anatomy and physiology i tissue types. key terms histology: histology: the study of tissues. the...
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Key Terms
Histology: the study of tissues.
Tissues: groups of cells which are similar in
structure and which perform common or related functions.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue Locations: Covers the body Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood
vessels inside the body Covers the organs inside body cavities
Epithelial Tissue Functions: Protection from physical & chemical injury, Protection against microbial invasion, Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.
Examples of Epithelium Tissue Lines the respiratory tract Lines the digestive system Skin Surrounding internal organs
Characteristics of Epithelium Tissue1. Cells are tightly packed2. Regenerate easily3. Avascular – lack blood vessels4. apical surface – exposed surface5. Basement membrane – anchors down
cells
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue: Most abundant & widely distributed
tissue Connective Tissue Functions:
Connects, binds and supports structures,
Tendons, ligaments, etc. Protects & cushions organs and tissues, Insulates (fat) and Transports substances (blood).
Examples of Connective Tissue Bones Cartilage Tendons Blood Fat
Characteristics of Connective Tissue1. Most are well vascularized – have a good
blood supply2. Some have very poor blood supply being
avascular.3. Extracellular matrix – nonliving substance
found outside the cells
Extracellular Matrix explained
Nonliving material between cells Produced by the cells and then
extruded Responsible for the strength Two components
1. Ground substance Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular
Classification of epithelia
According to thickness “simple” - one cell layer “stratified” – more than one layer of
cells (which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical(base) layer)
According to shape “squamous” – wider than tall “cuboidal” – as tall as wide “columnar” - taller than wide
Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Simple: just one layer or cell shape
Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes
Classes of Epithelia
Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Simple Epithelia
Type
Cell shape Example
Squamous Squashed Endothelium (lines blood vessels), mesothelium (serous lining of celom)
Cuboidal
Cubed Walls of glands
Columnar Columns Lining of gut tube; sometimes with cilia like lining of uterine tube
Pseudo-stratified Flat cells give rise to columns
With cilia in respiratory tubes to move mucous/particles out of lungs
where diffusion is important
where tissues are involved in secretion and absorption: larger cells because of the machinery of production, packaging, and energy requirements
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Descriptions: Single layer, flattened cells, simplest of
epithelia Function:
Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances Location:
Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
Simple Cuboidal epithelium
Descriptions: Single layered, cube like, large spherical
central nuclei Function:
Secretion and absorption Location:
Kidney tubules, ovary surfaces
Simple Columnar Epithelium Descriptions:
Single layer, tall, round or oval nuclei, some bear cilia,
may contain mucus-secreting glands(goblet cells)
Function: Absorption, secretion of mucus and
enzymes, cilia propels mucus Location:
Nonciliated lines the digestive tract Ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes,
parts of uterus.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Descriptions: Single layer w/ differing heights, nuclei at
different levels, may have goblet cells or cilia
Function: Secretion(especially mucus), propulsion of
mucus by ciliary action Location:
Nonciliated in sperm carrying ducts Ciliated lines the trachea and upper
respiratory tract.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Descriptions: (most common stratified) Several layers, surface cells are squamous,
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar Function:
Protects underlying tissues in areas of abrasion
Location: Esophagus, the mouth, outer portion of
skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Descriptions: (rare) Usually two layers of cube-like cells
Function: Protection
Location: Rare Largest ducts of sweat glands,
mammary glands, and salivary glands.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Descriptions: (rare) Several layers thick, columnar with
varying in size and shape Function:
Protection, secretion Location:
Rare Large ducts of glands
Transitional Epithelium
Descriptions: Highly modified, several layers of
cuboidal or columnar cells Function:
Stretches readily, allowing distention of urinary organs
Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, parts of
urethra
Bone
Descriptions: Aka: osseous tissue Hard calcified matrix, surrounded by layers
of calcium salts in additions to lots of collagen fibers
Cells sit in cavities called “lacunae” Function:
Protection and support Location:
Skeletal system
Hyaline Cartilage
Descriptions: (hyalin=glass) Most common and widespread type Collagen fibers with a rubbery matrix
Function: Supports/reinforces, resilient cushioning
Location: Covers ends of bones in joints, nose,
trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton
Elastic Cartilage
Descriptions: Collagen fibers with a rubbery matrix Very elastic
Function: Maintains shape of structure gives flexibility
Location: External ear epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Descriptions: Similar to hyaline but less firm Much like a cushion
Function: Absorbs compressive shock
Location: Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joint
Dense Connective Tissue
Descriptions: Collagen fibers, fibroblasts fill gaps
between collagen Strong ropelike structures like tendons
and ligaments Function:
Connect muscles to bones, connect bones at joints, lots of tensile strength
Location: joints
Vocab Fibroblasts – cells that make collagen
fibers Tendons – attach skeletal muscles to
bones Ligaments - connect bones to bones at
joints. More stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendon
Loose CT: Areolar Tissue
Descriptions: Gel-like matrix w/ all three fiber types Very loose network w/ lots of open space
Function: Wraps and cushions organs, a reservoir of
water and salts for surrounding tissues, important for swelling
Location: Under epithelia, around organs, surrounds
capillaries
Loose CT: Adipose Tissue
Descriptions: (fat) Very similar to areolar tissue Fat cells predominate
Function: Insulates against heat loss, supports and
protects organs, reserve food fuel Location:
Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, abdomen and breast
Loose CT: Reticular CT
Descriptions: Network of reticular fibers (similar to
fibroblast) Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Function: Form soft internal skeleton that supports
other cells such as white blood cells, mast cells
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone
marrow, spleen)
Blood
Descriptions: (vascular tissue) Red and white blood cells in a fluid
matrix (plasma) Fibers are soluble only seen during
clotting Function:
Transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes ect.
Location: Everywhere
Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue:
Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body.
Made to contract Called muscle fibers because they are elongated to
provide a long axis for contraction Muscle Tissue Functions:
Movement Maintains posture Produces heat Facial expressions Pumps blood Peristalsis
Skeletal Muscle
Descriptions: Long, cylindrical, obvious striations,
multinucleated Function:
Voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment, facial expression
Gross body movement Location:
Attached to bones
Cardiac Muscle
Descriptions: Branching, striated, uninucleated cells
that fit tightly together at junctions called “intercalated disks”
Function: Involuntary control, propels blood into
circulation. Location:
Walls of the heart
Smooth Muscle
Descriptions: (visceral) No striations, spindle-shaped w/ central
nuclei Arranged closely to form sheets
Function: Propelles substances along internal
passageways, involuntary control Peristalsis – wavelike motion
Location: Walls of the stomach, bladder, uterus and
blood vessels
Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue: Main component of the nervous system,
ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves.
Nervous Tissue Functions: Regulates & controls body functions Generates & transmits nerve impulses Supports, insulates and protects
impulse generating neurons.
Nervous Tissue
Descriptions: (Neurons) Branching cells, has long extended parts Irritability and conductivity Have “supporting cells” that insulate,
support and protect neurons. Function:
Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors that control their activity
Location: Brain, Spinal cord and nerves
Muscle - Skeletal Muscle fibers (cells)
long, parallel & cylindrical
With many nuclei (multinucleate)
Striations (cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells
Produce voluntary movement
Locomotion Heat