THE COMPARISON BETWEEN PAYAKUMBUH (DOWNTOWN) DIALECT AND PAYAKUMBUH (MUDIAK) DIALECT
SOCIOLINGUISTICS FINAL TASK
FAUZIATUL HUSNA
2007/83598
KEPENDIDIKAN 2
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND ART
STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG
2010
I. INTRODUCTION
Language is a very wide field of study that has many sub-discussions like psycholinguistics for a study of language and its relationship with the brain and sociolinguistics for a study of language and its relationship with social features like culture. This second field of language study is what I am going to discuss in this essay later. However, this sub-discussion alone is still a very wide topic to be discussed in this simple and short writing. So I will narrow the discussion to the matter of dialect only.
The term dialect (from the Greek Language word dialektos, ) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. The two ways are :
a. A variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect; a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect.
b. A language socially subordinates to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. This more precise usage enables distinguishing between varieties of a language, such as the French spoken in Nice, France, and local languages distinct from the superordinate language, e.g. Nissart, the traditional native Romance language of Nice, known in French as Niard.
A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). (http/www.wikipedia.com)
From the description above we can see that there are two ways of language dialect definition. However, the one that I use here is the first definition since it matches with the kind of dialect I discuss here.
As stated above, dialect is a difference of the features of language used by people who actually speak a same language. A popular example of dialect in English language is between Irish and Scottish. People in both Ireland and Scotland use English language in their daily life that makes English becomes their native language, but the English they are using are pretty different that makes linguist conclude that they have different dialect. In this writing, I will compare two dialects that exist in the same region (Payakumbuh), they are the dialect of the downtown Payakumbuh and mudiak, which is still the part of Payakumbuh itself. Then there will be a conclusion we can derive from the discussion. Both downtown and mudiak area of Payakumbuhs people speak Minangkabau language, but they have different dialect which will be clear in the discussion of this topic.
Before coming to the core of the discussion I think itd be better if we talk about the intention or the purpose of the discussion itself first. By talking about this, we will be lead to the right way or method in comparing the two dialects. Actually, the comparison between two dialects is done in order to know exactly how they are differing and also why is the difference occur. Furthermore, the similarities of both language will also being talked about in this writing since we cannot say that we have compared two or more things before we look at both differences and similarities of those comparable things.
II. DISCUSSION
The differences and similarities that occur in two dialects can be caused by several things like regional distance and social status. In this writing, however, we talk about the regional distance caused. Downtown Payakumbuh and Mudiak area is actually not so far away in distance, but the differences are obvious. You can say from where someone come from (downtown or mudiak) just by listening to the way they speak. However, I do not think that a dialect is better than others since the differences do not occur due to any different in social status.
In this discussion, I will compare the two dialects by using these following ways:
1. Look at the two dialect thoroughly
2. Check the common word
3. Check the same words in the two dialects
4. Check the different words in the two dialects
5. Pay attention to the accent/pronunciation/intonation
1. Here are some example of the two dialects:
