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CosmicSurvivors:Symbio/cX-rayBinaries
K.Hinkle,R.Joyce,V.Smith(NOAO)F.Fekel(TennState)
J.Mikolajewska,C.Galan(CopernicusInst.)T.Lebzelter(Vienna)
Symbio/cX-rayBinaries
K.Hinkle,R.Joyce,V.Smith(NOAO)F.Fekel(TennState)J.Mikolajewska,C.Galan(CopernicusInst.)T.Lebzelter(Vienna)
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Outline
1. Symbio/cbinaries,thegood,bad,andugly2. A“typical”S-symbio/c
3. Neutronstarsymbio/cbinaries=SyXB
4. SyXBbinaryevolu/on
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Symbio/cStars–SyStdefinedbyop/calspectrathatcombinehighenergy
emissionlines+latetypegiantfeatures
Allen1984ApSS99101
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FurtherDividedintoSandDtypes
S-typeslackstrongIRexcess D(dusty)-typesaremiras
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Modernunderstandingofsymbio/cstars
Oneofafamilyofbinariesconsis/ngofalate-typestarandahot,compact,usuallyawhitedwarf,companion
SyStclass(normalsymbio/cbinaries)definedby:• Masstransfer
-Generatesemissionlinespectrum-Rochelobeflowtoaccre/ondisk
• RedGiant/AGB+degenerate- S-type:NormalMIII,orbitsoffewyears- D-type:Mira,orbitsofdecades
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Emissionlines–UV/Op/calproblem
Op/calSpectrum4600–5050Å
St2-22-Tomovetal.2017ActaAstronomica67225
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IRspectrum2.0–2.5µmSt2-22-Tomovetal.2017ActaAstronomica67225
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IRspectra&dataproducts
• Orbits– Timeseriesofspectraspanningyearstodecades
– Difficulttogettheobserva/ons.TACslikeshorttermgoals.
– IRVelocitydata:KimPeak(coudefeed,2.1m,4m),MtStromlo1.9m,Fairborn2m,GeminiSouth
– 30+orbits,Fekel,Hinkle,Joyce,etal.• Abundances
– IRabundancedata–highresolu/on,highS/N,keyspectralfeatures
– KPNO4m/Phoenix&GeminiSouth/Phoenix/IGRINS
– 20+stars,Gałan,Mikołajewska,Hinkle,etal.
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SySt=observedcharacteris/cnotuniqueevolu/onarystate
• Mul/pleevolu/onarypathsconvergetoSySt
• Eachsystemneedstobeunderstoodseparately
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Part2
A“typical”Symbio/c
MIII+whitedwarf
∴Progenitormassesboth<8M!
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CICyg:M5II+WDS-typeSymbio/cphotometry-WDeclipses
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Eclipsingsymbio/csystemscommon
• Radiusofredstarishugecomparedtowhitedwarf
• Binaryeclipsecriteria:acosi<Rrg+Rwdwherea=semimajoraxisi=inclina/onR=stellarradius- Rrglarge&semimajoraxistypicallylessthan10Rrg
" largerangeofithateclipses
#Dura/onoftheeclipseameasureofRrg
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Fekeletal.2000AJ1191375
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MIIIRadiusandMass
• DistanceforGaiaandphotometry"L=2261L!
• SpectraltypeM5III"Teff=3300K• L=R2T4"R=145R!$
• RedgiantnotRochelobefilling=“detached”• Pulsa/onPeriod=50days"AGBfirstovertone• Pulsa/ontheoryforAGBstars:logR=(logP+0.5logM+1.40)/1.5solveforM" 2M!
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Orbitsolu/on:f(m)=0.0262Eclipsedura/on->i=73°
Mredgiant=2M!$
solveforWDmass:Mwhitedwarf=0.6M!
