THE ROAD THE ROAD TO WARTO WAR
HOW RUSSIA, ITALY, AND HOW RUSSIA, ITALY, AND GERMANY BROUGHT THE GERMANY BROUGHT THE
WORLD TO WARWORLD TO WAR
RUSSIA IN THE MONARCHY
The Last of the Romanovs to rule Russia
-Determined to keep autocratic government
-felt the Alexander II, and his reforms were to blame
-- wanted to hold down reforms
--keep a hold of monarchy
-Romanovs rule for 300 years
1. Early 1. Early 2020cc: :
Russian Russian Social Social
HierarchHierarchyy
First Stages of First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization
An Early Russian Factory
3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy
1905 Russian Rubles
4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Investments &
InfluenceInfluence
Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few
regions.]
5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
The “Yellow Peril”
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
Russian & Japanese Russian & Japanese SoldiersSoldiers
Russia Is HumiliatedRussia Is Humiliated
Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905[NH] - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemake
r
[He gets the Nobel
Peace Prize for his
efforts.]
1905 REVOLUTIONJanuary 1905 striking workers march for better working conditions Right to strike and other moderate demands.
-led by Orthodox Priest Gapon
-- Marched to Winter Palace singing God Save the Tsar
-- After the assembly starts loyal tsarist troops open fire and kill over 1,000 marchers
-- Riots and Strikes by workers sweep the city
-- peasants roam the countryside looting and burning the homes of nobles
BLOODY SUNDAY 1905
Nicholas and the Royal family
RUSSIA AND WORLD WAR I-War was a disaster for Russia
-Russia lost battle after battle
-There were shortages in food, clothing guns and ammo
-Loses wear down the morale of the troops
-Russia has troops deserting, rioting peasants, workers striking and Duma members demanding reform, country ripe for reform.
Rasputin
“The Mad Monk”
NICHOLAS II AND HIS FATAL MISTAKE
Russia war effort is demoralizing at home so to help Nicholas goes to the front to take command leaving Alexandra in charge
Alexandra enlist the aid of a man named Rasputin who is supposed to have great power (Improved the health of her son)
Gives him power to add and remove people in the government
Able Russia leaders can’t work with him so they quit, many believing that he was working with the Germans
December 1916 was assassinated by members of the Duma.
Russia March 1917
THE REVOLUTION OF MARCH 1917
Began spontaneously in March 1917 in Petrograd
War weariness, inflation and shortages of food
Nicholas ordered military to put down riots, instead they joined.
Government crumbles after this
March 15 Tsar Nicholas abdicates in favor of his brother
Revolution quickly spread throughout Russia.
LENIN
A TEMPORARY FIX TO THE PROBLEM
AFTER THE ABDICATION
DUMA (Russian Legislature) POLITICAINS SET UP PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
START MAKING PLANS FOR GOVERNMENT REFORM
KEEP RUSSIA IN THE WAR
BIG MISTAKE
LENIN AND BOLSHEVIKS WAIT THEIR TURN IN THE WINGS
Trotsky
Stalin
RUSSIA’S NEW REGIMELENIN IN SWITZERLAND AT TIME OF REVOLUTION
GERMANS HELP GET LENIN BACK IN RUSSIA
INTENSIFY REVOLUTION AND WEAKEN WAR EFFORT
FOLLOWERS INCLUDED TROTSKY,AND STALIN
WANTED END TO WAR, LAND FOR PEASANTS
OWNERSHIP OF FACTORIES BY WORKERS
LENIN STRIKES, TAKES CONTROL
BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION STARTS LATE OCTOBER 1917
LENIN ORDERS TROOPS TO OVERTHROW PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
TROOPS LED BY TROTSKY CAPTURE WINTER PALACE
BY NOV 7 LENIN IS IN CONTROL
KILL ALL CAPTURED GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
ESTABLISHED NEW GOV’T ON NOV 9 WITH LENIN IN CHARGE
After Lenin’s death in 1924 Stalin takes over
Forces Soviets to take “Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward”
Launches the first in a series of 5 year plans5 year plans to modernize agriculture and businesses from ground up
-Collective farms meet with resistance
-Stalin punished resistant farmers by taking all or most of the food the produced: millions starved,millions starved, Millions moreMillions more were forced off land or sent to work camps in Siberia
Food shortages led to rationing
Industrialization was more successful
Poured money into industry hurts standard of living but by 19401940 the Soviet’s are an industrial power.
SOVIET PURGESSOVIET PURGES
political term for removing enemies and undesirables (opponents of Stalin)
fake trials
millions killed to purify USSR
MUSSOLINI INTRODUCES FASCISM
WHAT IS FASCISMCOMES FROM THE ITALIAN TERM FASCIO MEANING “UNION OR LEAGUE”
WANTS TO HELP COUNTRY REGAIN PRIDE BY GIVING IT A HEIGHTENED SENSE OF NATIONAL PRIDE
REJECTS LIBERAL IDEAS
WANTED THE DESTRUCTION OF ELECTION, LEGISLATURES AND OTHER DEMOCRATIC IDEAS
REJECTS COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM AS TO INDIVIDUAL.