The examples of some words below have been arranged in the term of their class: nouns, verbs, adjectives and modifiers. It will make it easier for us to make a general comparison at the beginning of this discussion.
No.
Indonesian
Payakumbuh
Payakumbuh (mudiak)
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50.
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KATA BENDA
Kamar
Mangkok
Lemari
Kursi
Meja
Tikar
Jendela
Pintu
Dapur
Mobil
Uang
Dinding
Pohon
Baju
Celana
Pasar
Beras
Air
Telur
Tepung
Kue
Buku
Pena
Pensil
Atap
Paman
Bibi
Papaya
Jeruk
Kelapa
Monyet
Anjing
Tikus
Kucing
Ayam
Jamur
Kuda
Jalan
Piring
Gelas
Sapu
Sandal
Ibu
Ayah
Nenek
Kakek
Kuali
Panci
Kambing
Jengkol
KATA KERJA
Tidur
Berdiri
Berlari
Mencuci
Menangis
Tertawa
Memotong
Mencaci
Mengintip
Membaca
Bicara
Memukul
Membawa
Membeli
Menukar
Menjual
Berenang
Makan
Minum
Belajar
Mengajar
Mendengar
Meninggalkan
Memindahkan
Menolak
Mengantar
Menyesal
Menyerah
Membunuh
Melahirkan
Memancing
Bangun tidur
Membual
Menyayangi
Membenci
Melawan
Mendukung
Mencuri
Memanjat
Berteriak
KATA SIFAT
Baik
Buruk
Cantik
Tampan
Sombong
Panjang
Pendek
Luas
Kecil
Besar
Gelap
Terang
Gemuk
Panas
Lembab
Tinggi
Rendah
Penting
Pemarah
Enak
Manis
Pahit
Asam
Gila
Aneh
Benar
Salah
Lembut
Kasar
Pendiam
Cerewet
Jahat
Nakal
Keras
Lunak
Dalam
Dangkal
Marah
Sedih
Sempit
Bosan
Kurus
Lamban
Senang
Lelah
Basah
Cepat
Lambat
Susah
Mudah
KATA KETERANGAN
Nanti
Kemarin
Besok
Tadi
Sekarang
Depan
Kemarin Lusa
Belakang
Atas
Bawah
Kiri
Kanan
Dengan baik
Dengan cepat
Di sini
Di sana
Sering
Jarang
Apa
Dimana
Kemana
Siapa
Mengapa
Kapan
Satu
Dua
Tiga
Emapt
Lima
Seratus
Kamar
Mangkuak
Lamari
Kursi
Meja
Lapiak
Jandela
Pintu
Dapua
Oto
Pitih
Dindiang
Batang
Baju
Sarawa
Pasa
Bareh
Aia
Talua
Tapuang
Kue
Buku
Pena
Pensil
Atok
Pak adang
Mak adang
Kalikih
Limau
Karambia
Baruak
Anjiang
Mancik
Kuciang
Ayam
Cendawan
Kudo
Jalan
Piriang
Galeh
Sapu
Tarompah
Mama/Ama
Papa/apa
Enek
Atuak
Kuali
Pariuak
Kambiang
Jariang
Lalok
Tagak
Lari
Nyuci
Nangih
Galak
Motong
Mancacek
Mancigok
Mambaco
Mangecek
Manokok
Mambaok
Mambali
Manuka
Manjua
Baranang
Makan
Minum
Baraja
Maaja
Mandanga
Maninggaan
Mamindahan
Manolak
Maantaan
Manyasa
Manyarah
Mambunuah
Malahian
Manciang
Jago lalok
Baduto
Manyayangi
Mambanci
Malawan
Mandukuang
Mencilok
Manjek
Mamakiak
Elok
Buruak
Rancak
Gagah
Sombong
Panjang
Pendek
Laweh
Ketek
Gadang
Kalam
Tarang
Gapuak
Angek
Lambok
Tinggi
Randah
Penting
Pamberang
Lamak
Manih
Paik
Asam
Gilo
Aneh
Batua
Salah
Lambuik
Kasa
Paantok
Pengecek
Jaek
Mada
Kareh
Lunak
Dalam
Dangkal
Berang
Sadiah
Sampik
Bosan
Kuruih
Lamban
Sanang
Latiah
Basah
Capek
Lambek
Payah
Murah
Beko
Patang
Bisuak
Tadi
Kini
Muko
Patang ciak lai
Balakang
Ateh
Bawah
Kiri
Kanan
Elok-elok
Capek-capek
Di siko
Di situ
Acok
Jarang
A
Dima
Kama
Sia
Manga
Bilo
Ciek
Duo
Tigo
Ampek
Limo
saratuih
Biliek
Mangkuok
Lomari
Kursi
Meja
Lapiek
Jandela
Pintu
Dapuo
Oto
Pitih
Dindieng
Batang
Baju
Sarowa
Pasa
Boreh
Aie
Toluo
Topuong
Kue
Buku
Pena
Pensil
Atok
Pak odang
Mak odang
Kalikih
Limou
Karambie
Boruok
Anjieng
Moncik
Kucieng
Ayom
Cendawen
Kudo
Jalen
Pirieng
Galeh
Sapu
Sulop
Mama/ama
Papa/apa
Enek
Atuok
Kuali
Pariuok
Kambieng
Jorieng
Lolok
Togak
Lari
Nyuci
Nangih
Golak
Motong
Mancacek
Mancigok
Mambaco
Mangecek
Manokok
Mambao
Mamboli
Manuka
Manjua
Baronang
Maken
Minum
Baraja
Maaja
Mandonga
Maninggaen
Mamindahen
Manolak
Maantaen
Manyosa
Manyorah
Mambunuoh
Malahien
Mancieng
Jago lolok
Baduto
Manyayangi
Mambonci
Malawen
Mandukuong
Mancilok
Manjek
Mamokiek
Elok
Buruok
Rancak
Gagah
Sombong
Panjang
Pendek
Loweh
Ketek
Godang
Kolom
Torang
Gopuok
Angek
Lombok
Tinggi
Rondah
Penting
Pambongih
Lomak
Manih
Paik
Asom
Gilo
Aneh
Botuo
Salah
Lambuik
Kasa
Paontok
Pangecek
Jaek
Mada
Koreh
Lunak
Dalom
Dangka
Bongih
Sadieh
Sompik
Bosan
Kuruh
Lamban
Sonang
Lotieh
Biak
Copek
Lambek
Payah
Murah
Biko
Potang
Bisuok
Cako
Kini
Muko
Potang ciek lai
Balakang
Ateh
Bawah
Kida
Suok
Elok-elok
Copek-copek
Di siko
Di situ
Kodok
Jarang
A
Dima
Kama
Sia
Manga
Bilo
Ciek
Duo
Tigo
Ompek
Limo
Saratuh
2. The common words
The common words like iyo and ndak are just the same in both downtown and mudiak area of Payakumbuh. But I conclude that there are at least two other common words used in Minangkabau language. They are:
Do in ndak do that means no.
