Download - THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module
THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS
ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVESIAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module
TAXONOMIC PROCESS AND RANKS
Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5) Plantae-Plants Animalia-Animals Monera-Bacteria and Blue-
Green Algae Protista-All other Algae and
Protozoans Mycota-Fungi
Phylum-Second Classification Ranking Plantae- Phylums are
unranked Classified by reproductive
structure and Vascular structure
Class- Third Classification Ranking Specific to plant structure
and presence of/ kinds of seeds
Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Biological_classification
SUBKINGDOMS
Thallobionta Contains plants lacking
True roots Stems Leaves
Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi
Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom
Embryobionta Composed of two groups
Bryophyta Vascular Plants
BRYOPHYTES
Non-Vascular Plants Simple structure Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Found in moist places or in water
Liverworts and mosses (see photo)
Image retrieved from: http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/leafy/trichocoleaceae/trich01.htm
VASCULAR PLANTS
Plants have true roots, stems, and leaves
Established vascular system Xylem and phloem
Contains 7 divisions 3 represented by very few species 1 extinct
Only known in fossils Polpodiophyta-Ferns Pinophyta-Gymnosperms Magnoliophyta-Angiosperms
Image retrieved from: http://emhsbot-zoo.wikispaces.com/Plants
Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue
This is the basic structure
of plants
Image retrieved from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/basic.html
ROOTS
Functions Anchor plant Absorb water and minerals from
the soil Food Storage
Root Systems consist of Primary Root
Grows from the embryo Secondary Root
Branches of the primary roots Often fibrous Become permanent roots of most
monocotyledons Root Hairs
Special cell extensions at tip of roots
Absorbs water and minerals
Image retrieved from: http://etc.usf.edu/leo/roots/
ROOTS
Examples of Root Systems
Taproot Storage Taproot Fibrous Root
Image retrieved from: http://www.ekshiksha.org.in/eContent-Show.do?documentId=210
Image retrieved from: http://www.ekshiksha.org.in/eContent-Show.do?documentId=210
Image retrieved from: http://www.parentscanada.com/health/nutrition-how-does-your-produce-grow
STEMS
Form the above-ground structure for plants
Attachment for leaves, flowers, and fruits
Contain Vascular system of plant Made up of Xylem and Phloem Differ in Monocots and Dicots
Bears leaves and buds Nodes-point on Stem where leaf is or
was attached Area between nodes are internodes
Image retrieved from: http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/ISR/botzo/botanyintro.htm
LEAVES
Main function is to make food and other chemicals for the plant
Parts of complete leaves Blade-broad, thin part of the
leaf Petiole-narrow, cylindrical part Stipule-small, leaf-like
attachments Not all leaves have stipules
Parts of grass leaves Blade Sheath-at the base of the
blade surrounding the stem
Ligule-a collar-like piece at the base of the blade and top of the sheath
Auricles-surrounds the stem at the junction of the blade and sheath Image retrieved from:
http://www.hdwallpapers.in/tag/leaves.html
Image retrieved from: http://vintage-royalty-free-images.com/beautiful-leaves-folded-leaved-panic-grass-p-670.html
LEAVES
Simple Compound
Image retrieved from:https://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/simple_compound_leaves01.htm
REFERENCES
Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Plant Stem photos:
1) Image retrieved from: http://m.bonnieplants.com/varieties/tabid/61/id/217/Gerbera-Daisy.aspx
2) Image retrieved from: http://www.newswise.com/articles/early-season-light-quality-affects-corn-growth-and-yield
3) Image retrieved from: