Sujata Ives, PhD, OWDS, GCDF
MAACCE Conference
May 8 & 9 2014
Dr. Ives 1
I will be able to….
Understand Brain Systems and Gender (sex)
differences.
Discuss Gut Brain.
Discuss Metacognition.
Recognize the connection between Metacognition and
Neuroplasticity.
◦ So that I can…
Apply the information in my field.
Dr. Ives 2
Corpus Callosum
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Likes to:
◦ Categorize
◦ Novelty
◦ Humor
◦ Talk about
itself
The Neuron – brain cell -100 billion neurons
-Carry messages via electrical
impulse Receive info
Neurotransmitters carry signals
across the synapse.
Examples: ◦ Serotonin
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Fear – Vagus nerve –
◦ turns up the volume on
serotonin in gut.
Butterflies (nerves) in
esophagus choke with
emotion, lump in throat;
heartburn; ulcer, colitis,
IBS, Crohn’s.
Yes, there are two brains!
50 Billion
Sensory
Neurons
Fear, anxiety
Fight or
Flight ---
butterflies in
gut
Your reality is not my reality.
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14
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it
deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod
are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat
ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a tatol
mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs
is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
The Brain is a code cracking machine
Can you crack the code?
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What is the difference between “sex differences”
and “gender differences”?
Sex differences refers to biological differences, while gender refers to
cultural aspects.
Sex differences and gender differences
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Sex differences and gender differences
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Sex differences and gender differences
After a time, you may find that
having is not so pleasing a thing,
after all, as wanting.
It is not logical, but it is often true.
--Spock in 'Amok Time'
Smaller brain
Larger Corpus Collosum
More connections
Multi-Task
Verbal and non-verbal
Quick processing
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Larger brain
Smaller Corpus Collosum
Less connections
Spatial Sense
Single Task
Differences in Brain Structure and Function
Shaywitz
Male Female
MALE
◦ Linear
◦ Solitary
◦ Gives space
◦ Wants answers
◦ Help means he failed
FEMALE
◦ Cluster
◦ Wheels turn
◦ Communal
◦ Support
◦ Asks for help
◦ See Huttenlocher & Vasilyeva (2003) on p 227
◦ See Newcombe et al. (1999) on p 227
Males score slightly higher on Spatial Tasks.
Social interaction
◦ Expressive
Causes a psychological arousal
◦ Assertive
◦ Aggressive
◦ Dominance
◦ Affiliation clue
MALES
◦ Can see elephants on the horizon
◦ Better spatial vision
◦ Colorblindness
(―What the heck is Chartreuse?‖)
FEMALES ◦ Greater Peripheral vision-up to
180°
◦ Better color vision
◦ Better night vision
Smell ◦ Females can smell whether a man has healthy immune system
within 3 Sec. ◦ Females-Most sensitive at ovulation
-most affairs occur during ovulation Touch ◦ Females10x as sensitive ◦ Females and Males-Touch releases Oxytocin ―Feel good hormone‖
MALES
◦ Goal Oriented –
Passing down of DNA
◦ Lone hunter
◦ Problem avoider
◦ Achievement talk
◦ Identifies with
achievements
FEMALES
◦ Community builder
◦ Problem sharer
◦ Relationship talk
◦ Identifies with
relationships
Similarities
◦ Everyone has needs and wants.
◦ Everyone has values.
◦ Everyone has a beliefs.
Dr. Ives 27
Differences –>misunderstanding –>doubt & suspicion.
Is it truly possible to develop effective relationships with people
who are different from ourselves?
• Females:
• A) Wanna go out? 50%
• B) Wanna go to my place? 6%
• C) Wanna go to bed? 0%
• Males:
• A) Wanna go out? 50%
• B) Wanna go to my place? 69%
• C) Wanna go to bed? 75%
• Findings have been replicated
Buss, 1993
Clark & Hatfield, 1989
WHY males and
females communicate
◦ Males–me against the
world
◦ Females–
connections;
relationships;
community
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HOW men and women
communicate
◦ Males–Focuses on
information (the what) rather
than the how.
◦ Attends more to verbal than
nonverbal messages.
◦ Females– more expressive;
attends more to nonverbal
elements; how something is
said rather than what is said.
MALES
◦ Literal ◦ Longer wait time in
revealing emotions ◦ Close off sooner while
listening ◦ Don’t feel the need to
express in words
FEMALES
◦ Indirect language ◦ Intense feelings ◦ Talks out loud ◦ More self-talk
60-80% non-verbal signals
20-30% voice sounds
7-10% words
Males only hear the words
For males, silence is not
punishment
Males –
―When she gets upset, she never
stops talking‖.
Females –
―He never lets me know what
he’s thinking‖
Dr. Ives 32
Average Female uses ~20,000 words
per day.
Average Male uses ~7,000.
Brizendine, L. (2006). The Female
Brain. New York: Broadway Books.
Differences in Speech
Prosody – melody of speech that conveys sarcasm, sincerity,
concern, humor, interest, frustration.
Females hear and use 6 tones (prosody)
Males hear and use 4 tones (prosody).
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Hearing (is a physical process)
Females and listening
◦ Female– on all the time
◦ Relationships
◦ Understanding and insights
◦ Meaning in nonverbal cues
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Males and listening
Male– better sound detection
Big picture; major points
New information
Quickest way to a conclusion
Information
Less attention to cues
Meaning of words
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Males: deductive; abstract concrete
Females: inductive; concrete abstract
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Do you keep your
emotions under
control?
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Why am I in this mood?
