
yvela seqtorSi arsebuli vakanturi samuSao adgilebi. faruli Sromis bazari
aerTianebs formalurad dasaqmebul pirebs, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis an
struqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi gaTavisufldebian.
Sromis bazars rogorc sabazro ekonomikis organul Semadgenel nawils, aqvs
rTuli struqtura da funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze.
Tanamedrove, civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebisa da funqcionirebisaTvis
aucilebelia mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba. saxeldobr, misi Semadgeneli
elementebia:
Sromis bazris subieqtebi;'
Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri programebi,
gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi;
Sromis bazris koniunqtura;
Sromis bazris infrastruqtura;
socialuri dacvis sistema.
Sromis bazris subieqtebia: damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi), romlebic
SeiZleba warmodgenilni iqnen saxelmwifo organizaciebis, saaqcio sazogado-
ebebis, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebis, kooperativebis da a.S.
saxiT; dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli momuSaveebi), visTvisac xelfasi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaroa. aseve dasaqmebulTa is kategoria, romlebsac aqvT samuSao,
magram emuqrebaT misi aSkara dakargvis safrTxe an eZeben axal samuSao adgils
damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad; umuSevrebi, romlebsac ar aqvT samuSao da
aqtiurad eZeben mas (isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc umuSevris statusis mqone
moqalaqeebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic pirvelad gamodian Sromis bazarze an
garkveuli Sesvenebis Semdeg surT aqtiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabma);
saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis centraluri da
adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs socialur-ekonomikur,
sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs. saxeldobr, astimulirebs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ekonomikis ama Tu im seqtorSi, SeimuSavebs ZiriTad
iuridiul normebs da wesebs, aregulirebs Sromis bazars arapirdapiri
meTodebiT, icavs misi yvela subieqtis interesebs da a.S.
Sromis bazris normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi, wesebi, normebi, romlebic daaregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs
Soris urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, Seqmnian momuSaveTa
Sromis unaris realizaciisaTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, xels Seuwyoben
xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis
-
25
gatarebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, iuridiul normebisa da wesebis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis programebis SemuSavebaSi socialuri
partniorobis sistemis farglebSi monawileoben saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa
warmomadgenlebi (umTavresad profesiuli kavSirebis saxiT) da damsaqmeblebi
(mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi).
Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da
miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis
bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT_roca
Sromis bazarze moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas; samuSao Zalis
siWarbiT_roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs moTxovnas da
wonasworobiT_rodesac samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwi-
fo, ise arasaxelmwifo), proforientaciis, kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da
gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da
fondebis, firmebis sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs
Sromis bazris normalur funqcionirebas.
socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elemen-
tia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis
gamoTavisufleba da umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals
umuSevrobis periodSi Wirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlos
SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom Sromis bazris funqcionireba
srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis), gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi
kompensaciebis, swavlis periodSi stipendiebis da a.S. gacemis gareSe.
3.2. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi
Sromis bazarze erTmaneTis pirispir wardgebian damsaqmeblebi
(damqiraveblebi) da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis is nawili, visac surs muSaoba.
damsaqmeblebsa da samuSaos maZieblebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. maTi
interesebis SeTanxmebas Sromis fasis (xelfasis) cvlilebis safuZvelze
uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: samuSao
Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba, Sromis fasi da konkurencia.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna mTlianad qveynis masStabiT (erToblivi moTxovna)
ganisazRvreba drois mocemul momentSi produqciis (saqoneli da momsaxureba)
warmoebisaTvis saWiro momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT. raodenobrivad igi dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamis tolia. samuSao Zalaze mimdinare
moTxovna ki ganisazRvreba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad saWiro
momuSaveebis raodenobiT.
samuSao Zalis miwodeba gamoixateba ukve dasaqmebuli Sromisunariani
mosaxleobisa da mosaxleobis im nawilis erTobliobiT, visac surs da SeuZlia
muSaoba garkveuli droisa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis mimdinare
miwodeba raodenobrivad moicavs im pirTa erTobliobas, vinc SromiTi
mowyobisaTvis mimarTavs dasaqmebis samsaxurebs an uSualod organizaciebs.
Sromis fasi (xelfasi) bazarze warmodgenilia xelfasis ganakveTis saxiT.
misi sidide, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mocemul momentSi garkveuli
-
26
profesiis da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis
Tanafardobaze.
