Sujata Ives, PhD, OWDS, GCDF

MAACCE Conference

May 8 & 9 2014

Dr. Ives 1

I will be able to….

Understand Brain Systems and Gender (sex)

differences.

Discuss Gut Brain.

Discuss Metacognition.

Recognize the connection between Metacognition and

Neuroplasticity.

◦ So that I can…

Apply the information in my field.

Dr. Ives 2

Corpus Callosum

Dr. Ives 6

Likes to:

◦ Categorize

◦ Novelty

◦ Humor

◦ Talk about

itself

The Neuron – brain cell -100 billion neurons

-Carry messages via electrical

impulse Receive info

Neurotransmitters carry signals

across the synapse.

Examples: ◦ Serotonin

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Fear – Vagus nerve –

◦ turns up the volume on

serotonin in gut.

Butterflies (nerves) in

esophagus choke with

emotion, lump in throat;

heartburn; ulcer, colitis,

IBS, Crohn’s.

Yes, there are two brains!

50 Billion

Sensory

Neurons

Fear, anxiety

Fight or

Flight ---

butterflies in

gut

Your reality is not my reality.

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14

Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it

deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod

are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat

ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a tatol

mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs

is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey

lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

The Brain is a code cracking machine

Can you crack the code?

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What is the difference between “sex differences”

and “gender differences”?

Sex differences refers to biological differences, while gender refers to

cultural aspects.

Sex differences and gender differences

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Sex differences and gender differences

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Sex differences and gender differences

After a time, you may find that

having is not so pleasing a thing,

after all, as wanting.

It is not logical, but it is often true.

--Spock in 'Amok Time'

Smaller brain

Larger Corpus Collosum

More connections

Multi-Task

Verbal and non-verbal

Quick processing

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Larger brain

Smaller Corpus Collosum

Less connections

Spatial Sense

Single Task

Differences in Brain Structure and Function

Shaywitz

Male Female

MALE

◦ Linear

◦ Solitary

◦ Gives space

◦ Wants answers

◦ Help means he failed

FEMALE

◦ Cluster

◦ Wheels turn

◦ Communal

◦ Support

◦ Asks for help

◦ See Huttenlocher & Vasilyeva (2003) on p 227

◦ See Newcombe et al. (1999) on p 227

Males score slightly higher on Spatial Tasks.

Social interaction

◦ Expressive

Causes a psychological arousal

◦ Assertive

◦ Aggressive

◦ Dominance

◦ Affiliation clue

MALES

◦ Can see elephants on the horizon

◦ Better spatial vision

◦ Colorblindness

(―What the heck is Chartreuse?‖)

FEMALES ◦ Greater Peripheral vision-up to

180°

◦ Better color vision

◦ Better night vision

Smell ◦ Females can smell whether a man has healthy immune system

within 3 Sec. ◦ Females-Most sensitive at ovulation

-most affairs occur during ovulation Touch ◦ Females10x as sensitive ◦ Females and Males-Touch releases Oxytocin ―Feel good hormone‖

MALES

◦ Goal Oriented –

Passing down of DNA

◦ Lone hunter

◦ Problem avoider

◦ Achievement talk

◦ Identifies with

achievements

FEMALES

◦ Community builder

◦ Problem sharer

◦ Relationship talk

◦ Identifies with

relationships

Similarities

◦ Everyone has needs and wants.

◦ Everyone has values.

◦ Everyone has a beliefs.

Dr. Ives 27

Differences –>misunderstanding –>doubt & suspicion.

Is it truly possible to develop effective relationships with people

who are different from ourselves?

• Females:

• A) Wanna go out? 50%

• B) Wanna go to my place? 6%

• C) Wanna go to bed? 0%

• Males:

• A) Wanna go out? 50%

• B) Wanna go to my place? 69%

• C) Wanna go to bed? 75%

• Findings have been replicated

Buss, 1993

Clark & Hatfield, 1989

WHY males and

females communicate

◦ Males–me against the

world

◦ Females–

connections;

relationships;

community

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HOW men and women

communicate

◦ Males–Focuses on

information (the what) rather

than the how.

◦ Attends more to verbal than

nonverbal messages.

◦ Females– more expressive;

attends more to nonverbal

elements; how something is

said rather than what is said.

MALES

◦ Literal ◦ Longer wait time in

revealing emotions ◦ Close off sooner while

listening ◦ Don’t feel the need to

express in words

FEMALES

◦ Indirect language ◦ Intense feelings ◦ Talks out loud ◦ More self-talk

60-80% non-verbal signals

20-30% voice sounds

7-10% words

Males only hear the words

For males, silence is not

punishment

Males –

―When she gets upset, she never

stops talking‖.

Females –

―He never lets me know what

he’s thinking‖

Dr. Ives 32

Average Female uses ~20,000 words

per day.

Average Male uses ~7,000.

Brizendine, L. (2006). The Female

Brain. New York: Broadway Books.

Differences in Speech

Prosody – melody of speech that conveys sarcasm, sincerity,

concern, humor, interest, frustration.

Females hear and use 6 tones (prosody)

Males hear and use 4 tones (prosody).

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Hearing (is a physical process)

Females and listening

◦ Female– on all the time

◦ Relationships

◦ Understanding and insights

◦ Meaning in nonverbal cues

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Males and listening

Male– better sound detection

Big picture; major points

New information

Quickest way to a conclusion

Information

Less attention to cues

Meaning of words

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Males: deductive; abstract concrete

Females: inductive; concrete abstract

Dr. Ives 36

Do you keep your

emotions under

control?

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Why am I in this mood?