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Filtering
Polarize
Over generalization
Catastrophizing
Personalization
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Metacognition
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Metacognition
Blaming
Shoulds
Emotional Reasoning
Being Right
Heaven’s Reward Fallacy
Contempt
--Criticism with
personal attack
--Accusing, insulting , blaming, & name-calling
--Using hostile humor & mockery
Result: decay of admiration for partner
Defensiveness Is followed by criticism & contempt
--Result: No communication High conflict
Stonewalling
--Disapproval,
disgust, smugness
--Males stonewall
more than Females
Result: slow
communication
Metacognition
Can you accurately
identify the emotions you
experience and why you
experience them?
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Figure.. Ladder of Inference. Based on Ross (1994) p.
243)
Metacognition
Do you accurately interpret the other person’s feelings and needs?
◦ How well do you mind-read?
◦ RTPJ Right Temporal Parietal Junction
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◦Dr. Rebecca Saxe
◦M.I.T.
Metacognition
Difficulty in understanding,
processing, and describing emotional
responses.
People with Alexithymia cannot read
nonverbal cues such as facial
expressions.
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PET scans --brain energy consumption
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Co
urtesy
of L
ewis B
axter an
Mich
ael E.
Ph
elps, U
CL
A S
cho
ol o
f Med
icine
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PET scan; high metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas are involved with
directing attention.
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Dr. Ives 51
Trouble with relationships, the law, and fitting into
society.
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Give appearance of fitting into society;
adept in mimicking emotions; seem
outwardly successful.
PET scan of 41 murderers -reduced activity in the frontal lobes -repeat offenders
had 11% less frontal lobe activity (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Dr. Ives 53 Normal Murderer
Co
urtesy
of A
drian
Rain
e,
Univ
ersity o
f So
uth
ern C
aliforn
ia
• Cognition
• Language
• Memory
• Attention
• Reasoning
• Judgment
• Problem solving
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Phineas Gage’s lesion reconstructed
(H. Damasio and R. Frank, 1992)
Phineas Gage
(1823-1861, accident in 1848)
Traumatic Brain Injury
• Infection • Fever • Hematoma - internal bleeding • Low or high blood pressure • Low sodium
• Abnormal blood coagulation
• Cardiac changes • Lung changes • Nutritional changes
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/TBI.
htm
• Memory • Speech and language • Irrational thinking • Paranoia • Mood swings • Perseveration – persistent thoughts
Neuroplasticity
Through thinking the brain changes.
Through humor the brain changes.
Through activity the brain changes.
New behaviors create new neuronal pathways!
The ability of the brain to reorganize itself and create new circuits in
response to environment and most remarkably in response to thoughts.
―The idea that the brain can
change its own structure and
function through thought and
activity is, I believe, the most
important alteration in our view
of the brain.‖
―The Brain That Changes
Itself ‖
By Norman Doidge
I am aware of the physical reactions (tics, aches,
tremors) that signal a ―gut reaction.‖
I am able to recognize my mistakes.
I recognize traits in others and am able to work
around those, without humiliating another.
I am attuned to a person’s perception of me.
Dr. Ives 61
Achievement means proving
you are smart
Being smart means that you
are making no mistakes
A mistake leads to loss of
confidence
Failure leads to humiliation
Effort should not be required
if you are smart and takes
away excuses for failure
Success is defined as being
the best and is based on
talent
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Achievement means that you are
learning and stretching
Being smart means that you are
confronting a challenge and making
progress
A mistake indicates an area for growth
Failure means that you are not yet
fulfilling potential
Effort is the path to mastery that
makes you smarter. You get out what
you put in.
Success is defined as working hard to
become your best and is based on
motivation
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A bad grade means it is time to
give up
Feedback is threatening, as it
provides good or bad news about
precious traits
The need to ask for help
indicates a weakness or
deficiency which should not be
admitted
Stereotype threat is high due to
fears of confirming negative
stereotype
Talented peers become grounds
for feeling threatened and jealous
A bad grade means it is time to
work harder.
Feedback is welcomed, as it
provides useful direction toward
areas to work on.
The need to ask for help is a useful
strategy for growth.
Stereotype threat is low; a stereotype
is simply someone else’s inaccurate
view of their abilities.
Talented peers are a source of
inspiration.
Self-regulation
Speak nondefensively, seek to understand
Try new things
Over learn— what works and what does not
◦ Concept Maps
◦ Bored Jar
◦ Journal drawings
◦ Guided practice
◦ Visualization
◦ Group Discussions
◦ PowerPoint presentations
Repetition
Persistence
Music, sports, writing, drama, science, business...
Begin your 10,000 hours now!
http://www.brainrulesbook.com
http://www.brainrules.net/DVD
1. Exercise: Exercise boosts
brain power.
2. Survival: The human brain
evolved, too.
3. Wiring: Every brain is wired
differently.
4. Attention: We don’t pay
attention to boring things.
5. Short-term Memory: Repeat
to remember.
6. Long-term Memory:
Remember to repeat.
7. Sleep: Sleep well, think
well.
8. Stress: Stressed brains
don’t learn the same way.
9. Sensory Integration:
Stimulate more of the senses.
10. Vision: Vision trumps all
other senses.
11. Gender: Male and female
brains are different.
12. Exploration: We are
powerful and natural
explorers.
An evaluation of one’s Metacognition
or ― how you think‖ empowers both genders.
When males and females understand how they think
they can make sense of their surroundings, family,
community, and culture.
Dr. Ives 68
Good luck and thank you
for attending this session!
See you next year!
Dr. Ives 69
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Why men don’t have a clue and women always need more shoes. ◦ Barbara and Allan Pease
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