Sromis bazris funqcionireba SesaZlebelia srulyofili (Tavisufali)
konkurenciis, monofsoniis, oligofsoniis, profkavSirebis zemoqmedebis da
ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi.
srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia konkretuli kvalifikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis daqiravebis msurveli
firmebisa da aseve erTnairi kvalifikaciis mqone potenciuri momuSaveebis didi
raodenobiT arseboba. damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da samuSaos maZieblebi
moqmedeben damoukideblad, SeuTanxmeblad-xelfasis ganakveTis gansazRvraSi.
monofsoniad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi situacia, roca dargSi garkveuli kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. mocemuli specialobis
da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebs ar SeuZliaT sxva samuSao adgilze muSaoba
(profesiis Seucvlelad), xelfasis ganakveTs karnaxobs damqiravebeli firma da
dargSi ar funqcionirebs profkavSirebi. amrigad, monofsoniaSi igulisxmeba
iseTi sabazro situacia, roca erTi myidvelis (damqiravebeli) pirispir dgas
gamyidvelTa (potenciuri momuSaveebi) didi raodenoba. Sromis bazarze, rogorc
wesi, monofsoniuri pirobebi iqmneba mcire qalaqebSi an iseT regionebSi, sadac
praqtikulad momuSaveTa ZiriTadi masis damqiravebeli erTaderTi firma
funqcionirebs. Tu bazarze damsaqmeblis (damqiraveblis) saxiT gamodis ramdenime
firma, saqme exeba oligofsonias. profkavSirebis zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze gamoixateba momuSaveTa
interesebis dacvaSi. maTi saqmianobis mTavari mizania samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis
gadideba da xelfasebis zrda.
ormxrivi monopolia damaxasiaTebelia monofsoniuri Sromis bazrisaTvis,
roca masze zemoqmedebs Zlieri dargobrivi profkavSirebi. monofsonisti firma
cdilobs daawesos wonasworulze dabali xelfasis ganakveTi, xolo
profkavSirebi piriqiT, cdiloben, xelfasi SeinarCunon wonasworulze maRal
doneze. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasis ganakveTi da dasaqmebis done uaxlovdeba
konkurentuli bazris pirobebs.
Sromis bazris funqcionireba arsebiTad damokidebulia samuSao Zalis
moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze. amitom mizanSewonilia bazris meqanizmis am
elementebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.
3.3 moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze
Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc nebismieri saqonlis an momsaxurebis bazari,
funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna
asaxavs mocemul momentSi ekonomikisaTvis saWiro garkveuli profesiis da
kvalifikaciis momuSaveebis raodenobas. momuSaveTa saWiro raodenobidan nawili
ukve dasaqmebulia, xolo meore nawilisaTvis samuSao adgilebi Tavisufalia, e.i.
raodenobrivad samuSao Zalze moTxovna dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da
arsebuli vakansiebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mrudi (D)
Sromis bazarze (nax. 3.3.1) gamoxatavs momuSaveTa ra raodenobis daqiraveba surT
damsaqmeblebs xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi.
-
27
samuSao Zalis miwodeba dasaqmebuli da muSaobis msurveli pirebis
erTobliobiT gamoixateba. miwodebis mrudi (S) ki aCvenebs, samuSao Zalis ra
raodenoba SeiZleba gavides Sromis bazarze xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis
pirobebSi.
nax. 3.3.1. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna da miwodeba Sromis bazarze
garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xelfasi SeiZleba gaizardos (W2) donemde. am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodebac (miwodebis mrudze
moZraoba) da damsaqmeblebi Seecdebian momuSaveTa naklebi raodenobis daqiravebas
(moTxovnis mrudze moZraoba). roca xelfasi miaRwevs (W2) dones, samuSao Zalis miwodeba gadaaWarbebs masze moTxovnas, warmoiSoba konkurencia samuSao
adgilebze pretendentebs Soris. bunebrivia, yvela msurveli ver miiRebs samuSao
adgils, damsaqmeblebs SesaZlebloba aqvT SesTavazon maT dabali xelfasi da
daiqiraon momuSaveebis sasurveli raodenoba. muSaobis msurvelTa nawili
miiRebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo nawili kvlav daiwyebs mis Ziebas. roca
xelfasi daiwevs wonasworul fasze dabla (W0), warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis deficiti. damsaqmeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian gazardon xelfasi damatebiTi
momuSaveebis mozidvis mizniT. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasi kvlav gaizrdeba W1 donemde da Sromis bazari aRmoCndeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.
amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac Sromis bazarze
urTierTzemoqmedebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis didi
raodenoba, xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi da dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi ricxovnoba
ganisazRvreba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
-
28
xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis sidide (W1) da misi Sesabamisi dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba (L1) Seesabameba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertils (N). Sromis bazari sakmaod dinamiuria. amitom saWiroa ganvixiloT ara marto
mosaxleobis calkeuli kategoriebisa da Sromis bazris subieqtebis ricxovneba
drois garkveuli periodisaTvis, aramed Zalze mniSvnelovania statusis mixedviT
calkeuli jgufebis gadaadgilebis (nakadebis) ganxilva. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba
warmovidginoT rogorc Sromis bazris dinamikuri modelis saxiT (ix. sqema
3.3.2).
sqema 3.3.2
mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis nakadebi Sromis bazarze
Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba damokidebulia samuSao Zalis
moTxovna-miwodebis optimalur Sesabamisobaze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis sruli
harmonizacia, erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiur
Semadgenlobasa da, meore mxriv, arsebul samuSao adgilebs Soris, faqtobrivad,
miuRwevadia. rogorc moTxovnaze, aseve samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uamravi
faqtori moqmedebs. amitom mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis ufro detalurad
ganxilva.
-
29
3.4. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi
sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Sromis
bazris arseboba, romlis pirobebSic TiToeul adamians SeuZlia Tavisi Sexedu-
lebisamebr gankargos sakuTari Sromis unari_samuSao Zala. sabazro urTierTo-
bebi uzrunvelyofs SromiTi saqmianobis aqtivizacias da radikalurad cvlis
SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas, Sromisadmi damokidebulebas,
Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da xarisxs. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, realurad mainc
arsebobs garkveuli disbalansi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris,
rac ganapirobebs sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas_ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis umuSevrobas.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba (Sromis bazris
koniunqtura) Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelic sxvadasxva
faqtorebis zegavleniT mudmivad icvleba. amitom saWiroa moTxovna-miwodebis
Sesabamisobis sistematuri Seswavla da Sefaseba. saxeldobr:
informaciis mopoveba da sistematizacia;
samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamovlena;
TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT informaciis dajgufeba da ganzogadeba;
analizis Sedegad gamovlenili Tanafardobebis da proporciebis aRwera da
kanonzomierebebis dadgena;
Sromis bazris funqcionirebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlena da sxva.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna agregirebuli maCvenebelia da masSi aisaxeba am
moTxovnis warmomSobi bevri ekonomikuri movlena da procesi. samuSao Zalis
moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorebs pirobiTad yofen makro da mikroekonomikur
faqtorebad, Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia, radgan
bevri faqtori orive doneze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba da bazris tipi samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. aRniSnuli faqtoris gavlenis axsna
TvalsaCinoa konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmis magaliTze. cxadia,
rom nebismieri firma daqiravebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mogebas moitans TiToeuli damatebiTi momuSave.
radgan mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobaa, damatebiTi momuSavis
daqiravebiT miRebuli mogeba iqneba mTlian SemosavalSi am momuSavis wvlilisa
da misive xelfasis sxvaoba. mTlian SemosavalSi momuSavis wvlilis dasadgenad
unda ganisazRvros zRvruli produqti da Sromis zRvruli produqtis
Rirebuleba. Sromis zRvrul produqtSi igulisxmeba produqciis moculobis
namati, romelic momuSaveTa raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegia,
xolo Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba miiReba Sromis zRvruli
produqtis gamravlebiT warmoebuli produqciis fasze. aRsaniSnavia erTi
Tavisebureba, romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis klebadobiT aris
gamoxatuli_rac ufro meti damatebiTi momuSave iqneba daqiravebuli, miT
naklebia yoveli damatebiTi momuSavis mier Seqmnili zRvruli produqti.
amitom, roca momuSaveTa raodenoba izrdeba, Sromis zRvruli produqti
mcirdeba. paralelurad mcirdeba Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebac da
roca igi gautoldeba konkurentuli bazris mier gansazRvrul xelfass,
firmisaTvis Semdegi momuSavis daqiraveba sazaraloa. amgvarad, Tavisufali
-
30
konkurenciis pirobebSi firma momuSaveebs daiqiravebs manamde, vidre Sromis
zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba xelfass ar gautoldeba. Sesabamisad, rac
maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT ufro meti momuSavis daqiraveba iqneba
momgebiani konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmisaTvis.
samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan, rogorc
mikro, aseve makro doneze, aRsaniSnavia warmoebis moculoba. aRiarebulia, rom
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna damokidebulia uSualod im saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze moTxovnaze, romelic iwarmoeba TviT am samuSao Zalis mier.
amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro metia moTxovna saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis bazarze, miT metia ama Tu im kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze
moTxovna.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTliani erovnuli produqtisa (mep) da mTliani
Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda warmoadgens samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdisa da,
Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis ganmapirobebel faqtors.
progresuli teqnologiebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze
arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom axali,
progresuli teqnologiebi drois garkveul periodSi amcirebs samuSao Zalaze
moTxovnas. xolo meore nawili miiCnevs, rom axali teqnologiebi ki ar amcirebs
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas, aramed cvlis dasaqmebis struqturas. ganviTarebuli
qveynebis gamocdileba meore mosazrebas ufro adasturebs. teqnologiurma
progresma am qveynebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis didi masStabebiT zrda
gamoiwvia, rasac samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis gareSe Tan axlda
dasaqmebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani zrda. garda aRniSnulisa, progresuli
teqnologiebis danergva yovelTvis ar iwvevs samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas. xSir
SemTxvevaSi xdeba dabalkvalificiuri Sromis Senacvleba mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis
ufro maRalkvalificiuri SromiT.
farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcieleba, saxeldobr,
qveynis monawileoba saerTaSoriso programebSi da proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad
cvlis samuSao Zalaze mimdinare da perspeqtiul moTxovnas rogorc
raodenobrivi, aseve xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom
erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, ukve uaxloes perspeqtivaSi moTxovna
iqneba mxolod maRalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze. samuSao Zalis
kvalifikaciisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mudmiv srulyofas
saWiroebs specialistTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemac.
garda ganxilulisa, samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi
faqtorebi, romelTa gavlenis xarisxi damokidebulia Sromis bazris
ganviTarebis doneze, saerTo-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, regionul specifikaze da
a.S. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedi sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia:
momuSaveTa kvalifikacia;
vakanturi samuSao adgilebis cvlileba;
samuSao Zalis mobiluroba;
samewarmeo garemosa da sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobeseba;
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba;
samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis zrda;
investiciebis moculoba da struqtura;
mosalodneli dargobrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi.
-
31
3.5 samuSao Zalis miwodeba da masze moqmedi faqtorebi
Sromis bazris koniunqturas samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan erTad
gansazRvravs miwodeba. samuSao Zalis miwodeba uamravi faqtoris zegavleniT
formirdeba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
xelfasis sidide;
gadasaxadebis ganakveTi;
socialuri daxmarebebis programebi;
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi
struqtura;
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba;
mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done;
samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba;
migraciuli nakadebi da a.S.
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretul parametrebidan gamomdinare,
Sromis bazarze CamoTvlili faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi gansxvavebulia
calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebis
arsis asaxsnelad, mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis SedarebiT detalurad
ganxilva.
samuSao Zalis miwodebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens xelfasis sidide
(ganakveTi), rac ufro didia xelfasis ganakveTi, miT meti piri sTavazobs
bazars sakuTar samuSao Zalas (Sromis unars). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom samuSao
Zalis miwodebis sakiTxi calkeuli piris doneze anu gadawyvetileba SromiTi
saqmianobaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb metad individualuria. xelfasis ganakveTis zrda
garkveul donemde astimulirebs adamians, gazardos samuSao Zalis miwodeba,
sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, imuSaos ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs `Senacvlebis efeqti~. xelfasis ganakveTis Semdgomi zrdis
pirobebSi, SeiZleba moxdes samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba. individisaTvis
Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeba dasvenebis mniSvneloba da igi amcirebs
samuSao drois xangrZlivobas. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs `Semosavlis
efeqtis~ moqmedebas (aRwerili situacia warmodgenilia nax. 3.5.1-ze).
