Download - Tissues and Histology
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4 Levels of Organization
1. Cellsbasic unit of life
2. Tissues- groups of cells with similar structureand functions
3. Organs- body structures composed ofseveral different tissues that for a structural
and functional unit4. Organ System- group of organs that
function together to carry out majoractivities of the body
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Study of themicrostructure of
tissues
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Four major types of tissues
Each composed of different types of
cells with characteristic shape, size andarrangement.
Aggregates of cells with similar structures
and functions Cells are bound together forming sheets or
layers except blood
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4 Principal Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissues
Nerve Tissues
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Derived from all germ layers
Lines surfaces of the body as well as internal
body spaces
Have important role in homeostasis of thebody
Cells of the epithelial tissue are tightlybound together with little space betweenthem
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Attached firmly on the underlyingconnective tissue called the BASAL
LAMINA orBASEMENT MEMBRANE
Classified according toshape of the cells
and number of cell layer
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Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
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Irregularly flattenedcells with tapered
edges
Clear cytoplasm andeccentric oval nucleus
Found in linings oflungs, capillary wallsand blood vessels
Also in cheek cells(buccal mucosa)
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Cells roughly
hexagonal I shapewith nucleus at thecenter
Found in kidneytubules as well aslumen of small ductssuch as bile duct
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Resemblescuboidal cellswhen viewed
from the surface
Appear tallerthan broader
(rectangular)with nucleusnear the base
Found ingallbladder,urinary papilla,stomach andintestinal lining
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Simple
Stratified
Pseudo
stratified
Transitional
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Derived from embryonic mesoderm
Most abundant type of tissue in ananimal body
3 basic elements Cells
Intercellular substances (ground matrix)
Fibers
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Binds, anchors and supports body parts
Consistency ranges from gel-like softnessof areolar connective tissue to hardnessof bones
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Fixed cellspermanent residents of C.T.
Fibroblasts- principal cells of C.T.
- RESPONSIBLE FOR SECRETION OF ALL CELL
TYPES
Chondrocytes- matrix-secreting cells of cartilage
Osteocytes- matrix-secreting cells of bones
Macropahges- phagocytic cells derived frommonocytes
Adipocytes- specialized cells to store neutral fat
Mast cells- granules containing histamine,heparin, and anaphylactic factors
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Wandering cells- transient migrants whohave entered C.T. from blood in
response to specific stimuli Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
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Ground matrix
Occupies space between cells and fibers ofC.T.
Has high water content
Amorphous in appearance
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Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
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Most common type
Flexible with high tensile strength
Wavy lines of variable width and
indeterminate length
Made up of thread-like subunits called
collagen fibrils
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Made of type III collagen fibrils
Fibrils are of narrow diameter
Do not bundle to form thick fibers Given such name due to mesh-like
pattern
Provide support framework for cellularconstituents of various tissues and organs
Produced by fibroblasts
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Thinner than collagen
Arranged in branching pattern to form
3D network Gives tissue ability to cope with strength
and distension
Interwoven with collagen fibers Composed of elastin and microfibrils
Produced by fibroblasts
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Connective Tissue Proper
Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular C.T.
Dense Irregular C.T.
Specialiazed Type of Connective Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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Collagen fibres packed in dense regular
arrays between lie rows of cells
Found in tendons, ligaments and
aponeuroses
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Collagenous fibres make up bulk of tissue
Fibroblasts the only cell type present
Bundles arranged in various directions
which enables the tissue to withstand
various stresses
Found on the outside of many organs, in
dermis of skin and in submucosa in various
or ans
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Adipocytesspecialized to store fats When dominant cells, called ADIPOSE TISSUE
Contains single, large lipid inclusion
Thin layer of cytoplasm
signet ring appearance
Stores nutrients, provide insulation and acts
as cushions as well as fill crevices in organs
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Soft and pliable
Specialized matrix secreted by
chondrocytes Housed inside spaces called lacunae
3 types
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Most common type
Clear homogenous
matrix
Covered with denseC.T. called
perichonrium
Chondrocytes arein clustersCartilage cells
housed in lacunae
Found in cartilageof trachea
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Similar to hyalinecartilage but with
abundant elasticfibres andlamellae
Found in externalear, epiglottis,eustachean tubeand larynx
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Resembles C.T.proper
Chondrocytes +
dense C.T.
Presence indicatesthat resistance tocompresion as well as
to shear forces
Found inintervertebral disks,symphysis pubis,
places wheretendons attach tobones
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Mineralized extracellular matrix
Osteocytes
Consists mainly of mineralized collagen
fibers arranged in lamellae
For support, protection, movement,
formation of blood cells and reservoir of
calcium
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Fluid C.T. that circulates the body
Several functions
Brings nutrients and oxygen throughout thebody
Removes waste products
Transports large number of products such as
hormones and immunogenic agents as wellas in maintaining homeostasis
RBCs (erythrocytes) and WBCs
(leukocytes)
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During
maturation, loses
their nucleus,
mitochondriaand endoplasmic
reticulum
With iron-containing
protein called
hemoglobin
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With nuclei andmitochondria butlacks red pigment
Differentiated intotwo types
Agranular WBC Granular WBC
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Granulated cytoplasm and multi-lobulated nucleus whose lobes areconnectd by chromatin material
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
NEUTROPHILS
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Without granules in their cytoplasm
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
PLATELETS
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Motors of the body Unique due to presence of actin and
myosin filaments
Specialized for contraction Responsible for movement of the body
and changes in size and shape ofinternal organs
3 types
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
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M l
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Muscleattached toskeleton
Controlsmovementand posture
Striation due toarrangementof myosin and
actin filaments Nuclei found at
the periphery
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Found in theheart at thebase of the
venae cavae Have one or
two nucleiwhich arecentrallylocated
Intrinsic muscle of
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Intrinsic muscle ofinternal organs,blood vessels, iris
and cilliary body ofthe eye
Each bundle is
fusiform in shapewhit thicker centralportion andtapered at bothends
Single nucleus atcentral part of fibre
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Consists of nerve cells and associatedsupporting cells
Cells are called NEURONS 3 PARTS:
CELL BODY
DENDRITES
AXON
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