In downtown people will say ndak do.
In mudiak people say ndak deh.
Lo in iyo lo or ndak lo that means too.
In downtown people will say iyo lo.
In mudiak people say iyo leh.
From the example we can see that some common words that is used so often and intensively in Minangkabau language are used differently by two dialects we are discussing.
3. The same words in the two dialects
In the two dialects, some words are just the same, for example:
Indonesian
Downtown
Mudiak
Tampan
Cantik
Siapa
Dimana
Apa
Ibu
Ayah
Kasar
Menjual
Menukar
Kursi
Meja
Minum
Satu
Dua
Tiga
Gagah
Rancak
Sia
Dima
A
Ama
Apa
Kasa
Manjua
Manuka
Kursi
Meja
Minum
Ciek
Duo
Tigo
Gagah
Rancak
Sia
Dima
A
Ama
Apa
Kasa
Manjua
Manuka
Kursi
Meja
Minum
Ciek
Duo
Tigo
We can see that those words are actually the popular words that are used massively in daily life just like the common words before. But in fact, those several words are not different in the two different dialects. More importantly, those words are from every class of the words. So each classes has the representative in the group of words that is used the same way in both downtown and mudiak dialect.
4. The different words in the two dialects
In the two dialects, some words are different, for example:
Indonesian
Downtown
Mudiak
Jeruk
Pergi
Gemuk
Kurus
Basah
Seratus
Cepat
Empat
Tidur
Sering
Makan
Paman
Limau
Pai
Gapuak
Kuruih
Basah
Saratuih
Capek
Ampek
Lalok
Acok
Makan
Pak adang
Limou
Poi
Gopuok
Kuruh
Biak
Saratuh
Copek
Ompek
Lolok
Kodok
Maken
Pak odang
It is clear that some words are totally different in use in the two dialects. Downtown people tend to use what seems to be softer dialect while mudiak people seem comfortable in using words that are slightly harsher and more frankly.
5. Pronunciation and intonation comparison
In the matter of pronunciation I do not think that they have so many differences. However, in intonation case, it is obvious that some group of Mudiak people tend to speak with higher tone and higher speed as well, but it is not quite a fair generalization sine I more likely to think that it depends on the personal style of each user.
Moreover, some particular groups in Mudiak area also have their own style of intonation. For example people in Taeh have an intonation style that is so rich of tone variation and Maek people with their melodic style of speaking. This is something that also make them easy to be recognized. On the other hand, downtown people tend to use a flat intonation.
III. CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, I think it is safe to say that there are indeed differences and similarities between downtown Payakumbuh and mudiak dialect.Those similarities and differences are varied in many ways, whether in the matter of phonology, ssemantic and penunciation/intonation aspect. However, I think it is acceptable if we make a pattern of those differences and similarities, just based on the discussion above so it will not become a problem since it is just in my opinion.
Some obvious patterns:
0-eh
O vocal in downtown dialect tend to be changed into eh in mudiak dialect, like we can see in this example:
Iyo lo iyo leh
Ndak do ndak deh
A-o
A vocal in downtown dialect is always changed into o vocal.
For instance:
Pai poi
Lalok lolok
Kalam kolom
Uih-uh
Sufix like uih is changed into suffix uh.
Here are the example:
Kuruih kuruh
Luruih luruh
Lutuik lutuk
Random difference
Random here means that some words change in a way that is not patterned like those previous examples. This kind of difference is much more complicated and it will make a new speaker of the dialect find it difficult to remember. In my opinion, it is just like regular and irregular verbs in English. Regular verbs is like the previous patterned changes and irregular verbs is like the random difference or change in mudiak dialect compared to downtown Payakumbuh dialect.
That are what I can conclude from the discussion of this writing piece. Before I close it, I think it is urgent to restate my previous statement that we cannot judge people from their dialect or even their language because people are much more complex than that. So, it is just not fair if some people from certain place think that their dialect is better that others. Dialect is created trough a long process of its users. More importantly, in this case especially, it is not created due to the differences of social status but just regional distance. No reason to look down to any of these two dialects.