the polar sea ice covers are large tens of millions of square kilometers, and empty
TRANSCRIPT
The polar sea ice covers are large
Tens of millions of square kilometers, and empty
Sea ice based autonomous systems
Over a hundred position, temperature, and pressure buoys
• International Arctic Buoy Program• Intnl.Program for Antarctic Buoys• Operating since 1970’s• Position, temperature, pressure• Many deployed every year• Surface or air deployed
Sea ice based autonomous systems
The next best thing to being there
Atmosphere
Fundamental meteorological parameters
Basic buoy • Air temperature• Barometric pressure• Position
Augmented buoy• Wind speed• Humidity• Can do multiple levels• Incoming radiative fluxes
Atmospheric chemistry
Ozone, carbon dioxide, and BrO
• Ozone• Carbon dioxide• Bromine monoxide• Position• Air temperature• Wind speed• Humidity• Orientation• Web cam
Spectral solar radiation
Incident, reflected and transmitted spectral irradiance
• Measurements of• Spectral incident• Spectral reflected• Spectral transmitted• All-wave incident, reflected
• Plus a webcam
Sea ice mass balance
Ice motion, snow, ice growth, surface and bottom melt
• Position• Air temperature• Barometric pressure• Ice temperatures• Upper ocean temperatures• Snow accumulation and melt• Ice growth• Surface and bottom ice melt
Ocean profiles
Vertical profiles of ocean properties
• Different methods• Fixed locations• Up and down
• Profiles of ocean properties• Temperature• Salinity• Currents• Biochemical• Optical
Ocean fluxes
High temporal resolution of heat, salt, momentum fluxes
Locations: Webcams
A picture is worth a thousand words
May 15
July 24
June 6
August 16
Integrated sites
1 + 1 + 1 = 111
• North Pole and Beaufort Gyre Observatories• Atmosphere, ice, and ocean
• Air temp., pressure, humidity, wind velocity• Radiometers• Sea ice mass balance• Ocean fluxes• Ocean profiles of temperature, salinity• Web cams
• Getting a long time series
& ICEPOD
Inbound StationsOutbound Stations
Buoy Array Deployments
Integrated campaigns
Spatial integration of autonomous systems
PIPERS – Polynyas and Ice Production in the Ross Sea
April – June 2017
Fully capture the space/time evolution of air-ice-ocean interactions in the Ross Sea
Key autonomous issues
Identify, communicate, coordinate, disseminate
• What data to measure• Where to measure• Where to deposit the data• When to deposit the data• How to coordinate the effort
• International Arctic Buoy Program• Internation Program for Antarctic Buoys• Southern Ocean Observing System• Arctic Observing Network• Climate and Cryosphere
Potential partners