Download - The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation
1517-1648
Objectives
To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity
To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism
To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society
Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church
Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest
German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Holy Roman Empire in 1500Located in modern day
Germany
Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states
Each State had its own Prince
The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V
The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE
Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25
Had to hold his empire together
He was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism!
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556
Empire of Charles V
The Catholic Church in 1500
The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe
Held the monopoly on information and education
Owned a great deal of property
People resented the wealth of the Church
The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
The Church was corrupt!
The Catholic ChurchPower of the Pope:Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earthInfallible Above any earthly powerMade international treatiesAll clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried
What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:BaptismEucharist (mass/communion)ConfirmationConfessionAnointing of the Sick-Last ritesHoly Orders –men to become priestsMarriage
Height of Papal CorruptionWho?Pope Leo X- 1513-1521Medici Pope-second son of Lorenzo the MagnificentWhat did he do?Depleted Papal coffersMoney needed for St Peter’s reconstructionSolution:Sale of Church offices-SimonySale of indulgences
Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael
Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church
Martin Luther 1483-1546
Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany
Joined the Order of Saint Augustine
1505 became a monk
Moved to Wittenberg in 1511
Strong sense of unworthiness
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person
Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church
Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:Indulgences and Justification
Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority- not the pope or clergy
Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible
He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works
What Luther Wanted
Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone
Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone
Sola Gratia By grace alone
Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling
indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”
What was an Indulgence?A Papal pardon for sins.
A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory
Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime
Purchase for yourself or a departed relative
Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther
Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.
How Did Word Spread So Quickly?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press
Reaction To Luther
Gained support from people and criticism from Church
Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE
Millions converted
Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings
All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.”
Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints
Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon
Permitted clergy to marry
Luther’s Showdown with the Church
June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication
Papal Bull-Official document issued by the Pope
Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings
Luther burned the Papal Bull
Excommunicated!
This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome
The Diet of Worms-April 1521
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms
Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princesLuther asked to recant, he again refused.Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner
Edict of WormsDeclared Luther an outlaw
It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food
Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle
Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!)
This spread his beliefs even further
Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.
The Peace of Augsburg 1555The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politicallyPrinces in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending
authority of the Pope in their states Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept
Catholicism again, with little successThe Peace of Augsburg:Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religionA Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran of
Catholic
Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
Literal interpretation of the Bible
Predestination Faith revealed by living
a righteous lifeProtestant work ethicExpansion of the Protestant Movement
Predestination
Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination
God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not
Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
Theocracy-government run by church leaders
Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them
Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
Henry VIII-King of England
Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs
Opposed Luther’s beliefs
Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even writing a pamphlet denouncing Luther
Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Leo X
Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!Catholic Church does not permit divorce
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor
Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir
The Pope denied his request
Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it
Act of Supremacy-1534
Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”
The all monarchs of England continue to hold that title
Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason
Sir Thomas More was one of them!
Another Girl for Henry
Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap!
He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH
SEPTEMBER 7, 1533
By the Queen
Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign
Henry’s Six Wives!Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.
Catherine of AragonAnnulled
Jane Seymour Diedchildbed fever
Anne of ClevesAnnulled
Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded
Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded
Catherine Parr survived
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died
Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants
Made England a firmly Protestant nation
Little religious turmoil for decades
Branches of Christianity
CHRISTIANITY
RomanCatholicism
EasternOrthodox
Protestant
LutheranMartinLuther
CalvinistJohn
Calvin
AnglicanHenry VIII
Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian
Catholic
Protestant
The Protestant Reformation Map
Results
In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions
The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism.
It was losing followers which meant it was losing money.
They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church.
The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to
make reforms
The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices:
Salvation comes through faith and good works
The Bible is not the only source of truth
Council took steps to end Church abuses
The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola- religious order to defend and spread the Catholic faith world wide
The Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world
Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Known for setting up schools
Spread of Christianity
Protestant England settled in what is now the United States.
Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America.
Catholic
Protestant
END
Conclusion
The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church
Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs
Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions
Luther’s Marries Katherine von Bora