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The Digestive System
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Digestive System is approximately 8 meters long
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Human digestive system
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Digestion
• Processing of food• Types• Mechanical (physical)• Chew• Tear• Grind• Mash• Mix
• Chemical• Catabolic reactions• Enzymatic hydrolysis• Carbohydrate• Protein• Lipid
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Digestion• Phases• Ingestion• Movement• Digestion• Absorption• Further digestion
• After chewing and swallowing, it takes 5 to 10 seconds for food to pass down the esophagus to the stomach, where it spends 2 to 6 hours being partially digested.
• Final digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine over a period of 5 to 6 hours.
• In 12 to 24 hours, any undigested material passes through the large intestine, and feces are expelled through the anus.
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Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract or alimentary canal• Tube within a tube• Direct link/path between organs• Structures
• Mouth• Oral Cavity• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Duedenum • Jejenum• kIleum• Cecum• Ascending colon• Transverse colon
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Digestive System Organization• Descending colon• Sigmoid colon• Rectum• Anus
• Accessory structures• Not in tube path• Organs
• Teeth• Tongue• Salivary glands• Liver• Gall bladder• Pancreas
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Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat
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Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth
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Dorsal Surface of the Tongue
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The Major Salivary Glands
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Alimentary canal
• Mouth- physical and chemical breakdown.• Mastication-the act of
chewing• Saliva contains enzyme
amylase to break down carbohydrates
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• Pharynx- contains opening to trachea as well. Epiglottis covers opening of trachea.
• Esophagus-muscular tube dorsal to trachea• Relies on a rhythmic
wave-like motion called peristalsis
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Peristalsis and Segmentationseries of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract
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Anatomy of the Stomach
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Stomach• 3 muscle layers• Oblique• Circular• Longitudinal
• Regions• Cardiac sphincter• Fundus• Antrum (pylorus)• Pyloric sphincter
• Vascular• Inner surface thrown into folds – Rugae• Contains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2
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Stomach• Functions• Mix food• Reservoir• Start digestion of
• Protein• Nucleic acids• Fats
• Activates some enzymes• Destroy some bacteria• Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption• Destroys some bacteria
• Absorbs• Alcohol• Water• Lipophilic acid• B 12
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Small Intestine
• Extends from pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve• Regions• Duodenum• Jejenum• Ileum
• Movements• Segmentation• Peristalsis
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Small intestine• The walls of the small
intestine are lined with millions of microvilli. This is the site of nutrient absorption.
• Small intestines also produce many digestive enzymes to break large polymers completely down into monomers.
• Chyme- the thin liquid mush that is your food being passed through the intestines
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Small Intestine• Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes• Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous• Paneth cells – Lysozyme• Microvilli• Lacteals• Plica circularis• Smooth muscle• Lymphatic tissue – GALT• Vascular
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Small Intestine• Absorbs• 80% ingested water• Electrolytes• Vitamins• Minerals• Carbonates
• Active/facilitated transport• Monosaccharides
• Proteins• Di-/tripeptides• Amino acids
• Lipids• Monoglycerides• Fatty acids• Micelles• Chylomicrons
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Structure of the Villi in the Small Intestine
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Villi and microvilli
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Small Intestine• Secretes digestive enzymes• Peptidases
• Amino-• Di-• Tri-
• Sucrases• Maltase• Lactase• Saccharidases
• Di-• Tri-
• Lipase• Nucleases
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Small Intestine
• Requires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion
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Liver• Location• R. Hypochondrium• Epigastric region
• 4 Lobes• Left • Quadrate• Caudate• Right
• Each lobe has lobules – Contains hepatocytes – Surround sinusoids – Feed into central vein
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Liver• Functions• Makes bile
• Detergent – emulsifies fats• Release promoted by:• Vagus n.• CCK• Secretin
• Contains• Water• Bile salts• Bile pigments• Electrolytes• Cholesterol• Lecithin
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Liver• Detoxifies/removes
• Drugs• Alcohol
• Stores• Gycolgen• Vitamins (A, D, E, K)• Fe and other minerals• Cholesterol
• Activates vitamin D• Fetal RBC production• Phagocytosis• Metabolizes absorbed food
molecules• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids
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Liver
• Dual blood supply• Hepatic portal vein
• Direct input from small intestine
• Hepatic artery/vein• Direct links to heart
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• Gall bladder- stores and concentrates bile• Bile is a bitter, greenish-
yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
• Pancreas- produces insulin, pancreatic juices amylase and lipase. • Pancreatic juice digests all
major nutrient types.
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The Duodenum and Related Organs
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The Organs and Positions in the Abdominal Cavity
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Large Intestine
• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus• Regions• Cecum – Appendix• Colon• Ascending• Transverse• Descending
• Rectum• Anal canal
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Anatomy of the Large Intestine
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Large Intestine• Histology• No villi• No permanent circular folds• Smooth muscle
• Taeniae coli• Haustra
• Epiploic appendages• Otherwise like rest of Gl tract
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Large Intestine• Functions• Mechanical digestion• Haustral churning• Peristalsis• Reflexes • Gastroileal• Gastrocolic
• Chemical digestion – Bacterial digestion• Ferment carbohydrates• Protein/amino acid
breakdown
– Absorbs• More water• Vitamins
– B– K
– Concentrate/eliminate wastes
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You’ve got company!• Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• produce vitamins • vitamin K; B vitamins
• generate gases• by-product of bacterial metabolism • methane, hydrogen sulfide
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Feces Formation and Defecation• Chyme dehydrated to form feces• Feces composition• Water• Inorganic salts• Epithelial cells• Bacteria• Byproducts of digestion
• Defecation• Peristalsis pushes feces into rectum• Rectal walls stretch
• Control• Parasympathetic• Voluntary
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Structures of the Alimentary Canal
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Digestion and pHLocation pH Enzymes Molecules digested
Mouth neutral Amylase Starch
Stomach acidic Pepsin (a peptidase) Initial protein digestion
Small intestine Basic to neutral Mixture of amylase, peptidases, lipases
Digestion of starches, final breakdown of proteins, digestion of lipids.
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Hormones and digestion• Many hormones produced by the digestive system itself are
responsible for appetite and digestion.
• Gastrin in the stomach, produced when food is present, signals release of acid.
• Secretin signals the release of sodium bicarbonate by the pancreas.
• Ghrelin and Leptin, recently discovered, control appetite. Changes in these hormones cause overeating, because people with too little of these hormones don’t realize they’re full.
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Does a colon need cleaned?• Products like these raise worry in
people who believe their colon is “dirty.” These are laxatives that are unnecessary, or even harmful.
• “Cleansing” products can disrupt bowel function and do not cure any real illnesses. A diet high in fiber is a healthier option.