The Rock Cycle

Indicates agents of

change and

the types of rock that are present on Earth

and under what conditions they change

Rock CycleIdentify the agents of change…

Rock cycle processes

Litho- prefix meaning stone or rock

Lithification

Igneous

Cooling

Solidification

rapid

Cooling Solidification

slow

Sedimentation

&

Deposition

Cementation of

sediments

Igneous rocks

• From fire… • Intrusive ; formed inside Earth• Extrusive; formed outside Earth

(surface)• Mafic or felsic• Magnesium and aluminum rich or

quartz rich…

Igneous RockMafic & Extrusive

Igneous Rock, Basalt Columns

Sedimentary rock

• Formed from weathered and eroded rock particles

• Could not be the original rocks

• WHY or why not?

Layers in Sedimentary RockHow does it form?

Grand Canyon

• If Grand Canyon consists of layers of millions of years of sedimentary rock, how did it form?

• When did the layers form? • When did the weathering and erosion take

place?• Were the rocks or the canyon, original

rocks on Earth? Why or why not?

Is this the first rock on Earth?

Sandstone

Desert Geysers eject many minerals, heat and water

Metamorphic Rock

• Formed from heat and pressure• Formed from tectonic

pressures• Re-crystallization• Banding• Distortion

Word meaning?

•Meta means change, transformation

•Morphic means referring to the form or structure of an object

How does metamorphic rock form?

• Igneous rock that has weathered and eroded over time

• Note the globs of volcanic rock that solidified

• Dark colors due to elements such as magnesium, aluminum, (iron maybe)

Volcanic rock weathered by water and wind.

Iron deposits

• Sedimentary rock• Sandstone; made from particles of other

rock, finely weathered and compacted; • Glued with calcite mineral• On sea floor• Seas contain abundance of calcite• Shelled organisms are made of calcite

Extrusive Igneous Rock Basalt Columns

• Basalt hexagonal shapes• Devil’s Tower; national monument in

Wyoming

Basalt is extrusive mafic igneous rock

Contains abudance of magnesium

sandstone

granite

• Granite• The most common intrusive felsic igneous

rock on Earth• Most common rock of continental crust• Mostly quartz, horneblende and feldspar

• Chalk is a type of limestone• Formed on seafloor

• Limestone metamorphosed becomes marble

Where would we find marble? Why?

Weathered by wind and water

Rock type? Why?

The Giant’s CausewayIreland

Stone Mountain, GAA natural pluton

intrusive igneous rock

Ancient volcanic necks

• Beautiful sandstone landscapes• Iron oxidized is iron oxide• • Fe2 O3(rust)

• Hence the coloring

• The Palisades in Northern New Jersey• Overlooking the Hudson River• Diabase; extrusive igneous (mafic)• Similar to basalt• This region was once overrun by volcanic fields• Prior to the volcanic action, rock was subjected

to tectonic, subduction forces• What type of rock lies below the Palisades?

The Palisades in NJ overlooking the Hudson River

Metamorphic folds- bands

• Classic metamorphic rock• Re-crystallization of minerals due to heat• Pressure distorts • Bands of minerals evident• Pressure creates friction that aids in heat

production• Deep in Earth

Rock Type?

Clastic rockRock type? Name for ‘glue’?

Giant’s Causeway, IrelandBasaltic Hexagonal Columns

Why aren’t fossils found in metamorphic or igneous rock?

Striations of layered sandstone

• Sedimentation forms layers• What forms the shape of this rock?• Where is the oldest rock in this rock?• The youngest rock?• WHY?

Volcanic – IgneousLarge or small crystals?

• Desert Geysers in the black rock canyon of Nevada

• Note the colors of nature• Orangy red due to oxidized iron• Yellow- sulfur• Green is mold/algae• Water and Hydrogen sulfide and Carbon

dioxide – gases released

Minerals from Earth interior may combine to form rock

Green Italian Marble - Metamorphic

Marble shows classic re-crystallization

• Distortion• Hard, dense rock due to pressurization• Used for government buildings,

monuments,businesses, schools• Flooring- lasts forever• Pink, white, green- high polish possible• Beautiful, functional-valued quarries

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