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Types of Descriptive Research
• The Case Study
• The Survey
• Naturalistic Observation
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The Case Study• Where one person (or situation) is
observed in depth.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of using a tragedy like the Columbine School Shootings as a case study?
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The Survey Method
• Used in both descriptional and correlational research.
• Use Interview, mail, phone, internet etc…
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The Survey Method
• What is good about a survey?• cheap, anonymous, diverse
population, and easy to get random sampling – a sampling that represents your
population you want to study
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Random Sampling
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Why do we sample?• One reason is the False
Consensus Effect: – the tendency to overestimate the
extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
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Survey Method: The Bad
• Low Response Rate
• People Lie or just misinterpret themselves.
• Wording Effects How accurate would a survey
be about the frequency of having to use a plunger?
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Naturalistic Observation• Observing and
recording behavior in natural environment.
• No control- just an observer.
What are the benefits and detriments of Naturalistic Observation?
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Correlational Research
• Detects relationships between variables.• Does NOT say that one variable causes another.
There is a positive correlation between ice cream and shark attacks. Does that mean that ice cream causes shark attacks?
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Measured using a correlation coefficient.
• A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors relate to one another
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How to Read a Correlation Coefficient
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Perfect positivecorrelation (+1.00)
Scatterplot is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two
variables. The slope of the points depicts the direction, while the amount of scatter depicts the strength of the relationship.
Scatterplots
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No relationship (0.00)Perfect negativecorrelation (-1.00)
The Scatterplot on the left shows a negative correlation, while the one on the right shows no
relationship between the two variables.
Scatterplots
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Correlational Research• Correlation is the relationship
between two variables.• Positive correlation – both values
increase• Negative correlation –
One variable increases, while the other decreases.
• Correlational Coefficient – strength of the relationship0= no relationship+ or – 1 = perfect relationship
Examples: SAT scores and success in college; Red wine and heart attacks; Prejudice and age; length of marriage and hair loss, etc.
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ScatterplotThe Scatterplot below shows the relationship between height and
temperament in people. There is a moderate positive correlation of
+0.63.
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or
Correlation and Causation
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Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns.
Order in Random Events
Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.
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Order in Random Events
Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are likely to express
order.
Angelo and Maria Gallina won two California lottery games on the same
day.
Jerry Telfer/ San Francisco Chronicle
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Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. Parents conceive
children after adoption.
Confirming evidence
Disconfirming evidence
Do notadopt
Disconfirming evidence
Confirming evidenceAdopt
Do not conceiveConceive
Michael N
ewm
an Jr./ Photo Edit
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What do each of these show?
• The bigger they are, the harder they fall.• The more you save, the less you spend.
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Experimental Research• Explores cause and effect
relationships.
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Steps in Designing an Experiment
1. Hypothesis2. Pick Population: Random Selection then
Random Assignment.3. Operationalize the Variables4. Identify Independent and Dependent
Variables.5. Look for Extraneous Variables6. Type of Experiment: Blind, Double Blind
etc..7. Gather Data8. Analyze Results
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Experimental Vocabulary• Independent Variable: factor that is
manipulated• Dependent Variable: factor that is
measured• Confounding Variables: factors that
effect DV, that are not IV.• Experimental Group: Group exposed
to IV• Control Group: Group not exposed to
IV• Placebo: inert substance that is in
place of IV in Control Group
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Analyze Results• Use measures of central tendency
(mean, median and mode).
• Use measures of variation (range and standard deviation).
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A Skewed Distribution
Are the results positively or negatively skewed?
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