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announcements
• “Take Back the Night”• MIT Cool Japan workshop• Paper guidelines
• Article from Marie Clare
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Aging population (2000)
Japanese life expectancy (2002)
Male = 78
Female = 85
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Foreign population
• 23 wards of Tokyo = 8.34 million (2003)• Registered foreign population = 354,000
(2003)
• Small percentage; clearly NOT multicultural population
• But extremely high-profile
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Localization(s) of foreign population
• Roppongi/Azabu -- Euro-Americans (and multicultural nightlife!!!)
• Ogikubo -- Korea• Ikebukuro -- China• Ueno -- Middle East
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Ethnic minorities• Koreans (zainichi kankokujin)• Okinawans• Ainu• Outcastes• Euro-Americans• Chinese• Nikkeijin (diaspora Japanese, mainly from
Latin America)• SE Asians & other foreign workers (Middle
East, Africa)
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Internal vs. external minorities
• Internal/permanent -- Koreans, outcastes, Chinese, Okinawans, and Ainu
• External/temporary (???) -- Chinese, Southeast Asians, Euro-Americans
• Both categories defy cultural categories of Japanese identity -- what does it mean to be Japanese?
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Internal minorities
• Okinawans -- colonized by Japan in 1870s
• Ainu -- indigenous people of Hokkaido
• Outcastes -- discussed previously, traditionally stigmatized groups considered outside society -- hereditary occupations include leather working, handling the dead, various forms of low-status entertainers
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Foreigners in Japan (2003)total 1.85 million (approx. 1.5% of population)
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Regional distribution (2003)
Tokyo -- 18%
Osaka -- 11%
Nagoya -- 9%
Yokohama -- 8%
Kobe -- 5%
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Koreans
• Primarily in Osaka and Western Japan, but sizeable population in Tokyo
• Legacy of colonial period
• Citizenship issues & discrimination
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Chinese
• Three waves of immigration• 1) Treaty ports (19th century) --
Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama• 2) Taiwanese from Japanese colonial
period• 3) recent migrants (many quasi-legal)
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Euro-Americans
• Generally accorded higher status• Relatively few permanent residents• Government, big business, academics,
language teachers, classical Japanese interests (Zen, tea ceremony)
• Also large contingent of US military forces (so-called SOFA status)
• Highly publicized crimes by US personnel are frequent problem
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Latin American Nikkeijin• Massive Japanese migration to Latin America
(esp. Brazil, Peru) as well as Canada, US, Mexico, and Dominican Republic in late 19th/early 20th century
• “return” migration for work, from 1980s onward
• Currently approximately 250,000 Nikkeijin in Japan
• Difficulties of assimilation• Asakusa “Carnival”
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“Gaikokujin mondai”
• The foreigners problem
• Sex trafficking• Crime rates attributed to “Chinese
gangs”
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Crime problem
• Tokyo’s governor, Ishihara Shintaro --outspoken critic of foreigners, especially Chinese
• Draws on traditional images of Japanese ethnic homogeneity (purity?) which echoes popular sentiments
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Labor migration & “youth problem”
During affluent decades, growth of jobs that young Japanese did not want
So-called “3-K” jobsKiken - dangerousKitsui - toughKurai -- darkKane ga nai -- low paidKusai -- smelly
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Migration and Labor
Japanese labor markets require more workers than Japanese willing to work
Who/what to blame?Low-birth ratesWomen not given full opportunities in labor
marketsFreeters and others who opt out of regular
employment
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Growing economic inequality
• Confluence of “youth” problems, “old people” problems, and “foreigners”problem
• New York Times article Sunday April 16
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Land and economy
• One major source of growing economic stratification is the result of land scarcity and booming real estate prices in the 1980s and early 1990s
• The haves and the have nots
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Tatami (area of space)
• Tokyo standard 1.8 x .9 meters• Two tatami mats = 1 tsubo (standard
land measurement)
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Tatami
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Tatami
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Land prices
Residential, Tokyo metro area1988 -- 494,700 yen per square meter1990 -- 514,2001994 -- 322,8002000 -- 232,4002005 -- 193,500
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Land prices and speculation
• Bubble economy
• Jiageya & jishinbaibai
• Hollowing out of many residential neighborhoods
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Building boom
• Major luxury complexes being built in central city
• “High rise” social stratification• Further depressing value of land in
suburbs and zones not undergoing redevelopment
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