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The Chemical Basis of Life
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Objectives:
• Explain the relationship between elements, compounds, atoms, and molecules
• List the major elements and major minerals• Discuss atomic structure and explain how
an atom’s electron shells influence its ability to enter into chemical reactions
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Objectives
• Compare and Contrast the three major types of chemical bonds
• List and describe the three basic types of chemical reactions that occur in living material
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Terms
• Biochemistry- chemistry that deals with living organisms
• Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass
• Elements- can’t be broken down into tow or more different substances–EX: O2
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Terms
• Compound- two or more elements together–EX: CO2 or NaCl
• Major elements- make up a large portion of our body
• Trace elements- are present in the body in small amounts
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Chemical Symbols
• O- oxygen
• C- carbon
• H- Hydrogen
• N- Nitrogen
• Ca- Calcium
• P- Phosphorus
• K- Potassium
• S- Sulfur
• Na- Sodium
• Cl- Clorine
• Fe- Iron
• I- Iodine
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Atoms
• basic building block of all things
• can be broken down into subatomic particles
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Atomic Structure
• Protons
–positive
–found in the nucleus
• Neutrons
–neutral
–found in the nucleus
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Atomic Structure
• Electrons
–negative
–found in the electron shell
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Atomic Number and Weight
• Atomic number- the number of protons in a nucleus
• Atomic weight- mass of an atom
– only the nucleus has weight
– equals the number of protons and neutrons
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Electron Shells
• The number of electrons equals the number of protons
• use the Bohr model to visualize electrons
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Bohr Model
• Each ring is different energy level
• First shell holds two• Second shell holds 8• If outer shell is full,
the atom won’t form bonds
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Bohr Model
• Rule of Octet- says the outer shell can hold eight electrons
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Isotopes
• All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons
• They do not contain the same number of neutrons and these are called isotopes
• Ex: Most carbon has 6 electrons but carbon 14 has 8– atomic weight of 14
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Chemical Bonds
• Molecule- any two or more atoms coming together– N2
• Compound- two or more different atoms come together– NaCl
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Ionic or Electrovalent Bonds
• Forms by the transfer of electrons
• occurs as a result of electrically charged atoms called ions
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Ionic Bonds
Na needs to lose one, Cl needs to gain one
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Covalent Bonds
Shares Electrons
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Hydrogen Bond
• Form due to unequal charge
• no electrons are shared or transferred
• Water is a hydrogen bond
• Are very weak
• Allows water to change states
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Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis- putting things together
– A + B = AB
• Decomposition- take things apart
– AB= A + B
• Exchange
– AB + CD = AC + BD