realurad samuSao Zalis miwodebis reaqcia xelfasis momatebaze
gamoixateba Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamiT, Tumca winaswar imis
gansazRvra, romeli efeqti iqneba ufro metad gamoxatuli, Znelia. Tu
dominirebs “Senacvlebis efeqti”, xelfasis gazrdaze momuSave reagirebs samuSao
Zalis miwodebis gazrdiT (muSaobs ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi). Tu
dominirebs “Semosavlis efeqti”, adamiani reagirebs xelfasis gazrdaze samuSao
Zalis miwodebis SemcirebiT (es ukanaskneli miT ufro sagrZnobia, rac metia
sxva Semosavlebis roli momuSavis keTildReobis amaRlebaSi). “Senacvlebis
efeqti” da “Semosavlis efeqti” xelfasis gadidebisas moqmedeben
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
urTierTzegavlena da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba SeuZlebels xdis samuSao
Zalis miwodebis zust prognozirebas, xolo Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis
efeqtis gaanalizeba ufro gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis
saSualebas iZleva.
-
32
nax. 3.5.1. samuSao Zalis miwodeba individis mier
samuSao Zalis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi da socialuri
daxmarebebis programebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gavlena samuSao Zalis
miwodebaze damokidebulia gadasaxadis saxeze da ganakveTze. rogorc
proporciuli, aseve progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zegavlena samuSao
Zalis miwodebaze araerTgvarovania. igi damokidebulia gadasaxadis ganakveTze da
progresulobis xarisxze.
socialuri daxmarebis programebi ZiriTadad emsaxureba mosaxleobis
Semosavlebis saarsebo minimumis doneze SenarCunebas. socialuri daxmarebebis
zegavlenis xarisxi samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia mis formebsa da
gacemis pirobebze. magaliTad, demogranti (daxmareba, romelic gaicema
demografiuli niSnis mixedviT, keTildReobis donisagan damoukideblad) zrdis
ojaxis Semosavals da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi amcirebs samuSao
Zalis miwodebas. saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebi,
socialuri daxmarebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da kvlav samuSao
Zalis mimwodeblebad rCebian.
xelfasis subsidireba keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad gaweuli socialuri
daxmarebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aZlierebs Sromis motivacias. igi SeiZleba
gadaxdili iqnes rogorc fiqsirebuli an procentuli danamati ZiriTad
xelfasze. mastimulirebeli efeqti am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom Tu
individi ar muSaobs, subsidiac ar gadaixdeba. amasTan, Tu is iwyebs muSaobas,
misi Semosavali subsidiis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miiRebda
mxolod sabazro xelfasis pirobebSi.
samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uSualo gavlenas axdens Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis raodenoba da maTi ekonomikuri aqtivoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis
zemoqmedebis axsna TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos Sromis bazris magaliTze.
saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi samuSao Zala
raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 1990-iani
xel
fasiW
samuSao Zalis miwodeba L
W
S
S
“Semosavlis efeqti”
“Senacvlebis efeqti”
-
33
wlebis Semdgom gansakuTrebiT gauaresda mosaxleobis bunebrivi da migraciuli
moZraobis maCveneblebi. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba bunebrivi matebis
Semcirebisa da gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo aisaxa samuSao Zalis
miwodebis struqturaze. im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5
milion kacs aRemateboda, qveynis SromiTi resursebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,6
milion kacs Seadgenda. 2007-2015 wlebSi, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli
samsaxuris monacemebiT, ekomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zala)
raodenoba 1.97_2,0 milioni kacis farglebSi meryeobs, aRniSnul periodSi
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis zrda 30 000 kacs ar aRemateba.
saqarTveloSi stabilurad maRalia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba,
rac zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas Sromis bazarze. 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2000-2015 wlebSi saSualod 65-68%-
is farglebSia. mamakacebis 75,1-78.1%-is, xolo qalebis 57,2-58,9%-is
farglebSi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba xSirad
ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi. saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRalia sapensio asaks
gadacilebuli moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri aqtivoba. 65 wels gadacilebuli
pirebis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2007-2015 wlebSi 43-44%-is farglebSia.
pensionerTa maRali ekonomikuri aqtivoba aseve zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas
Sromis bazarze.
civilizebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravalwliani
gamocdileba adasturebs, rom samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis)
racionalur struqturas arsebiTad sabazro meqanizmi gansazRvravs. gadawyve-
tilebas muSaobis da aqedan gamomdinare, samuSao Zalis miwodebis Sesaxeb
yoveli individi damoukideblad iRebs. saxelmwifos roli Semoifargleba
grZelvadian periodSi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis strategiis
SemuSavebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia Sromis bazris koniunqturaze moqmedi
faqtorebis srulyofili analizi da maqsimalurad realuri prognozebis
gakeTeba. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis prognozirebis mizniT unda
gaanalizdes informacia:
1.mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb:
-mosaxleobis raodenoba;
-samuSao asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba sqesisa da ZiriTadi
asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT;
-samuSao asakSi SemsvlelTa raodenoba;
-ojaxis struqtura da Semosavlebis done;
-mosaxleobis ricxovnoba socialur-demografiuli jgufebis (axalgazrde-bi,
qalebi, pensionerebi da sxva) mixedviT;
-profesiuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa ricxovneba ZiriTadi
profesiuli jgufebis mixedviT;
2.ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb;
-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba;
-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri statusis,
profesiebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT regionul, dargobriv, sqesobriv-asakobriv
da qalaqi-soflis WrilSi;
-dasaqmebulTa ganawileba saqmianobis saxeebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT;
-
34
-TviTdasaqmebulTa muSaobis xangZlivoba da miRebuli Semosavlebi
saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT;
-daqiravebulTa ganawileba regionebis, dargebis, seqtorebis mixedviT;
-daqiravebulTa ganawileba saSualoTviuri xelfasebisa da namuSevari drois
xangZlivobis mixedviT;
-umuSevarTa struqtura da maTi ganawileba zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis
mixedviT.
samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis
wyaroebia: qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi monacemebi,
Sinameurneobebisa da samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi gamokvlevis masalebi, specialuri
sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.
3.6 Sromis bazris segmentacia
Sromis bazris segmentaciis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs TviT misi
sirTulidan da specifikidan. inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Sromis farglebSi
Sromis bazari moicavs samuSao Zalis sruliad gansxvavebul jgufebs. samuSao
Zalis miwodebas axorcieleben rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, aseve sxvadasxva kategoriis kvalificiuri
Tu arakvalificiuri muSebi da momsaxure personali. amitom mizanSewonilia
Sromis bazris dayofa garkveul seqtorebad, zonebad. Sromis bazris segmentacia
gulisxmobs momuSaveebisa da samuSao adgilebis dayofas Caketil da myar
seqtorebad, zonebad, romlebiTac Semofarglulia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba.
Sromis bazris calkeul segmentze Tavmoyrilia garkveuli profesiis da
specialobis mxolod erTmaneTis konkurenti momuSaveebi. isini konkurencias ver
uweven sxva segmentis momuSaveebs.
Sromis bazris segmentebidan unda gamoiyos pirveladi da meoradi Sromis
bazrebi. pirveladi Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri dasaqmeba, xelfasis maRali ganakveTi, progresuli teqnologiebi da marTvis Tanamedrove
sistemebi, profesiuli zrdisa da samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba,
Zlieri profkavSirebis arseboba.
meoradi Sromis bazari ki xasiaTdeba sapirispiro niSnebiT: arastabiluri
dasaqmebiTa da kadrebis denadobiT, xelfasis dabali ganakveTiT, profesiuli
zrdis naklebi SesaZleblobiT da profkavSirebis ararsebobiT.
Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs Sromis Siga da gare bazrebis
gamijvnas (gamoyofas).
gare bazari axasiaTebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis
urTierTobas qveynis, regionis an ekonomikis romelime seqtoris masStabiT da
uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas Sromis gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT.
igi xels uwyobs agreTve momuSaveTa gadaadgilebas erTi samuSao adgilidan
meoreze. gare Sromis bazarze funqcionirebs dargobrivi an profesiuli niSniT
Camoyalibebuli profkavSirebi.
Sromis Siga bazari SemosazRvrulia erTi sawarmoTi da formirdeba
momuSaveTa gadaadgilebiT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze sawarmos farglebSi.
