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STATES OF AN ATOMGround state: when an atom is at its lowest
energy levelExcited state when at atom gains energy
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Orbitals An orbital is a three dimensional region
around the nucleus where probably an e- is found
There are four type of orbitals : s, p, d, and fEvery single orbital can fit 2 electrons max.
Orbital Shape Number of orbitals
s Sphere 1
p dumbbells 3
d “flower” 5
f “weird” 7
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Valence electrons: are the electrons in the last level of energy.
WE ALREADY KNOW THIS? Do we?
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Principles and Rules For e config.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: States that it is impossible to know both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time
Afbau Principle: States that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available.
Hund’s rule: states that single electrons with the same spins must occupy each equal-energy orbital before they pair.
Pauli exclusion principle: States that every single e must have different set of quantum numbers.
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Orbitals s
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Orbitals p
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Orbitals d
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Orbitals f
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ORBITAL DIAGRAMUse He = ↑↓ 1sBe = ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s 2s N = ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s 2s 2px2py2pz
Fe ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑_
1s 2s 2px2py2pz 3s 3px3py3pz 4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
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DOT NOTATIONPlace dots around the element symbol
indicating the number of electrons in the last level of energy.
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11
1s2 2s2 2p6
Last level of energy
This particular atoms has2 levels of energy 10 electron total 2 + 2 +68 electrons in the last level of energy 2 +6What atom is this?How many dots are place around its symbol
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Orbitals f
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atom “image”
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atom “images”
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orbital s
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2 orbitals p
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2 orbitals p
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orbital d
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orbital f
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Orbital s
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Orbital p
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Orbitlas d
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Orbital d
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Orbital f
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Orbital f
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An atom