Trace Mineral Requirements of Broiler Breeders Reassessed
(Fe, Zn and Cu)
Sergio Vieira, Ph.DUFRGS, Porto Alegre
Chick Origin
• Egg– 60% albumen– 30% yolk– 10% shell
Breeder Nutrition
Response
Nut
rient
Egg
Embryo
Micro Minerals, % Egg
YolkAlbumenMembraneShell
Zn Fe
Richards, 1997
Cu
Mineral Requirements
• 26 minerals– 11 Macro
• C, H, O, N, S, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg– 15 Micro
• Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, I, F, Sn, Si, Va, Ar
• Only 3 haver atomic number > 34 (I, Se, Mo)• Most are between 23 and 34• 6 essentials: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, I
Mineral Intake
• Cereal grains• Legumes• Animal by-products• Drinking water• Supplementation
• Inorganics• Organics
Micro Mineral Requirements
• Limited investigation – impacts in the progeny
• Suggestions without research basis• Regulation on maximum levels• Supplementation instead of requirements
Micro MineralsSuggested Supplementation, ppm
Rostagno2017
Cobb-Vantress2013
Aviagen2016
NRC 1994
Cu 9.9 15 10 ?Fe 45.9 55 50 60Zn 65.1 110 110 45Mn 70.0 120 120 20Se 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.06I 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.1
ME, kcal/kg 2.760CP 15,4Corn 58,3Soybean meal 19,4Wheat bran 12,2Soy oil 1,0Limestone 6,4Dicalcium P 1,6
Practical Commercial Feed2,750 kcal/kg, 15% CP
Micro minerals, ppm
Cu Fe Zn Mn SeCorn 1.2 13.7 12.5 3.1 0.04Soybean meal 3.2 29.2 9.0 6.2 0.08Wheat bran 1.8 25.0 16.4 12.5 0.04Limestone 0.7 450.7 1.8 23.6 -Dicalcium P 0.3 73.0 2.8 8.5 -Total 7.2 592 42.4 53.9 0.16
Minerals in Commercial Feeds
Maximum Levels(European Food Safety Authority)
ppm Fe No limitZn 100Mn 150Cu 25Se 0.5
Estimation of Requirements
• Quadratic, broken line, exponential– Requirements may be very different
Quadratic Broken line Exponential
Micro Mineral Requirements• Cobb 500 breeders in individual cages
• 20 replications
• Diet deficient and depletion
• Sulfate: Cu, Fe and Zn
• 6 levels
• 5 periods of 28 d
• Factorial 6 x 5 (diets x periods)
Individually Caged
Progeny Evaluation
Rice grain 40,90 ME, kcal/kg 2,760Corn 27,60 CP 15,40Soy protein concentrate 10,10 Ca 3,20Ca carbonate 7,75 Pd 0,45Oat hulls 8,98 Na 0,20Soy oil 1,00Phosphoric acid 1,93K carbonate 0,72 Cu, ppmNa bicarbonate 0,24 Calculated 2,38K Chloride 0,21 Analyzed 2,67Choline Cl 0,16L-Lysine HCl (78%) 0,02DL-Methionine (99%) 0,16L-Threonine (98,5%) 0,05Premix Vitamin and Mineral1 0,201Premix mineral :Zn, 110 mg; Mn, 120 mg, Fe, 50 mg; Se, 0,3 mg e I, 2 mg por Kg.
Cu Deficient Diet, %
Rice 30,00 ME, kcal/kg 2,76Corn 35,61 CP 15,42Soy protein concentrate 10,32 Ca 3,00Ca carbonate 7,49 Pd 0,45Oat hulls 11,63 Na 0,19Soy oil 1,60Phosphoric acid 1,64K carbonate 0,78 Zn, ppmNa bicarbonate 0,1 Calculated 15,89Salt 0,06 Analyzed 18,70K chloride 0,18Choline chloride 0,18DL-Methionine (99%) 0,16L-Threonine (98,5%) 0,05Premix Vitamin and mineral 0,20
Tabela 1. Composição da dieta deficiente em Zinco
1Premix mineral :Cu, 15 mg; Mn, 120 mg, Fe, 50 mg; Se, 0,3 mg e I, 2 mg por Kg.
Zn Deficient Diet, %
Fe Deficient Diet, %
Rice grain 59,17 ME, Kcal/Kg 2.800Corn 12,00 CP 14,70Soy protein concentrate 9,32 Ca 3,30Ca carbonate 8,21 Pd 0,40Oat hullls 6,54 Na 0,18Soybean oil 1,03Phosphoric acid 1,77Na bicarbonate 0,29K chloride 0,25 Fe, ppmK carbonate 0,86 Calculated, ppm 27,30Choline chloride 0,16 Analyzed, ppm 24,60DL-Methionine, 99% 0,13L-Threonine, 98.5% 0,06Premix Vitamin and mineral 0,22
Cu and Hatching Eggs
Cu and Hemoglobin
Cu and Hematocrit
Cu in the Serum
Cu in the Yolk, ppm
Cu and Shell Membrane
EXP – 7,29
*** Palisade**Mamilar * Membranes
MEV
2,67 ppm
20,19 ppm
16,83 ppm
9,38 ppm
5,82 ppm
12,92 ppm
Fe Depletion
Fe in Yolk
60
70
80
90
100
110
24.6 49.3 74.0 98.8 123.5 148.2
Yolk
Fe,
ppm
Total Fe, ppm
Série3 Polinômio (Série2) Potência (Série2)Quadratic polynomial Broken-line .... Exponential
BL - 89,27 QP – 97,06
EXP – 111.0
Fe RequirementsFe, ppm
QP BL EXP
Total eggs 96,2 87,3 97,9Fe in yolk 97,1 89,3 111,0Hematocrit hen, % 130,6 135,0 -Hematocrit chick, % 122,6 128,4 -Hemoglobin hen, g/ dL 120,0 133,8 77,9Hemoglobin hen, g/dL 125,0 95,0 96,3
Fe in the Whole Egg, ppm
Bess et al, 2013
Zn Requirements
Zn and Hatching Eggs
Zn Requirements
Zn, ppmQuadratic BL Exponential
Total eggs 116 76 65Yolk Zn 125 65 60Membrane thickness
126 68 64
ALP 162 125 -
Ppm Zn
19
110
171
Hatchability ofg Fertiles,
%
Shell Proportion, %
Shell Thickness, µm
Sulfates 88,4 b 8,96 b 382 b
Sulfates + Min AA 90,6 a 9,10 a 385 a
Min AA ON TOP 90,3 a 9,17 a 386 a
Zn, Mn, Cu Amino Acid
Favero et al, 2013
0-7 d 8-14 d 15-21 d Pips
Sulfates 3.1 a 0.84 4.6 3.0
Sulfates + AA 2.1 b 0.51 4.3 2.5
ON TOP 2.6 ab 0.71 4.0 2.4
Embryo Mortality, %
Favero et al, 2013
E 14 d E 18 dHatching
ChickThickness,
mmAsh,
%Thick,
mmAsh,
%Length,
cm
Sulfates 1,46 69,2 b 2,03 b 76,7 b 19,5 bSulfates + AA 1,45 70,3 a 2,09 a 77.0 b 19,5 abON TOP 1,47 69,8 ab 2,07 a 77,6 a 19,6 a
Embryo Legs
Favero et al, 2013
**
*
Average Requirements, ppm
Req.Feed
Contents SupplementationCu 13 7 6Fe 107 592 -Zn 83 42 41
Final Comments
• Micro mineral nutrition of breeders has to take in account the progeny• General supplementation suggestions are excessive• Micro mineral source has to be considered