Sromis Siga bazarze xelfasi da samuSao Zalis ganawileba ZiriTadad
ganisazRvreba administraciuli wesebiT da procedurebiT, mniSvnelovania
-
35
profkavSirebis zegavlena da dasaqmebac metadaa garantirebuli Sromis gare
bazarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, Tu gare Sromis bazari mniSvnelovanwilad
funqcionirebs kadrebis denadobis meSveobiT, Siga bazari piriqiT, xels uwyobs
denadobis Semcirebas. Siga bazari ZiriTadad orientirebulia konkretul
sawarmoSi specializebul momuSaveebze. garkveuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
Sromis gare da Siga bazrebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
Sromis bazris segmentacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT da gamoiyos
qalTa, axalgazrdobis, invalidTa da pensionerTa Sromis bazari. aseve
socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT-ganaTlebis done, profesiul-
kvalificiuri Semadgenloba, muSaobis staJi; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT -
saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo.
dasaqmebis legalurobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris
formaluri da araformaluri seqtorebis gamoyofa.
Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia moqniloba-Sromis bazris
Seguebis unari ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebTan, rac ganapirobebs
cvlilebebs xelfasis doneSi, gamoyenebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobriv-
xarisxobriv SemadgenlobaSi da a. S.
3.7. Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi
sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi Sromis bazris formirebis reJims
da Taviseburebebs ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda: saxelmwifos
metismetad gazrdili roli, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaRresad maRali wili,
samuSao Zalis mobilurobis SezRudva, regulirebadi dasaqmeba da xelfasi da
a.S.
praqtikulad yoveli postsocialisturi qveynisa da, maT Soris,
saqarTvelosTvis, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapzeve erT-erT
umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda samuSao Zalis centralizebuli ganawilebis
sistemis gauqmeba, misi Secvla samuSao Zalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT,
umuSevarTa daxmarebis efeqtiani sistemis formireba da dasaqmebis aqtiuri
politikis RonisZiebebis gatareba. Aaseve, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda
xelfasebis centralizebulad dadgenis wesis gauqmeba da koleqtiuri
xelSekrulebebis sistemis danergva.
saqarTveloSi sistemuri xasiaTis reformebi daiwyo sruli ekonomikuri
kolafsis pirobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladformirebuli qveynis
ekonomika, faqtobrivad paralizebuli aRmoCnda, radgan igi partniorebisa da
gasaRebis bazrebis gareSe darCa. imavdroulad, gaRrmavda safinanso, resursuli,
socialuri krizisebi, erTimeoris miyolebiT gamwvavda eTnokonfliqtebi. aseT
pirobebSi qveynis samuSao Zala ufunqciod da uperspeqtivod darCa. imis
nacvlad, rom samuSao asakSi myof adamianebs aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT
qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, isini TviTon aRmoCdnen socialurad daucveli
mosaxleobis kategoriaSi.
saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, umZimes socialur_ekonomikur pirobebSic ki,
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebis ZiriTadi
amocanebi sistemuri reformebis dawyebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg, mtkivneulad,
-
36
magram mainc warmatebiT gadaWres. rasakvirvelia, am saqmeSi didi roli
Seasrula aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis gansxvavebulma tradiciebma
Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi_aq profkavSirebi sakmaod Zlieri iyo da Sromis
bazris funqcionirebis garkveuli meqanizmic arsebobda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo
is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs metnaklebad normaluri
sastarto socialur-ekonomikuri done gaaCndaT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio
Tanamegobrobis mier gaweuli finansuri daxmareba mizanmimarTulad iqna
gamoyenebuli.
gansxvavebul pirobebSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri
stagnacia, socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba, sistemuri reformebis gaWianureba
mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda uZraobas Sromis bazarze. ufro
metic, stagnaciiT TviT Sromis bazris formirebac xasiaTdeba_rogorc samuSao
Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesis, aseve institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTvelosaTvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamocxadebuli mxardaWera
da ekonomikuri daxmarebebi, marTalia, masStabiT aSkarad Camouvardeboda
aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas, magram
igi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi socialur-
ekonomikuri problemebis gadasawyvetad mokle da saSualovadian periodSi. rigi
obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
ekonomikuri daxmarebebis didi nawili socialuri problemebis Serbilebas
moxmarda (an saerTod, aramiznobrivad iqna gamoyenebuli) da ara axali samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnas, an ukve funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis reabilitacias. gasagebi
mizezebis gamo amave miznebis realizaciisaTvis ver moxerxda Sinagani rezervebis
akumulacia (dagrovebis ararsebobis gamo). sabolood, miviReT xangrZlivi da
masStaburi stagnacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela segmentSi, rac yvelaze
negatiurad Sromis bazris formirebaze aisaxa.
