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The Rock Cycle
Indicates agents of
change and
the types of rock that are present on Earth
and under what conditions they change
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Rock CycleIdentify the agents of change…
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Rock cycle processes
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Litho- prefix meaning stone or rock
Lithification
Igneous
Cooling
Solidification
rapid
Cooling Solidification
slow
Sedimentation
&
Deposition
Cementation of
sediments
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Igneous rocks
• From fire… • Intrusive ; formed inside Earth• Extrusive; formed outside Earth
(surface)• Mafic or felsic• Magnesium and aluminum rich or
quartz rich…
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Igneous RockMafic & Extrusive
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Igneous Rock, Basalt Columns
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Sedimentary rock
• Formed from weathered and eroded rock particles
• Could not be the original rocks
• WHY or why not?
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Layers in Sedimentary RockHow does it form?
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Grand Canyon
• If Grand Canyon consists of layers of millions of years of sedimentary rock, how did it form?
• When did the layers form? • When did the weathering and erosion take
place?• Were the rocks or the canyon, original
rocks on Earth? Why or why not?
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Is this the first rock on Earth?
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Sandstone
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Desert Geysers eject many minerals, heat and water
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Metamorphic Rock
• Formed from heat and pressure• Formed from tectonic
pressures• Re-crystallization• Banding• Distortion
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Word meaning?
•Meta means change, transformation
•Morphic means referring to the form or structure of an object
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How does metamorphic rock form?
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• Igneous rock that has weathered and eroded over time
• Note the globs of volcanic rock that solidified
• Dark colors due to elements such as magnesium, aluminum, (iron maybe)
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Volcanic rock weathered by water and wind.
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Iron deposits
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• Sedimentary rock• Sandstone; made from particles of other
rock, finely weathered and compacted; • Glued with calcite mineral• On sea floor• Seas contain abundance of calcite• Shelled organisms are made of calcite
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Extrusive Igneous Rock Basalt Columns
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• Basalt hexagonal shapes• Devil’s Tower; national monument in
Wyoming
Basalt is extrusive mafic igneous rock
Contains abudance of magnesium
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sandstone
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granite
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• Granite• The most common intrusive felsic igneous
rock on Earth• Most common rock of continental crust• Mostly quartz, horneblende and feldspar
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• Chalk is a type of limestone• Formed on seafloor
• Limestone metamorphosed becomes marble
Where would we find marble? Why?
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Weathered by wind and water
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Rock type? Why?
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The Giant’s CausewayIreland
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Stone Mountain, GAA natural pluton
intrusive igneous rock
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Ancient volcanic necks
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• Beautiful sandstone landscapes• Iron oxidized is iron oxide• • Fe2 O3(rust)
• Hence the coloring
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• The Palisades in Northern New Jersey• Overlooking the Hudson River• Diabase; extrusive igneous (mafic)• Similar to basalt• This region was once overrun by volcanic fields• Prior to the volcanic action, rock was subjected
to tectonic, subduction forces• What type of rock lies below the Palisades?
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The Palisades in NJ overlooking the Hudson River
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Metamorphic folds- bands
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• Classic metamorphic rock• Re-crystallization of minerals due to heat• Pressure distorts • Bands of minerals evident• Pressure creates friction that aids in heat
production• Deep in Earth
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Rock Type?
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Clastic rockRock type? Name for ‘glue’?
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Giant’s Causeway, IrelandBasaltic Hexagonal Columns
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Why aren’t fossils found in metamorphic or igneous rock?
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Striations of layered sandstone
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• Sedimentation forms layers• What forms the shape of this rock?• Where is the oldest rock in this rock?• The youngest rock?• WHY?
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Volcanic – IgneousLarge or small crystals?
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• Desert Geysers in the black rock canyon of Nevada
• Note the colors of nature• Orangy red due to oxidized iron• Yellow- sulfur• Green is mold/algae• Water and Hydrogen sulfide and Carbon
dioxide – gases released
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Minerals from Earth interior may combine to form rock
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Green Italian Marble - Metamorphic
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Marble shows classic re-crystallization
• Distortion• Hard, dense rock due to pressurization• Used for government buildings,
monuments,businesses, schools• Flooring- lasts forever• Pink, white, green- high polish possible• Beautiful, functional-valued quarries
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There’s no place like home.