FromWDini/al–finalmassrela/onMSmasswas~2M!$
ProgenitorMSbinary-twosimilarlateAstars $
f(m)=(m3wdsin3i)/(mrg+mwd)2
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Part3
Neutronstarsymbio/cbinaries=SyXB
MIII+neutronstar
Atleastonestarhad
aprogenitorM>8M!
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Prototype(?)GX1+4=V2116Oph
• Bright,hardX-raysource• NSmagne/cfield~1013G• X-ray&op/calpulsar– VerylongpulsarP~2minutes
– Varia/onsduetovariablemassaccre/onrate
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Orbitalperiod3.18yrs
Hinkleetal.2006ApJ641479
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NSmassknown(?)
• MNS=1.35±0.04M!$
(atleastinHMXB)
Thorsem&Chakrabary1999
ApJ512288
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MIIIRadius,Luminosity,&Mass
• Massfunc/onlargebutnoeclipsessoi~70"MRG~1M!$
• Usingstandardtricks, RRG=103R!
L=1270L!$
• Soredgiantisat/pRGBorlowerAGB
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Theremustbemorethanoneobservableneutronstarsymbio/c.Thereare50whitedwarf–neutronstarbinaries.
Illustra/on©G.Booth
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8SyXBfoundinrecentsearches
• SearchforMIIIatX-raycoordinates
• ConfirmNSwithX-rayspectrum
• Op/calemissionspectrumisweak!– V2116Ophistheexcep/on
Mase{etal.2006A&A,Lüetal.2012MNRAS
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V934Her,Porb=12.0yrs
Hinkleetal.inprepara/on
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Mass,etc.
• GaiaD=544pc,Teff=3600K,L=1800L!,R=110R!,P1stovertone=44days,andtheusualtricks:
-MRG=1.2-1.5M!
-MNS=1.35M!
• Solvefori"~11°"viewingnearlypoleon– Agreeswithnopulsardetec/on.
• a=813R!sosystemisdetached
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Abundances
• ForV2116OphandV934HerwehaveIGRINSandPhoenixspectra
• Measuredcarbonandoxygenisotopes
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FirstdredgeupmodelsconnectMSmassto12C/13Cand16O/17O
Smith1990,MemSoc.Astron.Italiana61787FigurefromHinkleetal.2016ApJ82538
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SummaryofSyXBsystems
• MIIIprogenitorswere1.0–1.3M!stars• MIIIcurrently:– ~1M!(V2116Oph)
– 1.2–1.5M!(V934Her)
• MIIIshowsnoindica/onofeithersignificantmassaccre/onormassloss
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Part4
SyXBevolu/on
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• Massivestarpassedthroughsupergiantstage– Rsupergiant~800R!$
– OverfillscurrentRochelobesize– ∴Orbitevolu/on
• NSfromasupernova– CCsupernova"kickvelocity?– StrippedCCsupernova,lesskick,mechanism?
• LowmassstarnowRGorearlyAGBstar– MirastagewillfillcurrentRochelobe
Constraints
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CommonEnvelopePath
• MassivestarevolvestooverfullRochelobe
• CEstagereducesmassinsystem
• Nakedheliumstar"typeIb/csupernova• ProducesNSwithlowkickvelocity
PROBLEM–CEmasslossreducesorbitalperiodfromyearstodays
Willems&Kolb2002MNRAS3371004
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CCSupernovapath
• NoRocheoverflowofevolvedmassivestar
• CoreCollapseSN• Survivesifkickissimilartoandinoppositedirec/onfromorbitalvelocity• ResultisMS+NSinlongperiodorbit
• MasstransferduringMirastagespinsupNSandexpandsRLsize
• EndproductisNS+WDlongperiodbinaryWillems&Kolb2002MNRAS3371004
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WorkinProgress
• Addi/onalSyXBorbitsunlikelyusingopenaccesstelescopes– Orbitsrequiredecadelong/meseriesofspectra
• Abundanceworkinprogress–IGRINS– MIIIprogenitormass
– Progenitorpopula/on– TracesofSN?
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TheEnd