saqarTveloSi erToblivi samuSao Zala, raodenobrivi parametrebis
TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli faqtorebisa da gare migraciis zegavleniT
sagrZnoblad gauaresda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis dabali done da gare
SromiTi migraciis didi masStabebi garkveul `SeRavaTs~ aZlevs Sromis bazars,
Tumca, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis nawili gadauWrel problemebs
awydeba da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs stabilur dasaqmebas.
erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenobriv parametrebis gauaresebas Tan axlavs
samuSao Zalis stuqturis deformirebac. qveyana intensiuri gare migraciis gamo
kargavs axalgazrda, mobilur, iniciativian adamianebs, vinc aqtiur SromiT
saqmianobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva da bunebrivia, ekonomikur dovlaTsac iq
qmnis.
samuSao Zalis raodenobriv_struqturuli parametrebis gauaresebasTan
erTad daeca samuSao Zalis nawilis kvalificiuri donis amsaxveli
maxasiaTeblebi. aTeul aTasobiT kvalificiuri specialisti sistematurad an
periodulad mainc iyo mowyvetili Sesaferis samuSaos, maTi nawili ki,
iZulebuli iyo, daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba sxva sferoSi. Sedegi bunebrivia,
savalaloa_aTiaTasobiT specialistma Sesaferisi SromiTi sarbielis gareSe,
faqtobrivad, sruli dekvalifikacia ganicada da dakarga aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna da gamocdileba (iaponuri da zogierTi sxva
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis menejmentis praqtikaSi miRebulia Teza_Tu
-
37
pirovneba 5 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobs Sesaferis samuSaoze,
igi aRar iTvleba am dargis profesionalad). rac Seexeba dakarguli profesiisa
da kvalifikaciis sanacvlod axali profesiisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis dadebiT
Sedegebs, amaze pasuxi calsaxaa-axali profesia mxolod mcire nawilma aiTvisa.
umravlesobisaTvis SromiTi saqmianobis sakvalifikacio maCveneblebi
gauaresebulia.
Sromis bazris formirebaze uaRresad negatiur zegavlenas axdenda
specialistebis momzadebis qveyanaSi moqmedi sistema. aTeulobiT profesiis
samuSao Zalaze ekonomikis moTxovnis ararsebobis pirobebSi, yvela tipis
saswavlebeli (upirveles yovlisa umaRlesi saswavleblebi) amzadebda aTasobiT
axalgazrdas `prestiJuli~ specialobebis mixedviT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi
mxriv, erovnul meurneobaSi samuSao Zalaze arsebuli moTxovnis masStabebs da
misi cvlilebis Taviseburebebs da, meore mxriv, momzadebuli specialistebis
realur konkurentunarianobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umaRlesi skola,
faqtobrivad, `diplomian umuSevrebs~ amzadebda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis
damadasturebeli diplomebiT aRWurvili axalgazrda specialistebis didi
nawili seriozul uaryofiT zewolas axdenda Sromis bazarze. bazris mxridan
moTxovnadi specialobis safuZvlianad mcodne axalgazrdebi, mcirericxovnobis
gamo, Sromis bazris saerTo suraTs samuSao Zalis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT ver
cvlida.
saqarTveloSi arc samuSao Zalis erToblivi moTxovna gamoirCeva
STambeWdavi masStabebiT. saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, ganaTlebis sfero,
janmrTelobis dacva, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, safinanso-sakredito,
kavSirgabmulobis dawesebulebebi, rkinigza da ekonomikisa da momsaxurebis
zogierTi sxva sfero praqtikulad gajerebulia samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis
TvalsazrisiT.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva
soflis meurneoba. realurad es imis gamo xdeba, rom soflad mcxovrebni
dakavebulni arian sakuTar an ijariT aRebul miwis nakveTebze
sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianobiT. soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobac xSirad
dabalmwarmoebluri, araefeqtiani da arasrulia.
Sromis bazris formirebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqcionirebis
sirTuleebze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom xSiria Seusabamoba dauflebul
profesiasa da dakavebul Tanamdebobas Soris ekonomikis rogorc saxelmwifo,
aseve arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. damsaqmeblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis ar
aris xelmisawvdomi srulfasovani informacia konkretuli kvalifikaciisa da
profesiis mqone samuSao Zalisa da vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes perspe