The Protestant Reformation

1517-1648

Objectives

To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity

To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism

To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society

Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest

German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Holy Roman Empire in 1500Located in modern day

Germany

Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states

Each State had its own Prince

The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V

The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE

Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25

Had to hold his empire together

He was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism!

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556

Empire of Charles V

The Catholic Church in 1500

The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe

Held the monopoly on information and education

Owned a great deal of property

People resented the wealth of the Church

The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes

The Church was corrupt!

The Catholic ChurchPower of the Pope:Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earthInfallible Above any earthly powerMade international treatiesAll clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried

What Catholics Believe

The Seven Sacraments:BaptismEucharist (mass/communion)ConfirmationConfessionAnointing of the Sick-Last ritesHoly Orders –men to become priestsMarriage

Height of Papal CorruptionWho?Pope Leo X- 1513-1521Medici Pope-second son of Lorenzo the MagnificentWhat did he do?Depleted Papal coffersMoney needed for St Peter’s reconstructionSolution:Sale of Church offices-SimonySale of indulgences

Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany

Joined the Order of Saint Augustine

1505 became a monk

Moved to Wittenberg in 1511

Strong sense of unworthiness

Troubled by the sale of indulgences

Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church

Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:Indulgences and Justification

Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority- not the pope or clergy

Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible

He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works

What Luther Wanted

Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone

Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone

Sola Gratia By grace alone

Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling

indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517

“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”

What was an Indulgence?A Papal pardon for sins.

A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime

Purchase for yourself or a departed relative

Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther

Martin Luther’s Actions

Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.

How Did Word Spread So Quickly?

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

Reaction To Luther

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE

Millions converted

Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings

All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.”

Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints

Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon

Permitted clergy to marry

Luther’s Showdown with the Church

June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication

Papal Bull-Official document issued by the Pope

Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings

Luther burned the Papal Bull

Excommunicated!

This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome

The Diet of Worms-April 1521

Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms

Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princesLuther asked to recant, he again refused.Charles V issued the Edict of Worms

Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

Edict of WormsDeclared Luther an outlaw

It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food

Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle

Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!)

This spread his beliefs even further

Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.

The Peace of Augsburg 1555The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politicallyPrinces in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending

authority of the Pope in their states Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept

Catholicism again, with little successThe Peace of Augsburg:Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religionA Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran of

Catholic

Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition

Literal interpretation of the Bible

Predestination Faith revealed by living

a righteous lifeProtestant work ethicExpansion of the Protestant Movement

Predestination

Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination

God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not

Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

Theocracy-government run by church leaders

Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them

Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition

Henry VIII-King of England

Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

Opposed Luther’s beliefs

Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even writing a pamphlet denouncing Luther

Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Leo X

Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!Catholic Church does not permit divorce

Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor

Henry needed a male to preserve his throne

Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir

The Pope denied his request

Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

Act of Supremacy-1534

Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy

Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”

The all monarchs of England continue to hold that title

Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason

Sir Thomas More was one of them!

Another Girl for Henry

Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap!

He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth

BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533

BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH

SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

By the Queen

Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign

Henry’s Six Wives!Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.

Catherine of AragonAnnulled

Jane Seymour Diedchildbed fever

Anne of ClevesAnnulled

Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded

Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded

Catherine Parr survived

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died

Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants

Made England a firmly Protestant nation

Little religious turmoil for decades

Branches of Christianity

CHRISTIANITY

RomanCatholicism

EasternOrthodox

Protestant

LutheranMartinLuther

CalvinistJohn

Calvin

AnglicanHenry VIII

Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

Catholic

Protestant

The Protestant Reformation Map

Results

In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions

The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism.

It was losing followers which meant it was losing money.

They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church.

The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to

make reforms

The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices:

Salvation comes through faith and good works

The Bible is not the only source of truth

Council took steps to end Church abuses

The Jesuits

Ignatius of Loyola- religious order to defend and spread the Catholic faith world wide

The Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world

Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas.

Known for setting up schools

Spread of Christianity

Protestant England settled in what is now the United States.

Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America.

Catholic

Protestant

END

Conclusion

The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church

Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs

Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions

Luther’s Marries Katherine von Bora