Fascism gains ground in ItalyWhy did Mussolini’s fascist party become popular after World War I
-Italy suffered badly during the war
-Italy promised extra land, but not given it. Looked like Italy was being ignored
-Weak government after the war
-Rising unemployment
Who was Benito Mussolini
Son of a blacksmith
Before WWI he was a Socialist
Brilliant organizer, agitator and journalist
Set up Fascist party, promised to rebuild Italy
Created “Black shirts” who dealt with troublemakers and criminals
Had a newspaper that spread his ideasAs the problems of Italy get worse the people turn to Mussolini to solve Italy’s problems
MUSSOLINI TAKES CHARGE IN ITALY
OCTOBER 1922, MUSSOLINI DEMANDS TO BE MADE PRIME MINISTER
KING OF ITALY, SUPPORT MUSSOLINI AND INVITIED HIM TO BECOME PRIME MINISTER
MUSSOLINI DICTATES HIS TAKEOVER
MUSSOLINI PERSUADES KING TO ALLOW HIM RULE AS DICTATOR
THEN HE PASSED THE ACERBO LAW WHO EVER WON THE NEXT ELECTION WOULD GET MOST SEATS IN PARLIAMENT
APRIL 1924 FASCIST WON 60%
MUSSOLINI FULLY IN CHARGE
SETS UP SECRET POLICE AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS FOR HIS OPPONENTS
MUSSOLINI CHANGES ITALYFIRST OF THE DICTATORS
OTHERS COPIED IDEAS BUT DID NOT MAKE SAME MISTAKES
POLITICAL PARTIES WERE BANNED
BOOKS AND NEWSPAPERS WERE CENSORED
EDUCATION WAS CONTROLLED
MUSSOLINI BATTLES TO IMPROVE ECONOMY
MUSSOLINI WAS POPULAR
FOR A WHILE
WHAT DID MUSSOLINI DO WRONG?
HE LIED TO THE PEOPLE
TO MANY OF HIS WERE PLANS WERE POORLY EXECUTED
MANY ECONOMIC IDEAS FAILED
MOST ITALIANS WORSE OFF BY THE EARLY 1930’S
Mussolini maintains power by the use of his Black shirted Secret Police
TEACHER AND THE PUPIL
GERMANY INTRODUCES WEIMAR REPUBLIC
KAISER WILLIAM II ABDICATES UNDER THREAT OF REVOLUTION.
- NEW LEADERS SIGN ARMISTICE AND LATER TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1919, NEW GERMAN GOVERNMENT DRAFTS CONSTITUTION IN WEIMAR
-CREATED DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT KNOWN AS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1919-1933
-GOVERNMENT LED BY CHANCELLOR & REICHSTAG
-BILL OF RIGHTS
UNREST IN GERMANYGERMANS OF ALL CLASSES BLAMED THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE HATED VERSAILLES TREATY.
MANY ACCUSED MARXISTS AND JEWS FOR AN IMAGINARY CONSPIRACY TO BETRAY GERMANY.
OUT OF CONTROL INFLATION
RIDICULOUS REPARATIONS PAYMENTS
RECOVERY IS HELPED BY AMERICAN DAWES PLAN
STOPPED BY GREAT DEPRESSION
GERMANY LOOKS TO ENERGETIC LEADER NAMED ADOLF HITLER TO SAVE THEM
HITLER FINDS A CALLING
HITLER DESPISES WEIMAR GOVERNMENT
FIND HIS CALLING AS A POLITICAN
JOINS SMALL RIGHT WING GROUP CALLED NAZI
NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY
HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST MEMBERS
WITHIN A YEAR HE WAS THE LEADER BY 1932 THERE WERE 17 MILLION NAZI’S
SUPPORT GROWS FOR NEW HITLER
FEB. 1920 2,000 PEOPLE LISTEN TO HITLER LAY OUT HIS IDEAS OF NEW GERMANY
INCLUDING EXPELING JEWS
HITLER READS “THE PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION”
ANTI SEMITIC BOOK FULL OF LIES
ALLOWS HITLER TO BLAME JEWS FOR EVERYTHING
• Dates back 3,000 years• Sanskrit word meaning ‘to be good’
– Often meant life, luck, strength, etc
Swastika
Southwest Cave Drawing Army 45th Infantry Division Patch
• Storm Battalion (1921) (Storm Troopers)– aka Brown Shirts
• Created to:– Protect Nazi Meetings– Break up other groups
meetings– Terrorize Nazi opponents
• Headed by Ernst Röhm
Sturmabteilung (SA)
IF AT FIRST YOU DON’T SUCCEED TRY AGAIN
1923 HITLER TRYS TO TAKE POWER “BEER HALL PUTSCH”
COUP FAILS AND HITLER IS JAILED
SPENDS LESS THAN 1 YEAR IN JAIL
HE WRITES “MEIN KAMPF”
MAIN THEME WAS SOCIAL DARWINISM
FELT GERMAN PEOPLE WERE RACIALLY SUPERIOR
MASTER RACE OR ARYANS
VIEWED JEWS AS A SEPARATE RACE
Mein Kampf
• Wanted to title it Four and a Half Years (of Fighting) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice
• Part autobiography /
part ideology• “The personification of the
devil as the symbol of all evil
assumes the living shape of
the Jew.”
HITLER LOOKS TO SEIZE POWER HITLER LOOKS TO SEIZE POWER LEGALLYLEGALLY
USING ANTI SEMTISM AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AS CATALYSTS HITLER AND THE NAZI’S GAIN A LARGE FOLLOWING
1930 ELECTIONS WINS 18% OF THE VOTE
• Increases rhetoric / popularity• Hitler vows to:
– Make Germany strong– Not pay reparations– Repudiate Versailles treaty– Stamp out corruption– Give every German bread
and a job
• 1930 – Second largest party in Germany– 107 seats in Reichstag
Great Depression
>
IN 1932 HITLER RUNS FOR PRESIDENT AND WINS 30% OF THE VOTE FORCING A RUNOFF ELECTION.
VON HINDENBERG GAIN PRESIDENCY GIVES CHANCELLORSHIP TO HITLER FOR HIS SUPPORT.
HITLER IS APPOINTED IN 1933. SUCCEEDS HINDENBURG UPON HIS DEATH IN 1934.
GERMAN DEMOCRACY SET ABLAZE
• February 27th, 1933– Blames communists
– Main opponent
• Next day Hindenburg– Limits liberty, expression, press,
assembly, association
– Permits wire tapping
– Eliminates search warrants
– Restricts property ownership
– Allowed federal government to take over states
Reichstag Fire
Prelude to War
• Hitler’s Brown Shirts quickly seized absolute authority with terror on the streets
• Hitler made himself dictator of Germany• He denounced the Treaty of Versailles and
begin to rebuild Germany’s armed forces.• 1936- Rome-Berlin Axis was formed• 1937- Hitler announced plans to obtain
“lebensraum” or living space for Germans through territorial expansion
CONSOLIDATES POWER AND TAKES POSITION AS DICTATOR.
ELIMINATES ALL CHALLENGERS
BUILDS UP INDUSTRY IN PREPARATION FOR WAR
BY 1937 HITLER IS READY TO IMPLEMENT HIS MASTER PLAN
OUTLINES PLANS FOR WORLD DOMINATION
HITLER BLAMES THE JEWS FOR THE TROUBLES THAT ARE IN GERMANY
ANTI-SEMETIC POLICIES WIN WIDESPREAD SUPPORT
Jews lose rights slowly but, surely
Hitler creates a nationalist fervor by excluding the Jews
RANK THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
Own or use a public phone
Date/marry whomever you choose
Own a radio, Nintendo, CD player
Own a pet
Go to the movies
Leave your house when ever you choose
1934 –JEWISH NEWSPAPERS BANNED
CITIZENSHIP FOR JEWS REVOKED
MARRIAGES BETWEEN JEWS AND ARYANS FORBIDDEN
1935- Nuremburg Laws in Germany denied citizenship and many other rights to German Jews
1936- JEWS LOSE RIGHT TO VOTE
1937-JEWS TRVEL RESTRICTED
1938 JEWS LOSE SEVERAL MORE RIGHTS
Prelude to War
• Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)- November 9,1938- a pogrom against the Jews of Germany and Austria
• Windows were smashed in Jewish shops, and synagogues were burned to the ground
• Jews were excluded from all but the most menial forms of employment
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
1940 LOSE PHONES IN HOMES ARE BEGIN TO GET TAKEN INTO PROTECTIVE CUSTODY
1941 CAN’T LEAVE HOUSE WITHOUT PERMISSION, NO PUBLIC PHONES
1942- NO NEWSPAPERS, DOGS, CATS, BIRDS, BIKE.
CANT PURCHASE MEAT,EGGS, MILK
Hitler wants to bring all people of German decent together
GAIN LIVING SPACE FOR PEOPLE “Lebensraum”
CONQUER INFERIOR PEOPLE (russian, polish and other slavic nations)
First on Hitler’s list is The Rhine as Hitler remilitarizes the territory (violates treaty of Versailles)
Austria is next
Gets Austrian Nazi’s into key positions
AUSTRIAN LEADER REFUSES TO GIVE POWER TO THE NAZI’S SO HITLER SENDS IN TROOPS
DEMOCRACIES AROUND THE WORLD DO NOTHING (APPEASEMENT)
1938 HITLER ANNEXES AUSTRIA
GIVES HITLER INVINCIBLE FEELING
THE SUDENTENLAND IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA IS NEXT
3 MILLION GERMANS
HITLER WANTED THEM TO BE ABLE TO CHOOSE THERE FUTURE
HITLER DEMANDS THE SUDENTENLAND
CONFERENCE IN MUNICH IN 1938 FRANCE AND ENGLAND APPEASE GERMANY AGAIN.
