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The polar sea ice covers are large
Tens of millions of square kilometers, and empty
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Sea ice based autonomous systems
Over a hundred position, temperature, and pressure buoys
• International Arctic Buoy Program• Intnl.Program for Antarctic Buoys• Operating since 1970’s• Position, temperature, pressure• Many deployed every year• Surface or air deployed
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Sea ice based autonomous systems
The next best thing to being there
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Atmosphere
Fundamental meteorological parameters
Basic buoy • Air temperature• Barometric pressure• Position
Augmented buoy• Wind speed• Humidity• Can do multiple levels• Incoming radiative fluxes
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Atmospheric chemistry
Ozone, carbon dioxide, and BrO
• Ozone• Carbon dioxide• Bromine monoxide• Position• Air temperature• Wind speed• Humidity• Orientation• Web cam
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Spectral solar radiation
Incident, reflected and transmitted spectral irradiance
• Measurements of• Spectral incident• Spectral reflected• Spectral transmitted• All-wave incident, reflected
• Plus a webcam
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Sea ice mass balance
Ice motion, snow, ice growth, surface and bottom melt
• Position• Air temperature• Barometric pressure• Ice temperatures• Upper ocean temperatures• Snow accumulation and melt• Ice growth• Surface and bottom ice melt
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Ocean profiles
Vertical profiles of ocean properties
• Different methods• Fixed locations• Up and down
• Profiles of ocean properties• Temperature• Salinity• Currents• Biochemical• Optical
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Ocean fluxes
High temporal resolution of heat, salt, momentum fluxes
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Locations: Webcams
A picture is worth a thousand words
May 15
July 24
June 6
August 16
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Integrated sites
1 + 1 + 1 = 111
• North Pole and Beaufort Gyre Observatories• Atmosphere, ice, and ocean
• Air temp., pressure, humidity, wind velocity• Radiometers• Sea ice mass balance• Ocean fluxes• Ocean profiles of temperature, salinity• Web cams
• Getting a long time series
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& ICEPOD
Inbound StationsOutbound Stations
Buoy Array Deployments
Integrated campaigns
Spatial integration of autonomous systems
PIPERS – Polynyas and Ice Production in the Ross Sea
April – June 2017
Fully capture the space/time evolution of air-ice-ocean interactions in the Ross Sea
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Key autonomous issues
Identify, communicate, coordinate, disseminate
• What data to measure• Where to measure• Where to deposit the data• When to deposit the data• How to coordinate the effort
• International Arctic Buoy Program• Internation Program for Antarctic Buoys• Southern Ocean Observing System• Arctic Observing Network• Climate and Cryosphere
Potential partners