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Filtering

Polarize

Over generalization

Catastrophizing

Personalization

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Metacognition

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Metacognition

Blaming

Shoulds

Emotional Reasoning

Being Right

Heaven’s Reward Fallacy

Contempt

--Criticism with

personal attack

--Accusing, insulting , blaming, & name-calling

--Using hostile humor & mockery

Result: decay of admiration for partner

Defensiveness Is followed by criticism & contempt

--Result: No communication High conflict

Stonewalling

--Disapproval,

disgust, smugness

--Males stonewall

more than Females

Result: slow

communication

Metacognition

Can you accurately

identify the emotions you

experience and why you

experience them?

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Figure.. Ladder of Inference. Based on Ross (1994) p.

243)

Metacognition

Do you accurately interpret the other person’s feelings and needs?

◦ How well do you mind-read?

◦ RTPJ Right Temporal Parietal Junction

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◦Dr. Rebecca Saxe

◦M.I.T.

Metacognition

Difficulty in understanding,

processing, and describing emotional

responses.

People with Alexithymia cannot read

nonverbal cues such as facial

expressions.

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PET scans --brain energy consumption

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PET scan; high metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas are involved with

directing attention.

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Trouble with relationships, the law, and fitting into

society.

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Give appearance of fitting into society;

adept in mimicking emotions; seem

outwardly successful.

PET scan of 41 murderers -reduced activity in the frontal lobes -repeat offenders

had 11% less frontal lobe activity (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

Dr. Ives 53 Normal Murderer

Co

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• Cognition

• Language

• Memory

• Attention

• Reasoning

• Judgment

• Problem solving

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Phineas Gage’s lesion reconstructed

(H. Damasio and R. Frank, 1992)

Phineas Gage

(1823-1861, accident in 1848)

Traumatic Brain Injury

• Infection • Fever • Hematoma - internal bleeding • Low or high blood pressure • Low sodium

• Abnormal blood coagulation

• Cardiac changes • Lung changes • Nutritional changes

http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/TBI.

htm

• Memory • Speech and language • Irrational thinking • Paranoia • Mood swings • Perseveration – persistent thoughts

Neuroplasticity

Through thinking the brain changes.

Through humor the brain changes.

Through activity the brain changes.

New behaviors create new neuronal pathways!

The ability of the brain to reorganize itself and create new circuits in

response to environment and most remarkably in response to thoughts.

―The idea that the brain can

change its own structure and

function through thought and

activity is, I believe, the most

important alteration in our view

of the brain.‖

―The Brain That Changes

Itself ‖

By Norman Doidge

I am aware of the physical reactions (tics, aches,

tremors) that signal a ―gut reaction.‖

I am able to recognize my mistakes.

I recognize traits in others and am able to work

around those, without humiliating another.

I am attuned to a person’s perception of me.

Dr. Ives 61

Achievement means proving

you are smart

Being smart means that you

are making no mistakes

A mistake leads to loss of

confidence

Failure leads to humiliation

Effort should not be required

if you are smart and takes

away excuses for failure

Success is defined as being

the best and is based on

talent

Dr. Ives 62

Achievement means that you are

learning and stretching

Being smart means that you are

confronting a challenge and making

progress

A mistake indicates an area for growth

Failure means that you are not yet

fulfilling potential

Effort is the path to mastery that

makes you smarter. You get out what

you put in.

Success is defined as working hard to

become your best and is based on

motivation

Dr. Ives 63

A bad grade means it is time to

give up

Feedback is threatening, as it

provides good or bad news about

precious traits

The need to ask for help

indicates a weakness or

deficiency which should not be

admitted

Stereotype threat is high due to

fears of confirming negative

stereotype

Talented peers become grounds

for feeling threatened and jealous

A bad grade means it is time to

work harder.

Feedback is welcomed, as it

provides useful direction toward

areas to work on.

The need to ask for help is a useful

strategy for growth.

Stereotype threat is low; a stereotype

is simply someone else’s inaccurate

view of their abilities.

Talented peers are a source of

inspiration.

Self-regulation

Speak nondefensively, seek to understand

Try new things

Over learn— what works and what does not

◦ Concept Maps

◦ Bored Jar

◦ Journal drawings

◦ Guided practice

◦ Visualization

◦ Group Discussions

◦ PowerPoint presentations

Repetition

Persistence

Music, sports, writing, drama, science, business...

Begin your 10,000 hours now!

http://www.brainrulesbook.com

http://www.brainrules.net/DVD

1. Exercise: Exercise boosts

brain power.

2. Survival: The human brain

evolved, too.

3. Wiring: Every brain is wired

differently.

4. Attention: We don’t pay

attention to boring things.

5. Short-term Memory: Repeat

to remember.

6. Long-term Memory:

Remember to repeat.

7. Sleep: Sleep well, think

well.

8. Stress: Stressed brains

don’t learn the same way.

9. Sensory Integration:

Stimulate more of the senses.

10. Vision: Vision trumps all

other senses.

11. Gender: Male and female

brains are different.

12. Exploration: We are

powerful and natural

explorers.

An evaluation of one’s Metacognition

or ― how you think‖ empowers both genders.

When males and females understand how they think

they can make sense of their surroundings, family,

community, and culture.

Dr. Ives 68

Good luck and thank you

for attending this session!

See you next year!

Dr. Ives 69

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Why men don’t listen and women can’t read maps. ◦ Barbara and Allan Pease

Why men don’t have a clue and women always need more shoes. ◦ Barbara and Allan Pease

◦ Adapted from Emily A. Sterrett, Ph. D., in The Manager’s Pocket Guide to Emotional Intelligence, 2000, HRD Press: Amherst, MA

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◦ Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words

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